Sensitivity analysis and auto-calibration of ORYZA2000 using simulation-optimization framework

There has been an increasing interest to employ crop growth simulation models for taking decision on irrigation water management. The effectiveness of such decisions mainly lies on the efficiency of the model in simulating the crop growth and the yield, which are influenced by the value of the parameters of the model. Therefore, calibration of such models is necessary before it can be employed for any application. This study proposes an auto-calibration procedure for ORYZA2000, a rice crop growth simulation model, for its application in South India. The data employed for calibration is taken from a field experiment conducted for 2 years in an experimental farm in South India. The ORYZA2000 model was integrated within Genetic Algorithm optimizer, which calls the simulator during each generation to evaluate the objective function. The auto-calibrated model was tested for its performance using a validation data set from the same experimental data. The results showed that the calibrated ORYZA2000 model is capable of simulating the full irrigation and water stress condition of rice crop effectively, and can be used to develop deficit irrigation management schedules.     

插秧量与行距配置对北方杂交稻和常规稻产量及其构成因子的影响

比较了在不同插秧量和行距配置方式下杂交稻和常规稻的产量及其构成因素。杂交稻穗大、粒多、千粒重大、经济系数高、灌浆持续期长、同化物向籽粒转移比率高。杂交稻比常规稻平均增产7．27％。但不同类型品种适宜的栽培方式不同：杂交稻适宜插单苗，而常规稻适宜插3苗；不论是杂交稻还是常规稻，直立穗型和半直立穗型品种适宜等行距栽培以减少群体漏光，弯曲穗型品种适宜宽窄行栽培以改善中下层叶片的光照条件。     

多效唑对水稻的生物效应及其应用

 多效唑(Multi-Effect Triazole,MET)是一种新型植物生长延缓物质,对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)生长有明显的控制作用,主要表现于减缓稻苗生长速度和抑制节间伸长;其伴生效应有:促进秧苗分蘖与根系生长,减轻水稻移栽后败苗,增进稻株本田期早发增蘖以及防止水稻成熟期间倒伏。可应用于控制连作晚稻秧苗徒长,调节稻作茬口安排;以及减轻因倒伏引起的产量与品质的下降。多效唑对水稻生长的控制效应受气温、氮素施用量以及土壤水分影响;多效唑具有增强气孔抗阻、降低叶面蒸腾等生理作用,并增强稻苗吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性。     

抛秧立苗对水稻光合特性和物质生产的影响

 以超级稻品种南粳44作为试验材料,设置带土直立苗、带土倾斜苗、带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗、无土手栽苗等不同苗姿,研究抛秧立苗及其对水稻光合特性和物质生产的影响。结果表明,1)立苗速度表现为带土倾斜苗>带土平躺苗>无土平躺苗;2)无土平躺苗立苗期叶面积一直下降,其他苗姿秧苗均上升。无土平躺苗、无土手栽苗黄叶比率分别在抛后8 d、6 d达到最大后开始下降,而带土秧苗均在第2天达到最大后下降,其黄叶比率显著小于无土秧苗。3)立苗期除无土平躺苗栽后2~4 d地上干物质量下降外,其他苗姿秧苗栽后都上升,总体增速表现为带土直立苗>带土倾斜苗>带土平躺苗>无土手栽苗>无土平躺苗,立苗期各苗姿秧苗干物质积累量、光合势、净同化率均呈现此趋势;4)水稻各生育时期茎蘖数、群体叶面积指数、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比、群体光合势、净同化率、阶段物质积累量和群体生长速率均表现为带土直立苗>带土倾斜苗、无土手栽苗>带土平躺苗>无土平躺苗,抽穗期和齐穗后20 d剑叶的光合速率亦呈此趋势。带土秧苗活棵立苗比无土秧苗快,直立苗、倾斜苗比平躺苗快,且各生育期的群体生长均具优势。因此,带土秧苗抛栽并提高直立苗比率,能保持较好的光合特性和较高的物质生产能力,利于水稻生长和高产的形成。     

Deficit irrigation management for rice using crop growth simulation model in an optimization framework

Optimization of irrigation water is an important issue in agricultural production for maximizing the return from the limited water availability. The current study proposes a simulation–optimization framework for developing optimal irrigation schedules for rice crop (Oryza sativa) under water deficit conditions. The framework utilizes a rice crop growth simulation model to identify the critical periods of growth that are highly sensitive to the reduction in final crop yield, and a genetic algorithm based optimizer develops the optimal water allocations during the crop growing period. The model ORYZA2000, which is employed as the crop growth simulation model, is calibrated and validated using field experimental data prior to incorporating in the proposed framework. The proposed framework was applied to a real world case study of a command area in southern India, and it was found that significant improvement in total yield can be achieved by the model compared to other water saving irrigation methods. The results of the study were highly encouraging and suggest that by employing a calibrated crop growth model combined with an optimization algorithm can lead to achieve maximum water use efficiency.     

不同栽培方式对南粳9108生育特性和产量的影响

以人工栽插、人工抛秧和机械插秧三种不同栽培方式观察南粳9108的生育特性和产量表现。不同栽培方式下南粳9108的全生育期天数依次为人工栽插人工抛秧机械插秧,主要是由于营养生长阶段明显缩短。产量表现上,人工栽插比机械插秧高10.53%,人工抛秧比机械插秧高8.79%,产量结构上主要是人工栽插和人工抛秧的穗粒数较高。相比较而言,机械插秧比人工栽插和人工抛秧的分蘖群体增加晚、高峰苗出现时间迟、单位面积穗数高、穗粒数少。从南粳9108生育期表现上,三种种植方式都可以在睢宁地区应用,其中人工栽插和人工抛秧方式较为适宜,机械插秧方式下成熟期较晚,不利于后茬小麦适期播种。     

不同育秧方式对连作晚稻超秧龄机插质量的影响

以甬优538、甬优9号为供试材料,研究了轻多效唑水育秧(T1)、重多效唑水育秧(T2)和轻多效唑旱育秧(T3)三种育秧方式对水稻超秧龄机插的影响。结果表明,与T1处理相比,T2、T3处理的苗高、生物量受到抑制,成秧率变高,漏秧率降低,基本苗数增加;机插后2个品种的抽穗期均推迟,甬优538 T2、T3处理的产量高于T1处理,甬优9号T2、T3处理的产量低于T1处理。     

辽宁省粳型超级稻品种生物产量与光合特性研究

【目的】辽宁省近年育成一批在生产上推广应用的超级稻品种或杂交组合,为北方粳稻单产水平的再次提高做出了重大的贡献,本研究旨在探讨辽宁省超级稻品种高产的主要成因及光合特点。【方法】以盐丰47和辽星1号2个中晚熟超级粳稻品种为试材,以辽粳9号为对照品种,种植于大田,对其生物产量、稻谷产量、光合特性等进行调查分析。【结果】2个超级稻品种的生物产量和稻谷都显著高于辽粳9号。盐丰47生物产量和收获指数都高于对照品种,产量水平最高,辽星1号的生物产量最高,收获指数略低于对照,产量水平居第2位。超级稻品种出穗后光合生产能力高于对照品种。【结论】增加或保持现有品种的收获指数,增加品种生物产量,并提高品种的生育后期叶源量和光合速率是今后水稻超高产育种的主要技术途径。     

Varietal Differences in Biomass Production of Rice Early After Transplanting at Low Temperatures

Abstract

Low temperature decreases biomass production and yield in rice through a number of physiological and morphological changes. We evaluated biomass production in 22 high-yielding genotypes and four commercial japonica cultivars early after transplanting under field conditions for 2 years. The seedlings were transplanted on 30 April or 1 May (early transplanting, ET) and 4 weeks later (late transplanting, LT). The mean air temperature during the 18 days after transplanting in ET was about 4ºC lower than that in LT in both years. The seedling length was greater in high-yielding japonica varieties than in indica genotypes, whereas the seedling character index (SCI), which is the product of plant age in leaf number and the ratio of the seedling weight to its length, was the highest in the indica genotypes. Varietal differences in biomass production were greater in ET than in LT in all rice genotypes. The biomass at 18 days after transplanting was largest in the japonica high-yielding varieties Kusayutaka and Beko-aoba in both ET and LT. The biomass production of the indica genotypes was found to decrease severely after transplanting at low temperatures although the indica genotypes with high SCIs showed faster leaf emergence than the high-yielding japonica varieties. There was a strong positive correlation between the varietal differences in biomass production and shoot length at 18 days after transplanting in ET in both years. Our study suggests that superior shoot elongation in the high-yielding japonica varieties with large biomass allocation to the stems may be advantageous in maintaining biomass productivity at low temperatures.     

双季早稻养分积累分配特征及其与产量构成的相关性

三熟制模式下南方双季稻茬口衔接季节紧张是协调双季稻周年增产中存在的主要问题。虽然前人在三熟制模式下水稻品种搭配以及肥料利用率方面做了大量研究,但是三熟制模式下南方双季早稻产量及其养分积累分配相关性的研究鲜有报道。为了比较南方双季早稻养分积累分配特征,本文以15个水稻早稻品种为研究对象,对不同水稻品种的秧苗素质、基本苗及分蘖动态、经济性状、营养元素积累及分配、产量及产量构成因素进行比较分析。结果表明,不同品种间秧苗素质存在显著差异,‘株两优819’的叶龄、苗高、百株鲜重等多项指标优于其他品种,秧苗素质表现佳。分蘖动态调查表明不同品种达到分蘖峰值的时间不同,其中以‘株两优929’的高峰苗最大,1 hm²达616.65万茎蘖数,‘株两优929’与‘中早39’高峰苗差异最为显著,‘株两优929’较‘中早39’显著增加33.62%。氮、磷、钾总养分的积累方面,‘株两优929’和‘陵两优942’养分积累量显著高于其他品种,分别为311.88 kg/hm²和376.35 kg/hm²。‘陵两优942’的地上部干物质积累量最高,为12 028.09 kg/hm²。‘株两优929’的实际产量最高,为7873.01 kg/hm²。成熟期水稻品种养分积累量与子粒产量的相关性分析表明,氮、磷积累与有效穗均呈显著正相关（r=0.62^*,r=0.50^*）,株高与千粒重之间呈极显著正相关（r=0.80^**）,有效穗数与每穗粒数之间呈极显著负相关（r=-0.76^**）,结实率与千粒重之间呈极显著负相关（r=-0.68^**）。通过关联度分析表明,‘陵两优942’和‘株两优929’的综合表现明显优于其他品种。本研究对南方多熟制稻区早稻品种筛选及高效栽培具有重要意义。     

三角形强化栽培条件下移栽秧龄和密度对杂交稻Ⅱ优498结实期生理和产量的影响

  以杂交水稻组合Ⅱ优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(TSRI)条件下,研究移栽秧龄和栽插密度对水稻结实期一些生理特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明,在TSRI下,栽培密度的补偿效应可以改善不同移栽秧龄处理下杂交稻Ⅱ优498结实期的一些形态及生理特性,进而获得高产。当移栽秧龄为2叶1心、栽植密度为40 cm × 40 cm时,在一定数量有效穗数的前提下,控制水稻无效分蘖的数量,能够使结实期水稻群体获得较高的叶面积指数(LAI)和高效LAI,延缓了结实期水稻叶面积的下降,而且生育后期根系不早衰,有利于促进茎鞘物质输出,增加茎鞘物质输出率及转化率,其每穗实粒数、千粒重、结实率存在优势,产量最高,且极显著高于其他处理,为此试验TSRI下最佳的移栽秧龄和栽插密度组合。移栽秧龄为8叶1心和栽插密度为50 cm × 50 cm的处理均会造成有效穗数显著降低,影响水稻结实期正常的生理机能,导致产量显著下降。结合产量表现,5叶1心移栽,栽插密度以30 cm × 30 cm ~ 40 cm × 40 cm为宜,可供缓解作物间茬口矛盾的情况下参考;大苗移栽容易加快结实期水稻衰老进程,产量显著降低,大苗移栽应加大移栽密度,本研究条件下栽植密度以30 cm × 30 cm为宜。     

Opportunities to increasing dry season rice productivity in low temperature affected areas

Rice is a major source of food for more than 2.7 billion people and planted on nearly 130 million hectares in which 10% is subjected to low temperature problems. Dry season (DS) rice cropping has been expanding in the high altitude lands in Asia and the low temperature is one of constraints to rice production. This study aims to quantify the potential for growing irrigated rice in DS, particularly in high altitude areas in northern Lao PDR where temperatures are low and pose problems for seedling establishment. Research focused on identifying sowing times to avoid the detrimental effects of low temperature, the optimal seedling age for transplanting, the potential of plastic covers and half burnt paddy husk layer to protect nursery seedbeds from low temperature and varieties suitable for this environment. Studies were conducted over 5 years and were examined at six locations. In two locations, where temperature was favorable for rice production throughout the DS, time of sowing was not critical. In higher altitude areas in northern Lao PDR, however, low temperature caused establishment problems in nurseries. In these areas, mid-November sowing before the onset of winter reduced the low temperature effects on seedling establishment while sowing in mid winter (December and January) increased the risk of failure. There were no significant effects of seedling age (25-, 35- and 45-day old) for transplanting on yield for DS rice. Using clear plastic to cover the nursery increased minimum temperatures on average by about 4 °C, which improved seedling growth and resulted in higher grain yield. The mean minimum temperature of 12 °C for 30 days after seeding is critical and temperature below 12 °C resulted in high risk of crop failure due to poor germination, poor seedling growth or insufficient seedlings. Rice needs to be sown at times where the mean minimum temperature exceeds 12 °C or plastic covers are required to protect seedlings. The current popular varieties did not show significant tolerance to extreme cold temperature.     

盐粳228群体特征及对氮的响应

2010年对盐粳228进行氮肥试验,研究该品种高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明:该品种抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的71%~81%,茎叶的表观转运率少,容易获得高产。该品种抽穗期适宜的叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0~7.5,叶色呈"三黑三黄"节奏变化,后期生长速率(CGR)高,收获指数(HI)介于0.8~1.1之间。氮肥的适量施用(330kgN.hm-2)不仅可以保证叶色"三黑三黄"节奏变化,建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体,还可以保持高产株型特征,提高抽穗后期的LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI,最终实现高产。     

水稻育秧抗寒剂应用效果研究

通过不同地区、不同品种的比较试验，研究了抗寒剂ＣＲ－４在早稻上的应用效果，结果表明：抗寒剂能提高秧苗对低温逆境的适应能力，防止或减轻水稻烂秧，提高秧苗素质，对增加稻谷产量具有显著的作用。在使用方法以浸种法较好。     

Rice yield variability in Punjab: an overview of five decades

Rice is a major kharif cereal crop cultivated in Punjab. Over the past five decades the rice yield has increased from as low as 1800 kg/ha during 1970–4815 kg/ha during 2017, i.e., an overall increase of 167.5% or increase @ 3.5% per year. One of the major reasons for this increase has been the introduction of improved and high-yielding varieties (PR 106, PR 111, PR 116, PR 118, PR 121, PR 122, PR 126, PR 127, etc.). Other important factors are the improved crop production and protection practices coupled with mechanization of farm operations. However, weather factors have always been a major bottleneck shattering the steady plateau of high rice yield (3443 kg/ha during 1979, 3231 kg/ha during 1995, 3273 kg/ha during 1998, 4257 kg/ha during 2011 and recent low yield of 4387 kg/ha during 2018). The actual weather data of the recent two decades at Ludhiana (2000–2018) were correlated with the historical rice yield. The results revealed a combination of high temperature coupled with clear sunny (total seasonal sunshine?~?900–1000 h) and dry (low relative humidity) days is conducive for proper growth, development and yield of rice in Punjab. The rainfall and rainy days were found to be negatively correlated with yield since heavy rainfall events and more number of rainy days create a humid weather which is conducive for insect-pest and disease incidence in rice and also reduces sunshine duration. Hence, a combination of ample sunshine hours and well-distributed rainfall during the vegetative stage of rice leads to high productivity of cultivars grown under optimized crop management techniques.

     

A model driven by crop water use and nitrogen supply for simulating changes in the regional yield of rain-fed lowland rice in Northeast Thailand

Climate change will have significant impacts on the rain-fed rice production ecosystem, and particularly on the ecosystem’s hydrology and water resources. Under rain-fed lowland conditions, substantial variations among fields in grain yield are commonly observed, but a method that can account for field-scale yield variability to produce regional-scale yield estimates is lacking, thereby limiting our ability to predict future rice production under changing climate and variable water resources. In this study, we developed a model for estimating regional yields of rain-fed lowland rice in Northeast Thailand, by combining a simple crop model with a crop calendar model. The crop model incorporates the effects of two important resources (water and nitrogen) on crop growth. The biomass accumulation is driven by water use, whereas the nitrogen supply determines canopy development and thereby constrains crop water use. Accounting for the wide range of planting dates and the strong photoperiod-sensitive characteristics of rice varieties through the calendar model is an essential component in determining regional yield estimates. The present model does not account for the effects of mid-season drought or flooding, but was nonetheless able to explain the spatial and temporal yield variations at the province level for the past 25 years. Thus, it can be used as a prototype for simulating regional yields of rain-fed lowland rice.     

烟后稻抛栽育秧技术研究与应用

通过不同的软盘、育秧方式、播种密度、施氮量、化控次数等烟后稻抛栽育秧试验和多年试验示范结果,提出"选盘、旱育、稀播、适氮、化控"等烟后稻抛栽育秧关键技术。通过生产验证表明,应用该育秧关键技术,不仅能解决烟后种植中迟熟超级稻品种抛栽出现长秧龄、育壮秧难、产量不高等问题,还能有效提高烟后茬超级稻产量水平。     

A model for explaining genotypic and environmental variation in vegetative biomass growth in rice based on observed LAI and leaf nitrogen content

The objectives of this study are to propose a model for explaining the genotypic and environmental variation in above-ground biomass growth via photosynthesis and respiration processes from transplanting to heading for different rice genotypes grown under a wide range of environments, and to identify the physiological traits associated with genotypic difference in the biomass growth based on model analysis. Cross-locational experiments were conducted with nine different rice genotypes at eight locations in Asia covering a wide climate range under irrigated conditions with sufficient nitrogen application. The crop growth rate observed during the period from transplanting to heading ranged from 3.4 to 19.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹ among the genotypes grown at the eight locations. About one-third of the data sets were utilized for model calibration and the remaining sets were used for model validation. An above-ground biomass growth model was developed by integrating processes of single leaf photosynthesis as a function of stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen content, growth and maintenance respiration and crop development. To rigorously examine the validity of this process model, measured data were input as external variables for leaf area index (LAI) development and leaf nitrogen content per unit leaf area. The model well explained the observed dynamics in above-ground biomass growth (R² = 0.95*** for validation dataset) of nine rice genotypes grown under a variety of environments in Asia. The model simulation suggested that genotypic difference in the biomass growth was closely related to the difference in the stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen content, as well as to LAI. This paper proposes the model structure, algorithms and all parameter values contained in the model, and discuss its effectiveness as a component of a more comprehensive model for simulating dynamics of biomass growth, LAI development and nitrogen uptake as a function of genotypic coefficients and environments.     

EPIC模型对华北平原冬小麦与夏玉米生长和产量模拟的适用性评价

为验证EPIC模型应用于华北地区农业生产的适用性,利用禹城生态试验站的试验观测数据对该模型参数进行了修订,构建了适合华北平原的模型参数数据库,并分别验证了2003-2005年冬小麦、2004年夏玉米的叶面积指数、生物量和产量模拟的精度与适用性。结果表明,EPIC模型对禹城站冬小麦和夏玉米叶面积指数和地上部生物量的模拟值和实测值随时间的变化趋势大体一致,决定系数均高于0.81;EPIC模型对禹城站2004、2005年冬小麦产量的模拟误差分别为1.61%和-2.56%,对2004夏玉米产量的模拟误差为-2.60%。因此,该模型模拟产量的绝对误差低于2.60%,适用于华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米的产量评估。     

Deep neural network algorithm for estimating maize biomass based on simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices and leaf area index

Accurate estimation of biomass is necessary for evaluating crop growth and predicting crop yield.Biomass is also a key trait in increasing grain yield by crop breeding.The aims of this study were(i)to identify the best vegetation indices for estimating maize biomass,(ii)to investigate the relationship between biomass and leaf area index(LAI)at several growth stages,and(iii)to evaluate a biomass model using measured vegetation indices or simulated vegetation indices of Sentinel 2A and LAI using a deep neural network(DNN)algorithm.The results showed that biomass was associated with all vegetation indices.The three-band water index(TBWI)was the best vegetation index for estimating biomass and the corresponding R2,RMSE,and RRMSE were 0.76,2.84 t ha−1,and 38.22%respectively.LAI was highly correlated with biomass(R2=0.89,RMSE=2.27 t ha−1,and RRMSE=30.55%).Estimated biomass based on 15 hyperspectral vegetation indices was in a high agreement with measured biomass using the DNN algorithm(R2=0.83,RMSE=1.96 t ha−1,and RRMSE=26.43%).Biomass estimation accuracy was further increased when LAI was combined with the 15 vegetation indices(R2=0.91,RMSE=1.49 t ha−1,and RRMSE=20.05%).Relationships between the hyperspectral vegetation indices and biomass differed from relationships between simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices and biomass.Biomass estimation from the hyperspectral vegetation indices was more accurate than that from the simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices(R2=0.87,RMSE=1.84 t ha−1,and RRMSE=24.76%).The DNN algorithm was effective in improving the estimation accuracy of biomass.It provides a guideline for estimating biomass of maize using remote sensing technology and the DNN algorithm in this region.