稻米淀粉粘滞性谱特征的表现及其遗传

通过对水稻F[sub]2[/sub]无性系群体及大量品种（系）的RVA谱的测定,研究了稻米淀粉RVA谱的类型及遗传。结果表明：（1）RVA谱可分为A~F六种类型,糯稻的特征图谱为A型,籼稻的特征图谱有B、C、D、E、F五种类型,粳稻有D、E、F三种类型。（2）稻米的表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）不同,RVA谱则不同。稻米的AAC相同,RVA谱也可不同,在低、中AAC类型中,RVA谱的差异能反映品种食味品质的差异。（3）4个杂交稻组合的RVA谱表现出相同的特点,除最高粘度和起浆温度外,其他特征值均介于双亲之间,表明杂交稻米品质改良要求不育系与恢复系的改良同步进行。（4）在F[sub]2[/sub]无性系群体中,RVA谱各特征均呈连续分布,最高粘度是典型的数量性状遗传,热浆粘度、冷胶粘度、崩解值、消减值、回复值都可能是由一对主效基因和若干微效基因共同控制的遗传。     

利用RVA谱快速鉴别不同表观直链淀粉含量早籼稻的淀粉粘滞特性

采用粘度速测仪分析了浙江省新近培育的早籼稻新品种（系）的淀粉粘滞特性,结果表明不同品种（系）具有特征性RVA谱。依消减值可有效区分出品种（系）表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）的高低。低AAC品种（系）的消减值一般为负值,中等或高AAC品种（系）的消减值为正值。中等AAC品种（系）间食用品质的优劣,可根据消减值和崩解值判断。RVA谱的崩解值与胶稠度和米饭口感相关,消减值与米饭质地关联。上述结果表明, RVA谱特性可望作为理化标记在优质稻米育种中发挥重要作用。     

水稻亚(品)种间淀粉粘滞特性杂交转移的初步研究

以早籼稻品种浙辐504为母本,分别与中籼IR64、爪哇稻Lemont和粳稻秀水11三类代表性优质品种杂交,探讨通过亚(品)种间淀粉粘滞特性转移来培育优质早籼稻的可行性。结果表明,3种供体衍生的低AAC品系间淀粉粘滞性相似,但中等AAC品系间差异显著。浙辐504/IR64籼籼杂交后代,RVA谱变异丰富,易筛选到与IR64淀粉粘滞性相同的新品系;浙辐504/Lemont籼爪杂交后代,只选择到个别与Lemont淀粉粘滞性相似的新品系;浙辐504/秀水11籼粳杂交后代,未发现与粳稻秀水11淀粉粘滞性相似的新品系。     

胚乳外观标记与RVA谱理化指标相结合辅助改良早籼稻食用品质

对具有较低和中等表观直链淀粉含量的浙辐504和IR64的杂交后代进行观察,发现胚乳外观存在4种类型：乳白色、云雾状、透明状及各外观混合体。与胚乳外观紧密关联,表观直链淀粉含量(AAC)也相应有4种含量水平：明显低AAC变异型、浙辐504型、IR64型和介于双亲的中间型。RVA谱分析表明,不同胚乳外观的淀粉粘滞特性差异明显。透明状外观尽管AAC相仿,但个体间淀粉粘滞性分化明显,只有个别优良品系的RVA谱与优质亲本IR64相似。表明以胚乳外观标记和RVA谱理化指标辅助选择可有效控制表观直链淀粉含量和淀粉粘滞性,是改良早籼稻米品质的一条有效途径。     

粳稻品种的粒厚特征及其对食味品质的影响

 以2006年收获的71份北方粳稻主栽品种为试材,研究了糙米粒厚的分布及粒厚与食味品质的相关性。结果表明,品种间糙米粒厚差异较大,变异系数为6.57%,粒厚在1.81~2.10 mm的品种占参试品种总数的78.88％。糙米粒厚与米饭食味评分呈极显著正相关。用粒厚分级机对其中5个粳稻品种进行粒厚分级,测定同一品种不同粒厚样品的米饭食味评分值、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征值。结果表明,粒厚对稻米蛋白质含量、RVA特征值、米饭食味评分等指标有显著影响,同一品种随着粒厚的增加,食味品质得到改善。讨论了粒厚作为品种选育指标的必要性。     

中国主要稻米的粒型及其品质特性

利用近3年全国各地的籼、粳稻稻谷样品5331份(其中籼稻谷3810份,粳稻谷1521份)的米质数据,对我国目前稻米的粒型及其相关品质进行了研究。结果表明,目前生产上应用的籼稻品种的粒长主要有长粒和中粒两种,粒形则以中粒形为主,细粒形为辅;绝大多数粳稻品种的米粒属短、粗类型。籼稻的粒长、粒形均与其整精米率、垩白度、透明度、直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关,而与胶稠度呈极显著正相关。粳稻的粒长、粒形与其主要品质指标的相关性相对较弱,且其性质也与籼稻的不尽相同。不同粒长组的平均整精米率也不同,其高低顺序是极短、短、中、长、极长,其中粳稻的极短粒与短粒两个类型间的整精米率无明显差别,但两者的整精米率与中粒的差异极显著;籼稻米各粒长组间整精米率的差异均达极显著水平。对各类稻米的品质进行评价的结果显示,粳稻米总体的品质优于籼稻米,有近半数粳稻品种的米质达到了优质米标准,而籼稻仅有1/4达到优质米标准;籼稻米中,极长粒形及长粒形品种中达优质米标准的比率高于中粒形及短粒形的品种。     

Different Aluminum Tolerance among Indica,Japonica and Hybrid Rice Varieties

Hydroponic cultures were conducted to compare the aluminum(Al) tolerance among different rice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties, including indica, japonica and their hybrids. The results showed that the root growth of rice plant was inhibited in different degrees among Al treated varieties. The Al tolerance observed through relative root elongation indicated that five japonica varieties including Longjing 9, Dharial, LGC 1, Ribenyou and Koshihikari were relatively more tolerant than indica varieties. Most indica varieties in this study, such as Aus 373 and 9311(awnless), were sensitive to Al toxicity. The Al tolerance of most progenies from japonica × indica or indica × japonica crosses was constantly consistent with indica parents. The differences of Al tolerance among Longjing 9(japonica), Yangdao 6(indica) and Wuyunjing 7(japonica) were studied. Biomass and the malondial-dehyde content of Yangdao 6 under Al exposure decreased and increased, respectively, while there was no significant effect on those of Longjing 9 and Wuyunjing 7. Remarkable reduction of root activities was observed in all these three rice varieties. Significantly higher Al content in roots was found in Yangdao 6 compared to Longjing 9 or Wuyunjing 7.     

Difference in Growth Characteristics,Utilization of Temperature and Illumination of Double- Cropping High Quality Late Rice in Different Ecological Regions of the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

【Objective】Under machine-transplanting conditions, four different types of late rice cultivars with high quality were used to investigate the differences of yield, growth characteristics, utilization of temperature and illumination. The results will lay a theoretical basis for the selection of double-cropping late rice varieties suitable for different ecological regions in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.【Method】The yield, growth duration, dry matter accumulation, and utilization of temperature and illumination of double-cropping late rice were comparatively studied using four kinds of rice varieties as test materials namely indica conventional rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice and Changyou japonica hybrid rice (20 varieties in total, selected between 2016 and 2017, all of which were high-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as double-cropping late rice). The experiment was carried out in two cities, Fuyang, Zhejiang Province (30.05º N, 119.95º E, 17.93 m above sea level) and Lujiang, Anhui Province (31.15º N, 117.16º E, 14 m above sea level).【Result】The yield of the four-types of late rice at high latitude was higher than that at low latitude. The yield of indica conventional rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice, and Changyou japonica hybrid rice grown in Lujiang, Anhui Province was 11.1%, 12.9%, 6.6% and 12.4% higher than that in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province. When planted in the same places, Changyou japonica hybrid rice had the highest yield, and conventional indica rice had the lowest. The growth period was longer and dry matter accumulation was higher at high latitudes. When planted at high altitudes, the indica hybrid rice growth duration was the longest (10.4 d), and the increase in dry matter accumulation was the largest in conventional japonica rice (11.93% in full heading stage and 9.44% in mature stage). When planted in the same place, the dry matter accumulation was higher in hybrid rice than conventional rice. There was no significant difference in effective accumulated temperature between the filling stage and the whole growth duration of indica rice, but the sunshine hours, solar radiation, and its utilization rate were significantly higher at high latitudes. The effective accumulated temperature decreased significantly in the filling stage and the whole growth stage of japonica rice, but the change of accumulated sunshine hours was not obvious, while the accumulated solar radiation increased significantly at high latitudes. These were consistent with the changing trend of the utilization rate of the temperature and light resources. When planted at the same latitude, the growth period, dry matter accumulation, temperature and light resource utilization rate of japonica rice were higher than those of indica rice.【Conclusion】Late indica rice could make full use of temperature and light resources in order to improve its yield when planted in Lujiang, Anhui Province, but the difference of the utilization efficiency in the temperature and light resources of late japonica rice was not obvious. The yield of late japonica rice in Lujiang, Anhui Province increased because of the extension of the growth duration and the increase of dry matter accumulation.     

Genetic Characterization of Indigenous Rice Varieties in Eastern Himalayan Region of Northeast India

The eastern Himalayan region of Northeast （NE） India is home to a large number of indigenous rice varieties, which are traditionally classified as Oryza sativa subspecies indica, japonica or intermediate types. The classification based on traditional Cheng’s index is often inconclusive due to phenotypic plasticity of morphological characters, which are influenced by environmental conditions. We used molecular markers specific for indica and japonica subspecies to assess the degree of genetic relatedness of indigenous rice varieties in NE India. The results revealed that majority of upland （jum） and glutinous rice varieties, traditionally considered as japonica, were genetically close to the subspecies indica. All varieties of boro ecotype were found to be indica type, and only a few varieties cultivated in lowland and upland areas were japonica type. Some of the lowland varieties of the sali ecotype were intermediate between indica and japonica, and they showed a closer genetic affinity to O. rufipogon.     

籼粳稻杂交后代蒸煮食味品质与亚种分化的关系

以2个典型籼粳稻杂交重组自交系F8群体(中优早8号×丰锦,计158株系;七山占×秋光,计142株系)为试材,利用程氏指数法鉴别其籼粳属性,同时测定稻米食味品质及淀粉RVA特征值,分析籼粳杂交后代稻米蒸煮食味品质与籼粳亚种性状特征的关系。结果表明:1)2个群体程氏指数、口感、综合评分及RVA谱特征值均呈连续分布,大部分株系介于双亲值之间;2)程氏指数与口感、综合评分及各RVA谱特征值的相关不显著或相关系数较小,依据程氏指数划分的类型间口感、综合评分及RVA谱特征值无明显差异,说明籼粳分化对稻米食味品质无直接影响;3)随着口感改善和综合评分的提高,热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、消减值降低、回复值升高,其他RVA谱特征值变化规律性不明显。     

水稻粳型亲籼系亲和性的测定

通过研究建立了粳型亲籼系的检测方法和鉴定标准,以6个籼型和6个粳型品种作为亲和性测验种,凡与籼型测验种杂交F1的平均花粉育性达85%以上,且平均小穗育性达80%以上者,为亲籼系。利用测验种对10个待测粳型亲籼系的亲和性进行了测定,结果表明, G2416-3、G2417-2-1、G2605和G3004-4与籼型测验种的亲和性高,达到或基本达到亲籼性的标准,其中G2416-3和G2417-2-1与粳型测验种的亲和性低,为特异亲籼系,G2605和G3004-4与粳型测验种的亲和性高,为广亲和系。     

杂交中籼稻稻米RVA的基因型差异及与籽粒充实的关系

以12个杂交中籼稻组合为材料,研究了籽粒充实性状和RVA特征值的差异及RVA特征值与籽粒充实性状的关系.结果表明,不同杂交中籼稻组合间的籽粒充实性状和RVA特征值差异均达到了极显著水平,但所有参试组合的RVA特征值与籽粒充实性状间不存在简单的直线相关.经过动态聚类分析将供试组合分成3类,不同类别杂交稻组合的RVA特征值与籽粒充实性状间的相关性不同.最终粘度、最低粘度越小的类别,最终粘度、最低粘度与籽粒充实度相关越显著；最高沾度越大的类别,最高粘度与籽粒充实指数相关越显著；消减值的绝对值越大的类别,随消减值绝对值的增大,籽粒充实指数显著减小.     

四川盆地不同类型水稻品种机插栽培的干物质生产及产量特性分析

【目的】阐明机插栽培对不同类型水稻的干物质生产及产量特性的影响,为四川盆地机插秧的推广、品种选育和高产栽培提供依据。【方法】于2012年在四川盆地以中籼中熟杂交稻、中籼迟熟杂交稻、粳稻三类共计10个品种为材料,研究不同类型水稻品种在机插栽培条件下的干物质生产及产量形成特性。【结果】1)三种不同类型品种的水稻移栽后干物质积累均很好地符合Logistic曲线。中籼中熟杂交稻、中籼迟熟杂交稻物质积累均较快,缓增期短,快增期长,物质积累有一定优势;粳稻物质积累速率小,渐增期、缓增期较长,快增期短,物质积累处于劣势。2)三种类型水稻品种相比,在成熟期中籼中熟杂交稻营养器官干物质所占比例最低,生殖器官干物质所占比例最高;中籼迟熟杂交稻成熟期叶片占比最高,而粳稻则是茎鞘比例高、穗比例低。3)中籼中熟杂交稻、中籼迟熟杂交稻的茎鞘、叶片物质输出率和物质转化率均为正值,但粳稻茎鞘物质输出率、转化率和叶片物质转化率均小于0,叶片物质输出率也仅为1.26%。4)中籼中熟杂交稻的产量、每穗实粒数、籽粒充实率、充实度最高,中籼迟熟杂交稻的结实率、千粒重最大,粳稻的有效穗数、成穗率最高,说明籼稻产量主要与穗部性状有关,而粳稻主要与田间有效穗数有关。【结论】在四川盆地的机插栽培条件下,杂交籼稻需提高其有效穗数、成穗率;粳稻需筛选大穗型品种,提高每穗粒数和籽粒充实度。     

Genetic Structure and Indica/Japonica Component Changes in Major Inbred Rice Varieties in China

We used 39 SSR markers to analyze the genetic structure of 304 major Chinese inbred rice varieties, and to compare changes in the indica or japonica components in these varieties that have been widely cultivated from the 1950s to the 1990s in China. The genetic structure analysis showed that these rice varieties were distinctly divided into two populations, indica and japonica. The sub-structure of indica varieties was more complex than that of japonica ones. Among the various lines, late-season indica and early season japonica varieties had simpler genetic backgrounds. The seasonal ecotypes were not quite consistent with the subtypes of genetic structure. Twelve SSR loci with specific differentiation between indica and japonica were used to calculate the indica/japonica components. The differences in indica/japonica components among the five decades were not significant, except for late-season indica varieties in the 1990s, which had a significantly higher japonica component. These results will help to understand the genetic structure of the major Chinese inbred rice varieties and will be useful for indica-japonica hybrid breeding in China.     

2001-2018年通过河南省审定的水稻品种情况分析

对2001-2018年通过河南省审定的水稻品种基本情况及其产量、米质等性状进行了介绍分析。结果表明,2001-2018年河南省通过审定品种132个,其中籼型水稻77个、占比58.33%,粳型水稻54个、占比40.91%,籼粳杂交稻1个、占比0.76%;育种单位涉及科研、教学及推广单位、种业企业等,种业企业选育或参与选育的品种比例正逐渐增加;审定品种年度间产量总体呈上升趋势,并以粳型杂交稻和籼型两系杂交稻产量最高;46.21%的水稻品种达到国标优质稻谷等级,粳型水稻优质达标率高于籼型水稻,垩白粒率和垩白度是限制河南稻米品质等级的主要因素,有待进一步提高。     

Traits Related to Chilling-Induced Photoinhibition in Leaves of indica and japonica Rice （Oryza sativa）

Physiological indices related to PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light intensities for four days. No obvious changes in Fv/Fm and MDA were observed in both indica and japonica rice at moderate temperature and medium PFD, implying neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in these cases. In indica rice either at medium temperature with higher PFD or at lower temperature with medium PFD Fv/Fm dropped obviously with no changes in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared while photooxidation did not occur. However, D1 protein, Fv/Fm, (A Z)/(A Z V), and SOD activities dropped, and O2 - production and MDA content increased accordingly, as well as both photoinhibition and photooxidation appeared in two rice varieties at lower temperature and higher PFD. Experiment with inhibitors at lower temperature and higher PFD showed that as compared with japonica rice the decrements appeared in D1 protein contents, SOD activities, and (A Z)/(A Z V) ratios, the xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quench (qN) were inhibited in a more degree, as well as increments of MDA content were greater, thus exhibiting more distinct photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice. It is suggested that Fv/Fm and membrane lipid peroxidation product-MDA were the key indices to predict and diagnose photooxidation.     

我国常规稻主栽品种的遗传变异分析

 采用40个SSR标记,分析了329份我国近50年来常规稻主栽品种的遗传变异。结果显示,39个SSR标记具有多态性,在多态性位点共检测到223个等位基因,每个位点2～11个,平均57个;平均Nei基因多样性指数（He）为0632。籼粳亚种间的SSR变异差异明显,籼稻平均等位基因数（Na）和Nei基因多样性指数（Na = 54,He = 0440）均高于粳稻品种（Na = 44,He = 0397）。Nei遗传相似系数表明总体样本具有较小的遗传相似度（I = 0366）,而骨干亲本具有较高的遗传相似度（籼:I = 0590;粳:I = 0590）。这导致了籼粳亚种内较高的遗传一致性（籼:I = 0558;粳:I = 0600）。早、中、晚稻各类型遗传相似度差异明显,晚籼和早粳类型具有较高的遗传变异。籼粳稻品种尤其是粳稻的聚类结果显示出较强的季节型和地域特征。这些均提示育种家应选择更广泛的亲本源以拓宽选育品种的遗传基础。     

长江中下游稻区双季晚粳稻产量生理与资源利用效率研究进展

长江中下游稻区是我国水稻主产区,同时又是单、双季稻混作区。目前,随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高,人们对优质大米,尤其是优质粳米的需求日益增加,因此,在双季稻生产中引入粳稻具有重要的现实意义。本文介绍了长江中下游双季稻的温光资源特性,总结了现有双季晚(籼/粳)稻品种的种植表现,从产量、产量结构、干物质积累、群体动态、生育期、温光利用率、稻米品质等方面比较了长江中下游稻区晚粳与晚籼的可能差异。总体来说,双季晚粳在产量、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重等方面均显著高于晚籼;前期干物质积累两者无显著差异,但是后期干物质积累量晚粳要高于晚籼,晚粳的灌浆率显著高于晚籼,这预示着双季晚粳具有更高的产量潜力。粳稻比籼稻有着较平稳的茎蘖动态,这使其具有更强的后期光合能力、更高的后期光能利用率;全生育期晚粳比晚籼长,主要体现在推迟抽穗结实,延长结实灌浆期;粳稻全生育期积温和光照时数均显著高于籼稻,粳稻后期叶面积指数大于籼稻,光合势亦高于籼稻,而在生育前期(拔节至抽穗期)两者对温光资源的利用基本相当,因此温光利用率晚粳显著高于晚籼;另外,晚粳的稻米品质要优于晚籼。因此,相对于双季晚籼,双季晚粳具有更高的应用推广价值。     

籼粳交重组自交系的亚种属性与稻米品质性状的关系

2006—2007年以典型籼稻七山占和典型粳稻秋光构建的重组自交系(RILs)F8的92个株系和F9的142个株系为试材,分别以程氏指数(ChI)和籼粳特异SSR标记(Dj)为群体形态分化与遗传分化的指标,同时测定11项主要稻米品质性状,分析群体稻米品质性状类型间差异及籼粳属性与稻米品质性状的相关性。结果表明,两世代RILs群体形态分化均表现为接近正态的连续分布,籼型和粳型株系数接近,遗传分化则均表现为明显偏粳的连续分布;根据ChI将RILs群体划分为籼型和粳型,除F9粒宽外两世代品质性状类型间差异均未达到显著水平;根据Dj将RILs群体划分为偏粳型和粳型,两世代粳型糙米率、整精米率、粒宽显著或极显著高于偏粳型,长宽比极显著低于偏粳型;两世代RILs群体ChI与所有品质性状的相关性均未达到显著水平;Dj与糙米率、整精米率和粒宽呈显著或极显著正相关,而与长宽比呈显著或极显著负相关。形态分化与北方粳稻品质性状没有直接关系,而遗传分化中粳稻血缘比例增加可能通过粒形间接改善碾磨品质。     

粳稻食味品质评价方法的研究

征集全国70个主栽粳稻品种和3个日本粳稻品种,对其进行常规理化品质、感官试验及淀粉粘度谱仪试验、TPA质构仪试验和食味计试验,研究粳稻理化指标与食味品质性状的关系。相关分析表明,与感官评分和米饭食味计评分均达到极显著相关的品质指标有硬度、蛋白质含量和胶稠度。与感官评分和米饭食味计评分均达到显著相关的品质指标有米粒延伸性、最高黏度、崩解值、消减值、粘着性和咀嚼度。