蔬菜大棚墒情传感器垂向埋设位置研究

针对当前国内外墒情传感器分层布置的习惯及降低传感器埋设量的愿望,研究了蔬菜大棚墒情传感器在垂向上的代表性问题。以江苏省宿迁市宿城区番茄大棚为例,利用Hydrus-1D模型分别模拟番茄苗期、开花坐果期和盛果采摘期灌水之后15 d内的根系层内含水率分布变化的情况。根据模拟结果,将40 cm的主要根系层平均分为10个土层,通过对灌水后各个土层含水率与根系层平均含水率进行显著性检验,进一步将无显著性差异土层内各测点的含水率与根系层平均含水率进行比较。结果表明,10~16 cm深度区域的土壤含水率基本能够代表根系层的平均含水率。因此,蔬菜大棚内单个墒情传感器应当埋设在10~16 cm的深度范围。     

板料深冲成形过程的静态隐式有限元模拟

采用有限元对板料冲压过程进行模具设计,可以降低设计成本,缩短设计周期。综述了板料深冲成形过程数值模拟平台和静态隐式算法的基本理论,并基于此建立了四节点的有限元模型。采用此模型对油底壳和水槽的深冲成形过程和起皱进行了模拟,模拟结果验证了该分析技术的正确性、可行性和高效性。     

液压压紧式牵引传动装置动力学研究

运用弹流动力润滑理论建立了传动装置牵引特性计算模型,并通过Matlab建立了该传动系统的动力学仿真模型。通过仿真计算可知,在变速过程中,由于摩擦副存在滑滚比,牵引摩擦副所起的作用相当于传统变速箱的变矩器或主离合器,具有缓冲功能;并且在某一输入转速和法向加载力下,传动比越小,最大输出转速越大,但达到稳定所用时间越长,同时输出转矩和输出角加速度响应时间越长。仿真结果反映了牵引传动装置的动力学特性,为液压压紧式牵引传动装置提供了准确的分析方法。     

基于MATLAB/SIMULINK的油气悬架动力学仿真

建立了单气室油气悬架的非线性数学模型和二自由度汽车振动模型,利用蒙特卡洛法构造了路面不平度时间函数,利用MATLAB/SIMULINK进行了时域仿真。分析了油气悬架主要参数包括蓄能室初始体积、主活塞杆面积、阻尼孔面积变化对车辆平顺性、安全性的影响,得出了某型油气悬架结构参数的可行设计范围。     

从群体到个体尺度——基于数据的DSSAT和GreenLab作物模型连接探索

作物模型的研究涉及作物生长发育的复杂过程,空间上从分子到细胞、组织、器官、个体、群体等不同尺度,时间尺度上可以从秒到年。基于不同的研究需求,切换作物模型尺度,可使得作物模型的适用性更广泛灵活。其中,如何从群体尺度的作物模型转入个体尺度的作物模型是本研究的内容。本研究基于四个玉米品种的两个处理（灌溉和雨养）的已有的实验数据和基于这些数据的DSSAT系统的模拟数据,校准功能结构模型GreenLab的参数,以计算结果一致为指标,探索不同空间尺度模型建立接口的方法,比较不同模型的特点。结果表明,GreenLab模型可以复现DSSAT系统的模拟数据和实际测量数据,进一步可以反演出各种器官之间生物量的分配并进行三维可视化展示。最后讨论了不同空间尺度模型结合的优势及应用领域。     

液力机械传动车辆起步加速动态性能仿真

为研究车辆液力机械传动系统的动态性能，以车辆液力机械传动系统的组成和工作原理为基础，建立了系统的当量动力学模型和数学模型，进而建立了系统的Matlab/Simulink仿真模型。对直驶起步加速换挡工况进行了仿真，得到了发动机转矩时间历程，液力变矩器泵轮、涡轮角速度时间历程，换挡离合器油压特性，换挡离合器主、被动边角速度时间历程，以及车辆速度、加速度时间历程。     

2V-QS燃油喷射汽油机换气过程的模拟计算

采用容积法模拟计算燃油喷射汽油机的换气过程，通过能量平衡方程推导出气缸、进气管与排气管3个容积的压力计算模型，各容积之间由相应的边界方程联系起来，求出各部分压力后，再根据气体状态方程求出各控制容积在相应曲轴转角下的温度。将计算值与实测值比较，误差很小，表明容积法仍是一种计算汽油机换气过程的简便而有效的方法。     

数值模型结构不确定性对模拟结果的影响分析

以内蒙古鄂托克旗为例,基于GMS中的MODFLOW模块构建了地下水流数值模拟模型,分析了模型结构(含水层厚度、参数分区)与模型参数不确定性因素对模拟结果的影响.研究结果表明:含水层不确定情景(含水层下边界概化为隔水底板平均值870 m)与实际情况水头差值绝对值的累计和最大为701 m,对模拟结果起了主控作用;当含水层下边界概化为910,940 m时,累计和分别增加为1 013,1 593 m;与仅考虑单个不确定性因素相比,同时考虑模型参数与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为738 m,同时考虑参数分区与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为791 m.因此,在构建地下水流数值模拟模型时,应优先考虑含水层空间结构概化的合理程度,同时考虑多个不确定性因素对模拟结果的综合影响,使地下水数值模拟模型能更精确地反映真实的地下水流状况.     

A stochastic simulation model for evaluating forage machinery performance

The selection of machinery on a dairy farm is the focus of the study. A simulation model is constructed that evaluates alternative forage machinery complements on New York State dairy farms. Attention is focussed on the machinery use, forage crop production and concentrate purchase. The key measure of performance is the total cost of acquiring feed for the dairy herd. The total cost includes the machinery investment and operating costs and the cost of feeds required to supplement that produced on the farm.The simulation model, written in Fortran, utilises a daily timestep. Each day the feasibility of machinery operation is determined, machinery operations are scheduled and the end of day status is determined.     

Models and techniques for scheduling farm operations: A comparison

Scheduling of farm operations is formulated as a dynamic programming model (a precise model) and as a linear programming model (a global or relaxed model). The precise model can be solved with the dynamic programming technique at considerable cost, but in this study it is solved with simulation and a heuristic scheduling procedure, aimed at reasonable solutions amongst those feasible. The selection of operations at decision moments is done with an urgency strategy which assigns an urgency to each combination or set of gangs operating simultaneously and searches for the combination with maximum urgency. The urgency is based on the timeliness function of the material processed by a gang.Historical hourly weather data and moisture content data for grain, straw and soil for twelve grain harvest seasons are used to evaluate the urgency strategy. The resulting schedule shows a fair use of workable time. From this subjective criterion it is concluded that the urgency strategy is acceptable. Reordering the workable time within a day results in a significantly lower estimate of variable costs for drying wet grain, overtime of men and timeliness loss of grain, straw in the field and bales.A global or relaxed model with five weekly periods is solved by linear programming. Models with and without nesting of workable time for grain, straw and soil continue the tendency of lower costs found with reordering workable time. These lower costs suggest that the resulting schedule is not executable within the real sequence of workable and unworkable time for materials. Handling tighter constraints for workable time and excluding the time workable only for bale handling results in a cost estimate at the level of the simulation and so perhaps in an executable schedule.On the other hand, the lower cost may suggest that the urgency strategy is a poor heuristic procedure. This is not demonstrated, however, by the use of workable time. The performance of the strategy still has to be tested by finding the optimal strategy.     

基于CAPP的汽车制动器支架加工仿真设计

三维设计软件在产品开发设计阶段,已经得到了较广泛的应用.为此,结合生产实际,对汽车盘式制动器支架进行工艺分析确定其最终加工路线的基础上,采用CAXA实体设计软件,首次完成了工件、夹具、加工设备的实体造型设计,并应用该软件的三维动画功能,实现了汽车盘式制动器支架三维实体虚拟机械加工过程的仿真设计,可代替或大幅度减少试切加工,为降低生产成本、提高产品质量等方面提供了新途径.     

轮灌分组灌溉优化模型与二维编码的遗传算法实现

灌溉优化模型旨在求解干渠各出水口运行时流量调度的最优组合方案,对于提高灌区灌溉管理技术水平和实施农业高效节水有着重要的意义。在“等流量、变历时”的轮灌分组的优化模型上,采用遗传算法进行了优化,选用了高斯适应度函数,并根据约束条件的特点,提出了二维编码并对选择、交叉和变异过程进行了改进,仿真结果表明该改进的遗传算法效果起好,说明该算法设计是可行的。     

Future directions for advanced evapotranspiration modeling: Assimilation of remote sensing data into crop simulation models and SVAT models

Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Models (SVAT) and Crop Simulation Models describe physical and physiological processes occurring in crop canopies. Remote sensing data may be used through assimilation procedures for constraining or driving SVAT and crop models. These models provide continuous simulation of processes such as evapotranspiration and, thus, direct means for interpolating evapotranspiration between remote sensing data acquisitions (which is not the case for classical evapotranspiration mapping methods). They also give access to variables other than evapotranspiration, such as soil moisture and crop production. We developed the coupling between crop, SVAT and radiative transfer models in order to implement assimilation procedures in various wavelength domains (solar, thermal and microwave). Such coupling makes it possible to transfer information from one model to another and then to use remote sensing information for retrieving model parameters which are not directly related to remote sensing data (such as soil initial water content, plant growth parameters, physical properties of soil and so on). Simple assimilation tests are presented to illustrate the main techniques that may be used for monitoring crop processes and evapotranspiration. An application to a small agricultural area is also performed showing the potential of such techniques for retrieving evapotranspiration and information on irrigation practices over wheat fields.     

Simulation of irrigation demand hydrographs at sector level

An appropriate estimation of demand at turnouts supplying the distribution network of the sectors constituting an irrigation project is an essential tool to improve delivery scheduling in an upstream controlled irrigation system. This paper reports on studies developed at Sorraia irrigation system, Portugal, where main crops are paddy rice and furrow irrigated row crops. The project covers 15,000 ha and deserves near 2,000 farmers, the delivery being organized through near 20 sectors. Records of supply data by farmer and outlet are available for several years and have been utilized to calibrate the models. The model ISAREG has been adopted for the simulation of irrigation demand for row crops. This is an irrigation scheduling simulation model, with several options including the evaluation of delivery schedules. Adopting and calibrating theETa/ETm ratio as irrigation threshold, the model could be calibrated for the main crops. Aggregated results for several irrigation sectors closely follow the recorded ones. The model IRRICEP has been developed for simulating paddy rice irrigation. Continuous flow deliver is adopted and the model computes the flooding time and the corresponding irrigation units. The irrigation requirements are those required to keep the target water depths in the basins. The aggregated results also satisfactorily follow the recorded supplies. Models ISAREG and IRRICEP are coupled when both rice and row crops are planted in the same irrigation sector.     

蜗壳式离心泵外特性仿真与实验研究

为探索不同仿真方法的适用性,对ns=157的单级蜗壳离心泵不同工况的扬程和效率进行定常和非定常计算,并分别分析了定常计算时不同叶片夹角及非定常计算时不同时间步长的影响,通过与实验对比,得到的主要结论有:定常计算仅适用于额定工况外特性仿真,其扬程和效率计算误差分别为4.9%和2.9%,而定常多相位的计算误差分别为7.1%和3.2%;非定常仿真计算时,以4°为时间步长,并间隔20°保存一次计算数据,较好地预测出扬程曲线走势,额定工况扬程和效率计算误差约1.1%和1.8%,但小流量和大流量区间扬程计算误差达到10%左右。因此在水力优化设计时,若只关注高效点位置及其扬程和效率,可采用定常计算,若还关注扬程曲线走势,则应采用非定常计算。     

GWM: General weed management model

GWM is a decision support system designed for evaluating soil-applied and post-emergence weed management options in row crops. It has a general structure to allow use with different crops. The system consists of a simulation model, databases, and a database management module. The simulation model has a set structure for linking processes of weed population dynamics during a single season, but allows flexibility in how each process is modeled. Databases store model prameters, information about management options, and field-specific simulation inputs. The database management module allows a user to specify entirely the simulation model or modify existing versions without programming. GWM has been parameterized to evaluate weed management as in two existing models (WEEDSIM and WEEDCAM) and for dry bean production. The structure of GWM and associated databases appears to capture essential aspects of weed biology influencing management decisions. GWN can be enhanced as knowledge of weed biology and ecology is refined.     

不同雨量站密度下水文模拟效果分析

降雨作为水文模型的主要输入,其观测站点的密度和不均匀的空间分布是降雨误差的主要来源,因此分析雨量站网密度和空间分布的影响对于提高水文模拟的精度具有重要意义。研究选择雨量站点较多且分布相对均匀的湘江流域为研究区域,使用新安江模型分析了不同雨量站网密度和空间分布对水文模拟的影响。结果表明,提高雨量站网密度能够有效降低模型最优参数的估算误差,水文模拟精度随着雨量站网密度的增加而显著上升,但当站点密度达到一定阈值后,模拟精度不再显著提高。另外当站点密度较低时存在部分雨量站网组合可以得到较好水文模拟结果。因此,增加雨量站数目、优化雨量站空间分布均能提高水文模型的模拟精度。     

六自由度拖拉机-人椅系统振动特性仿真研究

为了预测动态环境人-车-路系统中驾驶员的振动响应特性及驾驶舒适性,基于振动理论建立了六自由度拖拉机-人椅系统整车动力学模型,由Simulink搭建起仿真模型,通过输入一国产中型拖拉机的主要技术参数运行仿真程序,对仿真结果进行了时域及频域分析,并依据该拖拉机的实车试验结果验证了仿真结果的可靠性。仿真结果表明:随着路面等级的降低,拖拉机的人椅系统所受振动加速度响应幅值明显增大;人椅系统所受各向振动由大到小依次为垂直方向、侧倾方向和俯仰方向;该拖拉机人椅系统的固有振动频率为3Hz左右,其座椅舒适性有待改善。     

负载口独立控制挖掘机机液耦合模型建立与试验

负载口独立控制挖掘机系统是一个包含许多未知参数的机液耦合系统。为了准确建立参数化模型,需要精确地辨识各元件参数,并包含机械系统与液压系统的耦合联接。为此首先建立各系统的数学模型,通过试验测试获得各个关键参数。采用基于试验测试结果的NLPQL多目标优化方法寻优难以估计特性参数的最优值,提高参数辨识的速度和精度。基于辨识参数的数学模型,建立参数化的机液耦合仿真模型。相比于现有研究中的联合仿真模型,该模型在同一参数化平台下运行,计算时间短,并且易于根据不同工况修改机械系统参数,仿真效率更高。最后将2 t小型挖掘机的试验结果与仿真进行对比,结果证明该仿真模型具有较高的计算精度,可为负载口独立技术在移动液压中的控制策略研究提供参考。     

湿式双离合器自动变速器液压系统仿真分析

利用AMESim软件对湿式双离合器自动变速器液压系统的主要子系统进行仿真分析,根据仿真分析的结果分析模型的合理性及影响各子系统的主要参数,为湿式双离合器自动变速器液压系统的设计及改进提供依据。