与南瓜矮生基因连锁的分子标记

以中国南瓜(Cucurbita moschata Duch)矮生突变体(矮10)为供体亲本,以印度蔓生南瓜(C.maxima Duch)(蒙日南瓜)为轮回亲本,经6代回交和2代自交选育出S1~S9共9个南瓜矮生近等基因纯合株系,其中S2株系再与蒙日南瓜杂交获得F2分离群体共306株。利用RAPD技术,采用近等基因系(near isogenic lines,NILs)分析法,结果表明,在640条随机引物中,发现RAPD标记S1225-548与矮生单基因D呈现连锁关系,遗传距离为2.29cM。RAPD标记成功转化成更为稳定的SCAR标记SCAR3-398。     

斑茅杂种后代分子检测

利用RAPD随机引物和斑茅5S rRNA间隔序列(ITS)引物对斑茅与甘蔗的杂种F1、F2代进行了分子鉴定，获得了与含有斑茅血缘有关的RAPD分子标记3个及5S rRNA间隔序列标记1个；其中，5SrRNA间隔序列标记可用于斑茅杂种后代碱法DNA模板的快速检测。     

检测葡萄抗黑痘病基因DNA探针的合成及应用

依据中国野生葡萄(Vitis pseudoreticulata)抗黑痘病(Sphaceloma ampelinum)基因RAPD标记OPS03-1354的全长序列,设计合成了两个寡聚核苷酸R1(5'-CAGAGGTCCCTAGCTAAT-3')和R2(5'-ACA ATCACCCAACTCCTC-3')作为引物.首先对获得该RAPD标记的种间杂交组合白河-35-1(V.pseudoret-iculata clone Baihe-35-1)×佳利酿(V.vinifera cv.Carignane)亲本及其F2 51株进行PCR分析,其中寡聚核苷酸R2能在抗黑痘病植株中扩增出约1100 bp的DNA片段.进一步用R2对另一种间杂交组合广西-1(V.pseudoreticulata clone Guangxi-1)×京可晶(V.vinifera cv.Jingkejing)F1 339株进行PCR检测,R2能在抗病植株中扩增出约1100 bp的DNA片段.最后用R2对48份葡萄资源包括中国野生葡萄、美国野生葡萄和欧洲葡萄进行了PCR检测,在抗病株系和品种中也能扩增出这一片段.结果表明,获得的约1100bp特异片段为葡萄抗黑痘病基因的序列特异性扩增区(SCAR)标记,凡扩增出该SCAR标记的植株即是抗黑痘病基因的携带者和抗黑痘病性状的表达者.将该SCAR标记克隆与测序,其实际长度为1110 bp,命名为SCS03-1110.获得该SCAR标记的18 bp寡聚核苷酸R2(5'-ACAATCACCCAACTCCTC-3')具有检测葡萄抗黑痘病基因的DNA探针作用.     

与南瓜矮生基因连锁的分子标记研究

本研究以世界上首次发现的中国南瓜矮生突变体（矮10）为供体亲本，以印度蔓生南瓜（蒙日南瓜）为轮回亲本，经6代回交2代自交选育出S1—S9共9个南瓜矮生近等基因纯合株系，其中S2株系再与蒙日南瓜杂交获得F2代分离群体共306株。利用RAPD技术, 采用近等基因系（Near isogenic lines, NILs）分析法，对上述材料进行分析。在640条随机引物中，发现RAPD标记S1225-548与矮生单基因D呈现连锁关系，遗传距离为2.29cM。并且本研究进一步将此RAPD标记成功转化成更为稳定的SCAR标记SCAR3-398。     

不结球白菜β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因cDNA全长的克隆与表达分析

以不结球白菜(Brassicacampestrisssp.chinensis)抗病自交系雪克青为实验材料,通过RACE技术,获得了不结球白菜β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的cDNA全长序列。序列分析发现,该基因全长1275bp,编码363个氨基酸,分子量40.66kD,等电点(pI)9.27。推导的氨基酸序列与芜菁bg1基因具有96%的同源性,与拟南芥bg2基因具有61%的同源性,与其它植物β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的同源性为49%￣57%。将该序列提交GenBank,登录号为AY836001。Southern杂交显示该基因在不结球白菜基因组中的拷贝数多于1个。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因有低水平的组成型表达,在霜霉病菌(Peronosporaparasitica)诱导后24h其表达量达到高峰。     

猕猴桃AcbHLH137功能鉴定及对淀粉降解基因AcBAM3转录激活分析

为探究猕猴桃果实中bHLH转录因子的功能,本试验从青皮红香猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Qingpihongxiang)中克隆得到bHLH家族基因AcbHLH137,并对该基因的功能进行初步分析.结果表明,AcbHLH137(PSR95969.1)含有长度为969 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),共编码3...     

甘蔗祖亲种RAPD标记的序列特征性片段扩增区域（SCAR）转化分析

采用RAPD标记技术获得了甘蔗(Saccharum)亲本种RSp2、RSp5、RSp6、RSo13和RSp16 5个RAPD标记特异片段.根据这5个特异片段的测序结果,设计了15对特征性片段扩增区域(SCAR)标记引物,并经SCAR标记特异引物筛选,ZT51、ZT52、ZT53、ZT55及ZT56为割手密种特异引物.RSp2这一甘蔗割手密种特异的RAPD标记被成功转化为割手密种(S.spontaneum)特异SCAR标记,记为ZT51-439.在甘蔗种质检测时,能在崖城割手密、印度割手密及部分云南割手密亲本种中特异检测出,并在具有割手密血缘的47份栽培种中均能检测到明显而唯一的439 bp割手密种特异条带.     

用RAPD分析辣椒细胞质雄性不育基因

根据近等基因系分析原理 ,以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系 93 A及其保持系 93 B为材料 ,对辣椒细胞质雄性不育基因及其保持基因开展了RAPD标记研究 ,结果表明 :OPK 1 7550 、OPK 1 7150 0 标记可能与细胞质雄性不育基因相连锁 ,OPH 1 1 2 0 0 0 标记可能与保持系中的保持基因相连锁。对侯选标记OPK 1 7550 进行了克隆和部分序列分析 ,为利用混合群体分离法 (BSA)对分离群体中的不同单株进行SCAR分析的标记验证工作奠定了基础。     

离子束介导甘蓝全DNA转化拟南芥菜的RAPD分析

在离子束介导甘蓝外源全DNA转化拟南芥菜的当代发现了 2株表型变异株 ,以其中的1株 (编号为T6)作为研究对象 ,用 40对 1 0碱基的随机引物对该株和其后代株进行RAPD分析 ,发现S1 68号引物对T6和其后代株的RAPD结果与对照相比有明显差异 ,说明离子束介导外源基因转化可以引起受体基因组变异 ,并且该变异有遗传性。对差异条带测序后同拟南芥菜基因组序列比对 ,发现该条带的序列在ABCTransporter结构基因的内部     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.