Effect of GA(4 + 7) on the initiation and development of the inflorescence bud of evergreen azalea

Apical buds of evergreen azalea (Rhododendron sp.) were treated with GA(4 + 7) at different stages of development. Treatment of vegetative buds stimulated shoot growth, slightly delayed both flower initiation and development, but increased the number of flower primordia. Treatment at the time of floral transition induced bud abortion at an early stage of the reproductive development. Treatment of inflorescence buds which contained at least one complete flower substituted for chilling in overcoming dormancy and prevented inflorescence bud abortion.     

中国鹅掌楸混合芽的发生和形态建成

本文继中国鹅掌楸花芽分化细胞形态学观察的研究之后,我们又系统观察了混合芽从发生至花器官建成的形态变化、芽的类型和分布以及芽端生长点的细胞形态学,试图为鹅掌楸属的系统学研究、植物性分化的生理学研究和种子品质的遗传学研究提供基础资料和理论依据。     

核桃雌花分化的内源激素模式

在雌花芽分化阶段,应用气液色谱-电子捕获或氢焰离子技术,对3年生早、晚实类型核桃实生幼树分别检测了雌花芽和营养芽中内源细胞分裂素、赤霉素、生长素和脱落酸的水平。依次用它们的相对量来表示,两种芽中激素水平的变化可以简单描述如下: 雌花芽:(+,-,-,-); 营养芽:(-,+,+,+)。这个模式揭示:(1)雌花芽分化是四种激素作用于芽分生组织的某一特定平衡的结果;(2)细胞分裂素与赤霉素的比值与这些组织形成雌花原基的理论和实际能力有正相关的关系,雌花芽的比值为“+/-”或3.0,营养芽为“-/+”或1.2。对内源激素模式的实际意义,以及核桃童性的本质问题等也进行了讨论。     

Influence of temperature on the dynamics of ATP,ADP and non-adenylic triphosphate nucleotides in vegetative and floral peach buds during dormancy

The nucleotides test of endodormancy, which is based on the capacity of tissues to synthesize ATP and non-adenylic triphosphate nucleotides (NTP), cannot be used for floral buds, and it is of questionable use for vegetative buds. In an attempt to find an alternative test, we examined whether the dormancy state of vegetative and floral buds of trees exposed to different temperature conditions during the rest period is directly related to their ATP, ADP and NTP concentrations and ATP/ADP ratio. Once the buds had entered endo- or paradormancy, the nucleotide concentrations and the ATP/ADP ratio were low in the vegetative primordia and very low in the floral primordia. Only after the action of chilling, when the buds were considered to have completed the endodormancy and paradormancy phases, did the nucleotide concentrations increase, accompanied by a steep rise in ATP/ADP ratio. We conclude that the ATP/ADP ratio could be used to characterize the bud dormancy state by comparison with critical values of 1.5 for vegetative primordia and 1.0 for floral primordia.     

Overhead irrigation increased winter chilling and floral bud production in Eucalyptus nitens

Eucalyptus nitens requires a sufficiently cold winter to produce flower buds. In areas in South Africa where E. nitens commercial plantations as well as breeding and production seed orchards are located, winter chilling is often insufficient for floral bud initiation. Hence, under such conditions, E. nitens floral bud and seed crops are poor and inconsistent. The local industry is almost entirely dependent on paclobutrazol (PBZ) applications for encouraging flowering in E. nitens seed orchards. Between 2008 and 2010, an experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of overhead irrigation (sprinkling) as a means of supplementing winter chilling to improve floral bud production in E. nitens. The treatments included three levels of sprinkling (nil, 10 weeks and 16 weeks duration), two levels of PBZ (nil, 0.025 g a.i. per mm basal stem circumference) and two grafted clones (prolific flowerer and shy-flowerer). Sprinkling reduced E. nitens daytime bud temperatures by as much as 16.2 °C on warm, dry winter days. In 2009 (cold winter) and 2010 (warm winter), sprinkling increased chilling accumulation by 44% and 72% (nil versus maximum sprinkling), respectively. In 2009, in the absence of PBZ, sprinkling resulted in a higher percentage of trees of either clone producing umbels (flower buds) compared with the control. In the warmer 2010 winter, sprinkling again increased flowering, with the number of flowering shoots and umbels per tree being significantly higher than the control at p < 0.05. In both 2009 and 2010, PBZ showed a strong additive effect to winter chilling on E. nitens floral bud production. The E. nitens clone × chilling × PBZ flowering interaction was complex and warrants more detailed investigation in future. Overhead sprinkling offers a practical method of supplementing winter chilling and improving floral bud production in high-chill-requiring temperate eucalypt species such as E. nitens.     

Floral induction in Eucalyptus nitens

Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden takes at least five years to initiate flower buds from seed and is an infrequent and light flowerer. Because this behavior constitutes a major impediment to breeding programs, we examined the mechanisms controlling floral induction in E. nitens, with the long-term aim of reducing generation time and increasing seed yield. Application of paclobutrazol reduced the concentration of endogenous gibberellic acid (GA) in apical tissue and enhanced the reproductive activity of grafted trees maintained outside over winter in Canberra, Australia. Grafts maintained in a warm greenhouse over winter did not produce flower buds, despite the paclobutrazol-induced reduction in GA concentration of the apical tissue. Exposing untreated grafts, which had been maintained over winter in a warm greenhouse, to low temperature the following spring reduced growth but did not induce flower bud production. Addition of GA(3) to paclobutrazol-treated grafts reduced the effect of paclobutrazol on reproductive activity.     

四川穗状核桃雌花芽生长发育的研究

为探索穗状核桃雌花产生多花多果的现象,发掘四川核桃的特异种质资源,通过形态比较、石蜡切片和电镜扫描等方法,比较了穗状核桃优良资源的雌花芽生长发育特点。结果表明:(1)雌花芽着生方式分为呈聚生或散生,HSLH为串状结果,HSZML、CTYM和SQLG为穗状结果。(2)HSZML雌花芽、顶芽均为最大;SQLG雌花芽、顶芽均为最小。(3)3月上旬,雌花芽开始萌动,生长点顶端凸起,HSZML、CTYM和SQLG分化出不同方向的雌蕊原基;5月上旬,生长点向上生长,分化出多个叶原基,CTYM和SQLG顶端生长点逐渐伸长,形成雌花原基;7月下旬,CTYM和SQLG继续伸长生长;10月上旬,HSLH和SQLG已分化出4个雌花原基,HSZML和CTYM已分化出3个雌花原基。     

Foliar application of GA3 during terminal long-shoot bud development stimulates shoot apical meristem activity in Pinus sylvestris seedlings

The effect of exogenous gibberellin (GA3) on shoot apical meristem activity in conifer vegetative buds was investigated by spraying 0 or 0.1% GA3 on the foliage of first-year Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings twice weekly for 9 weeks during development of the terminal long-shoot bud. Exogenous GA3 promoted mitotic activity in the apical zone, thereby increasing both the rate and duration of cataphyll formation and giving rise to a higher and wider apical meristem. The increase in number of cataphylls increased the number of axillary meristems, which developed as short-shoot buds.     

三台核桃的芽生物学特性观察

本文对三台核桃进行动态和定态观测，结果表明：牙于3月下旬开始分化，先后顺序是叶芽、雄花芽、混合芽；品种不同，顶（侧牙的抽生情况不同，其中结果母枝粗是影响顶（侧）芽抽生数的主要性状；雄花芽的抽生数大于混合芽的抽生数，雄花序开放至脱落历时16d左右。     

A MADS-box gene of Populus deltoides expressed during flower development and in vegetative organs

A MADS-box gene (PdPI) was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from male flower buds of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. According to an analysis of genomic DNA structure and putative protein structure, and a phylogenetic study, PdPI is an ortholog of the Arabidopsis PI gene. Relative-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that PdPI has a broader expression pattern than PI in Arabidopsis. PdPI was strongly expressed in floral buds and roots and weakly expressed in immature xylem, leaves and apical buds of the male P. deltoides tree. In male inflorescences, PdPI expression was abundant in the perianth and anther, and weak in the peduncle and mature pollen. The large differences in PdPI expression at various phases of male floral bud development were closely related to the development of flower organs (perianth and stamen) and pollen. PdPI was also expressed in female inflorescences. Our results suggest that PdPI has multiple functions in the development of P. deltoides.     

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the greenhouse. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards the tip and base of the bud. The number and size of the nucleoli varied during pollen development and at most eight nucleoli formed in each daughter nucleus at the meiotic telophase, suggesting a paleopolyploid origin of the genus Populus. An association between floral morphology and pollen development was found and the ratio of width to length of flower buds or catkins presented an S-shaped curve related to pollen development as a function of time. The investigation on the pollen development and floral morphology of P. pseudo-simonii is important for further cross breeding programs of the section Tacamahaca.     

长山核桃茎段组织培养初步研究

为给建立完整有效的长山核桃组培快繁体系提供基础,以带腋芽茎段作为外植体,研究不同消毒方法和基本培养基对腋芽萌发的影响。结果表明:不同消毒剂和消毒时间处理对外植体的影响较大。先用75%酒精消毒20 s,再用0.05%HgCl_2消毒7 min,外植体污染率降低到30%,且腋芽萌发率最高,可达100%。极差分析结果表明:HgCl_2浓度对污染率和萌发率影响最大,是影响茎段成活率和腋芽萌发的主要因素。不同培养基、激素种类及浓度对外植体有显著影响。在9个处理中,WPM+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+IBA 0.01 mg/L与其它处理差异极显著,这种处理培养的茎段污染率较低,腋芽萌发率高,可达到90%。     

Photoperiodic control of seasonal development and dormancy in tropical stem-succulent trees

Tropical stem-succulent trees store large quantities of water in their trunks yet remain leafless during the early and mid dry season. In contrast to most other tropical trees, bud break of vegetative buds is not induced in fully hydrated stem succulents between the winter solstice and the spring equinox by leaf abscission, abnormal rain showers or irrigation. Vegetative buds of leafless trees are therefore in a state of endo-dormancy similar to that of temperate perennial plants during early winter. Highly synchronous bud break regularly occurs soon after the spring equinox, often weeks before the first rainfalls of the wet season. These observations suggested that endo-dormancy and bud break might be induced by declining and increasing photoperiods after the autumn and spring equinoxes, respectively. In phenological field observations, we confirmed highly synchronous bud break after the spring equinox in many trees of five stem-succulent species in the northern and southern hemispheres. Shoot growth of potted saplings of Plumeria rubra L. was arrested by a decline in day length below 12 h after the autumn equinox, but continued in saplings maintained in a 13-h photoperiod. Conversely, exposure to a 13-h photoperiod induced bud break of dormant apical buds in saplings and cuttings in January, whereas plants maintained in the natural day length of < 11.7 h remained dormant. Photoperiodic control of endo-dormancy of vegetative buds in stem succulents is thus supported by field observations and experimental variation of the photoperiod. At low latitudes, where annual variation of day length is less than 1 h, bud dormancy is induced and broken by variations in photoperiod of less than 30 min.     

Development and growth of primordial shoots in Norway spruce buds before visible bud burst in relation to time and temperature in the field

The timing of bud development in ecodormancy is critical for trees in boreal and temperate regions with seasonally alternating climates. The development of vegetative buds and the growth of primordial shoots (the primordial shoot ratio) in Norway spruce were followed by the naked eye and at stereo and light microscopic levels in fresh-cut and fixed buds obtained by regular field samplings during the spring of 2007, 2008 and 2009. Buds were collected from 15 randomly selected trees (all 16 years old in 2007) of one southern Finnish half-sib family. The air temperature was recorded hourly throughout the observation period. In 2008 and 2009, initial events in the buds, seen as accumulation of lipid droplets in the cortex area, started in mid-March and were depleted in late April, simultaneously with the early development of vascular tissue and primordial needles. In mid-April 2007, however, the development of the buds was at least 10 days ahead as a result of warm spells in March and early April. Variation in the timing of different developmental phases within and among the sample trees was negligible. There was no clear one-to-one correspondence between the externally visible and the internal development of the buds. The dependence of the primordial shoot ratio on different types of temperature sum was studied by means of regression analysis. High coefficients of determination (R(2)?≈?95%) were attained with several combinations of the starting time (beginning of the year/vernal equinox), the threshold value (from -3 to +5 °C), and the time step (hour/day) used in the temperature summation, i.e., the prediction power of the primordial shoot ratio models turned out to be high, but the parameter estimate values were not unambiguous. According to our results, temperature sums describe the growth of the primordial shoot inside the bud before bud burst. Thus, the results provide a realistic interpretation for the present phenological models of bud development that are based on temperature sums and external observations of bud burst only, and they also provide new tools for improving the models.     

毛白杨PtLFY在花芽发育中的表达模式与花芽形态分化

以毛白杨花芽为材料,采用RT-PCR技术分离克隆毛白杨PtLFYcDNA序列,测序结果表明该序列全长1314bp,包含1个开放阅读框,编码377个氨基酸。Alignment分析显示该基因与拟南芥等物种LFY/FLO同源基因所编码的氨基酸相似性达到68%～75%。蛋白结构预测分析表明,在PtLFY蛋白N-端和C-端具有2个高度保守的区域,其中PtLFY-C端由7个α-helix组成Helix-turn-helix结构。采用Real-time qRT-PCR技术检测PtLFY在雌雄花芽发育过程中的表达模式,结果显示从9月13日到翌年1月25日,PtLFY在毛白杨雌雄花芽中持续稳定表达,到2月25日表达量少许下调,但该基因在雄花芽中的相对表达量明显高于雌花芽。解剖分析结果表明,雄花芽形态分化进程明显早于雌花芽,这种差异可能与PtLFY在雌雄花芽发育过程的差异表达存在密切联系。研究结果对于阐明PtLFY在毛白杨雌雄花芽发育和开花中的分子作用机制具有重要的理论意义,为进一步开展毛白杨开花调控研究奠定基础。     

杂种落叶松嫩枝离体培养与芽增殖研究

以生长和生根兼优的杂种落叶松无性系日永8×长混18-10的嫩枝和休眠芽为试验材料,开展了嫩枝生长和芽增殖的离体组织培养技术研究,确定了两种试验材料的最佳灭菌条件及最适培养基。结果表明:15%的次氯酸钠溶液处理10 min,材料无菌存活率达到91.7%,灭菌效果最好;最适嫩枝生长培养基为B培养基;芽增殖过程中,最适腋芽萌发诱导培养基为BEMB培养基,单个嫩枝平均诱导萌发2个腋芽;无外源激素的改良BEMB培养基(硝态氮与铵态氮含量比为6:1),最适于腋芽成枝诱导,成枝率为36.5%;培养基MCM+1.5 mg·L^-1 ZT +0.15 mg·L^-1 KT,最适用于休眠芽不定芽诱导,不定芽诱导率为39.1%,增殖倍数为2.6。     

Factors influencing axillary shoot proliferation and adventitious budding in cedar

We developed procedures for in vitro cloning of Cedrus atlantica Manetti and C. libani A. Rich explants from juvenile and mature plants. Explant size was one determinant of the frequency of axillary bud break in both species. Shoot tips and nodal explants mainly developed calli, whereas bud sprouting occurred in defoliated microcuttings cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium without growth regulators. Isolation and continuous subculture of sprouted buds on the same medium allowed cloning of microcuttings from C. atlantica and C. libani seedlings and bicentennial C. libani trees, thus providing a desirable alternative for multiplying mature trees that have demonstrated superior characteristics. We also report adventitious bud differentiation from isolated embryos of C. atlantica. Neither auxin treatments nor other methods tested, including infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, were effective in inducing root initiation.     

MICROPROPAGATION IN TISSUE CULTURE OFDAHURIAN LARCH

Dormant buds of Larix gmelinii(4-30years old)were cultured in vitro.Axillary budsgrew on the explants,and60％-65％ of the explants’axillary buds,a differentiation rate of 60％ wasobtained on the explants collected from the 30-year-old trees.The maximum number of axillarybuds was 26 in one induction per initial explant.Bud clusters were separated into individual budsand most of them elongated into shoots.A few roots grew on the shoots.The MS(Murashige andskoog)and SH(Schenk and Hildebrandt)were more efficient media than the WPM.(Woody PlantMedium).The best hormone Combinations for the axillary bud inductions were BA1+NAA0.01 andBA2+NAA0.2(mg/L).The procedure was as follows:(1)Apical buds were explanted on theno—hormone basal agar medium and grown for 1 or 2 weeks;(2)Explants were transferred onto thebud—inducing medium and grown for 2 weeks and then(3)Cultured on the basal medium withouthormones for axillary bud elongation;(4)Bud clusters were separated and cultured continuously toa minimum height of1     

小叶丁香的组织培养

以小叶丁香的茎段和叶片为外植体进行植物组织培养。分别以0.1%的升汞和65%的次氯酸钠对外植体进行灭菌,将灭菌的小叶丁香叶片接于不同的培养基中进行脱分化培养;将灭菌的小叶丁香茎段接于不同培养基中,观察腋芽的促生情况;将促生出的小叶丁香的腋芽进行生根培养。结果表明：在0.1%的升汞中,小叶丁香的茎段和叶片最佳灭菌时间均为30s;在65%的次氯酸钠中小叶丁香的茎段和叶片最佳灭菌时间分别为2min和1min;最佳脱分化培养基为：MS＋NAA2mg/L＋6-BA2mg/L;最佳腋芽促生的培养基为：MS＋6-BA2mg/L;最佳生根最适培养基为：MS＋NAA0.5mg/L。