微波辅助提取苹果渣中苹果多酚的工艺研究

为了充分利用农业废弃物苹果渣，进一步提高苹果渣中多酚物质的提取效率，采用二次通用旋转组合设计研究了苹果渣中苹果多酚的微波提取工艺。结果表明：乙醇用量对多酚得率有极显著影响，功率、乙醇浓度以及萃取时间和功率的交互项对多酚得率有显著影响，萃取时间对多酚得率无显著影响。最优工艺是：萃取时间60 s，功率750 W，乙醇浓度60％，乙醇用量25 mL(料液比1∶50)，此条件下苹果多酚理论提取的得率为11.93 mg/g(DW)(验证值为11.41 mg/g)，明显高于回流及超声波提取得率。     

微波预处理原料对苹果汁褐变的影响

为了防止苹果汁在贮藏过程中褐变,采用不同的微波功率和时间预处理原料苹果,研究微波预处理对苹果汁褐变的影响。结果表明,微波处理可以提高苹果汁的色值,降低多酚氧化酶的活性,引起氨基态氮含量的下降,并使苹果汁的酸度略微提高。在微波功率为720～900 W,处理时间75～125 s时,果汁色值较高。室温贮存45 d后,微波功率900 W,时间为100 s处理的果块,果汁色值为67.8,比未经微波处理的高91.5%。微波预处理是防止苹果汁褐变的一种简便安全、合理经济的加工方法。     

Composition of apple juice

Thirty-one samples from 8 geographic growing regions of the United States and 15 varieties common to these areas were converted to apple juice and analyzed for their attributes over the 3 year period 1979, 1980, and 1981. The total of 93 samples were analyzed for ash, brix, pH, proline, specific gravity, total acid, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The elements cadmium, calcium, iron, lead, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc were also determined. These data are presented to serve as a data base for the detection of fraudulent or adulterated apple juice.     

Iodine uptake and translocation in apple trees grown under protected cultivation

Background and Aims : Agronomic biofortification of food crops with iodine may improve the dietary intake of this trace element, which is essential for human development and health. So far, little is known about the suitability of this technique in pome fruits. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate uptake and translocation of exogenously applied iodine in apple trees, (2) to identify possible strategies of iodine biofortification for this type of fruit, and (3) to evaluate interactions between foliar applied iodine and selenium. Methods : Apple trees were cultivated in a plastic tunnel for two growing seasons. Iodine was applied via leaves or substrate. During the 2^nd year, simultaneous foliar application of iodine and selenium were tested as well. At harvest time, iodine and selenium content in leaves and fruits were determined. The phytoavailable iodine concentration in the growing medium was analyzed following an extraction with calcium chloride. In addition, the dynamics of iodine applied as potassium iodide and iodate in a peat‐based substrate was investigated in an incubation experiment without plants. Results : The iodine concentration in washed apples increased more than 100‐fold, valuing around 50 µg (100 g FM)^?1 by foliar application of iodine as compared to the control treatment. However, this level was only achieved in fruits which were directly wetted by the spray solution. The translocation of leaf‐absorbed iodine to fruits was negligible. Following a substrate fertilization, the fruit iodine content remained rather low due to a strong retention of iodine in the growing medium. When using foliar sprays, the addition of selenium did not affect the iodine enrichment of the apple fruits. Conclusions : Foliar fertilization of iodine seems to be a promising method to biofortify apples with iodine. The level of I achieved in apple fruits by means of foliar fertilization can significantly contribute to the daily I intake requirement of humans.     

套袋对苹果果实重金属及农药残留的影响

该文测定了洛川、白水实验园中套双层纸袋、单层纸袋及不套袋苹果果皮、果肉的重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr)含量和农药残留。试验结果发现：不套袋苹果果实的重金属含量明显高于套袋苹果，套单层纸袋苹果果实的重金属含量高于套双层纸袋苹果的重金属含量，重金属主要集中在果皮中；不套袋苹果果皮中三氟氯氰菊酯的检出量为0.03 mg/kg，是套单层纸袋苹果果皮检出量0.01 mg/kg的3倍，套双层果袋苹果果皮及所有苹果果肉中三氟氯氰菊酯未检出。由此可见，套袋是苹果安全生产的有效措施。     

Antioxidant activity of apple peels

Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been shown to be effective in the prevention of chronic diseases. These benefits are often attributed to the high antioxidant content of some plant foods. Apples are commonly eaten and are large contributors of phenolic compounds in European and North American diets. The peels of apples, in particular, are high in phenolics. During applesauce and canned apple manufacture, the antioxidant-rich peels of apples are discarded. To determine if a useful source of antioxidants is being wasted, the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of the peels of four varieties of apples (Rome Beauty, Idared, Cortland, and Golden Delicious) commonly used in applesauce production in New York state were investigated. The values of the peels were compared to those of the flesh and flesh + peel components of the apples. Within each variety, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the peels, followed by the flesh + peel and the flesh. Idared and Rome Beauty apple peels had the highest total phenolic contents (588.9 +/- 83.2 and 500.2 +/- 13.7 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g of peels, respectively). Rome Beauty and Idared peels were also highest in flavonoids (306.1 +/- 6.7 and 303.2 +/- 41.5 mg of catechin equivalents/100 g of peels, respectively). Of the four varieties, Idared apple peels had the most anthocyanins, with 26.8 +/- 6.5 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/100 g of peels. The peels all had significantly higher total antioxidant activities than the flesh + peel and flesh of the apple varieties examined. Idared peels had the greatest antioxidant activity (312.2 +/- 9.8 micromol of vitamin C equivalents/g of peels). Apple peels were also shown to more effectively inhibit the growth of HepG(2) human liver cancer cells than the other apple components. Rome Beauty apple peels showed the most bioactivity, inhibiting cell proliferation by 50% at the low concentration of 12.4 +/- 0.4 mg of peels/mL. The high content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of apple peels indicate that they may impart health benefits when consumed and should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidants.     

Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis

As recently shown, a cloudy apple juice (CloA) was effective to modulate colon cancer associated parameters in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). To identify the bioactive substance classes in CloA, we fractionated CloA to yield a total polyphenol (PF) and a cloud (CF) fraction consisting of proteins, fatty acids, polyphenols, and cell wall polysaccharides. Rats received water (control (Cont)) or CloA, PF, and CF separate or combined (PF-CF) ad libitum for 7 weeks starting one week before the first DMH-injection. As determined by comet assay, the DMH-induced genotoxicity in colonocytes of controls (Cont/DMH: 7.7 +/- 0.5%) was significantly reduced by CloA (3.3 +/- 0.3%) but not by any of the fractions. The crypt cell proliferation induced by DMH (Cont/NaCl: 7.5 +/- 0.6%; Cont/DMH: 14.9 +/- 0.8%) was significantly decreased by CloA (9.4 +/- 0.4%), PF (12.4 +/- 0.7%), CF (11.6 +/- 0.4%), and PF-CF (12.4 +/- 0.6%). Although not statistically significant, CloA tended to reduce the number of large aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (Cont/DMH: 19.0 +/- 3.7; CloA/DMH: 12.3 +/- 1.9), while none of the fractions affected ACFs. Neither CloA nor the fractions changed mRNAs of colonic cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2), glutathione-associated enzymes (GST-M2, gamma-GCS, GST-P), the splenocyte CD4/CD8 ratio, natural killer cell activity, and plasma antioxidant status. These results demonstrate that CloA had a higher cancer-preventive potential than the fractions and further, besides PF, identified CF as an additional bioactive fraction of CloA.     

种植苹果树对渭北果园土壤胶结物质分布的影响

本研究通过系统研究种植果树对土壤胶结性物质的演化规律及其与土壤团聚体稳定性之间关系的影响,探索影响果园土壤团聚体状态的因素,以期为果园科学管理提供理论依据。在渭北旱塬苹果主产区分别选取10 a、20 a的苹果园和农田(冬小麦-夏玉米轮作,对照)各4个,在果树冠层投影范围内距树干2/3处逐层采集0~100 cm土层土壤样品和0~50 cm土层原状土壤样品,研究不同植果年限果园及农田土壤剖面黏粒、有机质、CaCO_3等团聚体胶结物质的分布及其与团聚体稳定性之间的关系。结果发现:在0~100 cm土层范围内,各果园土壤黏粒含量基本随土层深度的增加而递增,且在0~40 cm土层表现为农田10 a果园20 a果园,40 cm以下土层则呈现相反的态势;种植果树相比农田可显著增加0~100 cm土层土壤有机质总储量,但随着种植果树年限的增加,土壤有机质总储量呈递减趋势;在0~100 cm土层土壤CaCO_3总储量表现为10 a果园农田20a果园,但在0~40 cm土层CaCO_3含量及储量表现为10 a果园农田20 a果园,而40~100 cm土层则为20 a果园10 a农田。皮尔森相关分析发现(29)0.25 mm土壤团聚体的数量和平均重量直径(MWD)与土壤黏粒、有机质和CaCO_3含量密切相关,其中机械稳定性团聚体的数量和稳定性主要受土壤中CaCO_3、有机质含量的影响,水稳性团聚体的数量和稳定性主要受土壤中黏粒和CaCO_3的影响。总之,植果显著改变了土壤中黏粒、有机质、CaCO_3的演化过程和趋势,随植果年限增加,果园土壤黏粒和CaCO_3在土壤较深土层淋溶淀积明显;各果园土壤有机质总储量虽然高于农田,但随植果年限增加,有逐渐减少的趋势。可见植果明显加速了渭北黄土塬地土壤的残积黏化和钙化过程,影响着表层土壤团聚作用和底层土壤的紧实化和坚硬化程度。     

苹果跌落冲击力学特性研究

果品跌落冲击力学特性的研究是表征其流变性能、跌落损伤机理以及设计作业件的基础。构建果实自由跌落冲击力学参数测试系统，对“富士”苹果进行不同高度的单次自由跌落、同一部位的多次跌落试验。在测试获得冲击力－时间数据的基础上，基于运动学原理进行理论分析计算，得到加速度－时间、冲击力－变形量、应力－应变以及跌落冲击弹性恢复系数等动态关系。研究结果表明随着跌落高度、跌落次数的增加，苹果冲击力、加速度峰值、冲击最大变形、冲击结束后的残余变形逐渐增大。苹果跌落弹性恢复系数随着跌落高度而逐渐降低，随着跌落次数增加而逐渐增大。跌落次数对跌落变形量增加的影响不显著，随着跌落次数的增加残余变形变化很小。     

Volatility of patulin in apple juice

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by certain fungi, such as those found commonly on apples. The patulin content of apple juice is a regulatory concern because patulin is a suspected carcinogen and mutagen. A simple model of the apple juice concentration process was carried out to examine the possible contamination of patulin in apple aroma, a distillate produced commercially in the concentration of apple juice. The results show no evidence for patulin volatility, and document a reduction in patulin content by at least a factor of 250 in the apple distillate obtained from apple juice. Furthermore, a survey of several commercial apple aroma samples found no evidence of patulin content.     

二氧化氯对苹果表面和鲜榨苹果汁中酿酒酵母1450的杀灭效果

利用二氧化氯(ClO₂)对水、苹果汁中和苹果表面的酿酒酵母1450(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)进行杀菌处理。结果表明：6、12 mg/L的ClO₂处理15 min使水中酵母分别减少(5.81±0.12)和(6.20±0.05)lg cfu/mL；100 mg/L的ClO₂对苹果汁中酵母的杀菌作用不明显，200 mg/L的ClO₂处理1 h可将果汁中(3.79±0.04)lg cfu/mL的酵母完全杀死，使果汁中(6.48±0.03)lg cfu/mL的酵母减少(3.67±0.05)lg cfu/mL，300 mg/L的ClO₂可将苹果汁中(6.52±0.06)lg cfu/mL的酵母完全杀死；10、20、30和40 mg/L的ClO₂处理1 h使苹果表面接种量为(4.95±0.02)lg cfu/mL的酵母数分别减少(3.41±0.02)、(3.64±0.08)、(3.80±0.04)、(4.47±0.09)lg cfu/mL，50 mg/L的ClO₂处理1 h，可将接种于苹果表面的酵母全部杀死，接种量进一步增加，ClO₂对苹果表面酵母的杀灭效果将会减弱；ClO₂处理对苹果汁的理化指标影响较小。     

苹果专用肥对果园土壤理化性质及苹果产量、品质的影响

研究比较了旱地苹果专用肥与化肥、农家肥对果园土壤理化性质、果实产量及品质的影响,在10年生红富士果园设置不覆膜+化肥(CK)、不覆膜+农家肥(T1)、不覆膜+苹果专用肥(T2)、覆膜+化肥(FCK)、覆膜+农家肥(FT1)、覆膜+苹果专用肥(FT2)6个处理。结果表明:在未覆膜条件下,与CK相比,T1和T2处理均降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤贮水量,但两者间差异不显著;T1和T2处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量,在0~20 cm土层较CK处理分别提高36.77%和33.73%;T2处理提高了土壤中速效养分含量,其0~60 cm土层碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别较CK提高7.34%、9.05%、5.90%;各施肥处理苹果年均产量顺序为T2CK≥T1,T2处理的果实硬度(7.19 kg·cm-2)和糖酸比(33.23)均最高。与未覆膜相比,覆膜条件下,各处理(FCK、FT1、FT2)土壤容重均有所降低,土壤贮水量、有机质、速效养分、果实产量和品质均得到提高,以FT2处理整体效果最好。综合分析表明,施用苹果专用肥提高了果实产量和品质,改善了土壤肥力,是果园简便高效的施肥技术。     

Plant odor analysis of apple: antennal response of codling moth females to apple volatiles during phenological development

Volatile compounds were collected from apple branches (Malus domestica) at different developmental stages, and the antennal response of codling moth females (Cydia pomonella) to these compounds was recorded by electroantennography coupled to gas chromatography. Presence of a range of terpenoid compounds, many of which had antennal activity, was characteristic for volatile collections from branches with leaves, and from small green apples. Nine compounds from branches with leaves and green fruit consistently elicited an antennal response: methyl salicylate, (E)-beta-farnesene, beta-caryophyllene, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene, (Z)3-hexenol, (Z,E)-alpha-farnesene, linalool, germacrene D, and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene. The bouquet emitted from flowering branches contained in addition several benzenoid compounds which were not found after bloom. Small green apples, which are the main target of codling moth oviposition during the first seasonal flight period, released very few esters. In comparison, fully grown apples released a large number of esters, but fewer terpenoids. The study of apple volatiles eliciting an antennal response, together with a survey of the seasonal change in the release of these compounds, is the first step toward the identification of volatiles mediating host-finding and oviposition in codling moth females.     

出口苹果质量安全预警方法的研究

本研究介绍一种基于出口苹果质量安全监测数据的预警方法,通过对实时采集的出口苹果安全检测数据的监测,采用不同的算法发现存在的异常情况,自动对出口苹果进行质量安全预警。这是对当前食品安全预警的初步研究,期望为今后食品安全预警系统的研究提供理论依据。     

Quantitation of polyphenols in different apple varieties

Forty-one apple samples, representing eight of the most widely cultivated varieties in western Europe, were collected in Trentino, Italy. Samples were extracted from fresh fruit with a mixture of acetone/water to achieve a good extraction of polyphenols, including proanthocyanidin oligomers which were analyzed by normal-phase HPLC. Up to 20 compounds including catechin, epicatechin, B2 procyanidin, hydroxycinnamates, flavonols, anthocyanins, and dihydrochalcones were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC and LC-MS. Total polyphenol content was independently measured with an optimized Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The mean content of total polyphenols lay between 66.2 and 211.9 mg/100 g of FW depending on the variety. With chromatographic analysis, it was possible to explain the whole amount of total polyphenols measured by the FC assay. Flavanols (catechin and proanthocyanidins) are the major class of apple polyphenols (71-90%), followed by hydroxycinnamates (4-18%), flavonols (1-11%), dihydrochalcones (2-6%), and in red apples anthocyanins (1-3%).     

Enzymatic removal of off-flavors from apple juice

Contaminating microorganisms such as Actinomycetes, Alicyclobacillus, and Chlostridium can generate off-flavors in apple juices. Such bacterial metabolites represent, besides phenol types such as guaiacol and 2,6-dibromophenol, a broad range of other chemicals, for example, geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, or alpha-terpineol. A laccase from Trametes hirsuta was purified, immobilized, and applied for the selective elimination of off-flavor substances in apple juice caused by microbial contamination. The evaluation using GC-MS showed that enzymatic treatment could reduce the amount of guaiacol and 2,6-dibromophenol in apple juice significantly by 99 and 52%, respectively. Upon addition of mediators, the degradation could be increased and the spectrum of substrates extented. Furthermore, commercial apple juices spiked with off-flavors were treated in a continuous-flow reactor and tested by sensory evaluation.     

苹果EST中微卫星分析

利用MISA（microsatellite）软件分析了简单重复序列（simple sequence repeats,SSRs）在苹果EST中的分布频率与密度。结果表明,在263820条EST序列中,共获得160686条SSR序列,SSRs之间的距离约为0．79kb。其中,六碱基重复丰度最大,占57．2％,而单碱基、三碱基、二碱基、四碱基和五碱基重复丰度分别为14．5％,13．1％,10．1％,4．1％和1．0％。在单碱基、二碱基、三碱基和四碱基重复模体中,丰度最大的分别是A／T,AG,AAG和AAAG,而CG在编码区内丰度很低。用CAP3软件进行冗余分析表明,在这六种类型的重复模体中,冗余与非冗余的苹果EST之间没有显著差异,表明可从现有的ESTs数据中方便地获取有效的苹果微卫星标记。     

苹果汁冷冻浓缩工艺的研究

应用渐进冷冻浓缩原理对苹果汁冷冻浓缩特性进行研究，试验证明渐进浓缩苹果汁浓缩效果良好。影响冷冻浓缩的主要因素是搅拌速度。搅拌速度1200 r/min时浓缩效果最佳，溶质损失最少。冷冻浓缩对苹果汁中酸度和维生素C含量无影响，是提高浓缩品质量的较佳方法。浓缩产品感官质量均匀一致，保持了果汁的原有风味。