衡水露地“克瑞森”葡萄引种表现及优质栽培技术

2019年"克瑞森"无核葡萄在衡水市第一年大量销售,根据消费者的反馈及生产实践,对克瑞森葡萄果实特点、品种特性、适时摘袋、施肥浇水、冬季修剪、下架埋土几个关键环节进行阐述,以期为"克瑞森"葡萄的生产者提供技术参考。     

赤霉素与氯吡苯脲处理对“克瑞森”无核葡萄果实品质的影响

以"克瑞森"无核葡萄为试材,于花后10d分别使用10、25、50mg/L赤霉素(GA3)+5mg/L氯吡苯脲(CPPU)处理,研究不同植物生长调节剂组合处理对"克瑞森"无核葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明:使用GA3与CPPU处理"克瑞森"无核葡萄可不同程度提高鲜果硬度,增大果梗粗度及耐拉力,增大粒重,进而增大穗重,但对葡萄穗形指数、果形指数、有机酸含量无明显影响;经激素处理后的葡萄可溶性固形物含量有所降低,且随GA3使用浓度的增大,果实可溶性固形物含量越低,着色变差,果实成熟延迟,但果粒萎蔫情况得以改善。综合比较而言,花后10d使用10mg/L GA3+5mg/L CPPU处理"克瑞森"无核葡萄效果相对较好。     

天山北坡鲜食葡萄“厂”字型整形技术对品质的影响

以"红地球"、"克瑞森"、"弗雷"等葡萄品种为试材,探讨了"厂"字型整形技术对葡萄产量和品质的影响,旨在寻找适合葡萄生长发育的整形技术,为天山北坡葡萄产业提质增效提供理论依据。结果表明:采用"厂"字型整形技术对葡萄品质有显著增益效果,可溶性固形物较对照增加1~3个百分点;果穗重较对照增加30~45个百分点。综上所述,应用"厂"字型整形技术对葡萄品质具有显著效果。     

干旱区戈壁地灌溉量对“克瑞森”无核葡萄根系及果实品质的影响

以"克瑞森"无核葡萄为试材,研究了干旱戈壁地灌水对"克瑞森"无核葡萄根系及果实品质的影响,以提高葡萄产量和土壤水分利用率。结果表明:滴灌条件下葡萄根系在土壤纵向40cm以下的生物量变大,即葡萄果实采摘后的根系相比果实开花前在40～65cm处葡萄根系的分布量增加了26.2%;果实单粒重和果实硬度均随灌溉量的增大呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,而果实横径明显降低;灌溉量为400m3/667m2的处理最佳,产量为730.1kg/667m2,比对照增产62.6%,达到极显著差异水平;葡萄产量与灌溉量的指数模型拟合效果较为理想,相关系数达到了显著性。     

肥料袋控缓释对葡萄细根生长和氮素利用的影响

【目的】从葡萄细根生长、发育角度分析肥料袋控缓释施肥提高氮素利用率的原因，以期为葡萄合理施肥提供依据。【方法】采用微根管技术对7年生夏黑葡萄细根生长动态进行了连续3 a（年）的观测，15N同位素示踪研究肥料袋控缓释处理对葡萄氮素吸收影响。【结果】肥料袋控缓释处理土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N维持在一个较高浓度，浓度变化幅度小。肥料袋控缓释处理比肥料撒施处理和不施肥处理提高了葡萄细根发生数量，3月和7月或8月是细根发生的主要时期。葡萄细根褐变的时间，不施肥处理为46 d，撒施处理为63 d，肥料袋控缓释处理为71 d。细根中值寿命，不施肥处理为140 d，撒施处理为196 d，肥料袋控缓释处理为238 d。肥料袋控缓释处理细根现存量显著高于撒施处理和不施肥处理。肥料袋控缓释处理细根年周转率显著低于撒施处理和不施肥处理。肥料袋控缓释施肥处理来自肥料的氮占总氮比例（Ndff）显著高于肥料撒施处理，氮素利用率为16.69%，显著高于撒施施肥处理的8.38%。【结论】肥料袋控缓释提高了细根数量、延长了细根褐变时间和细根寿命，降低了细根周转率，提高了氮素利用率。     

缓释杀菌活性包装技术在“夏黑”葡萄保鲜中的应用效果

以"夏黑"葡萄为试材,采用K型二氧化硫缓释杀菌活性包装袋(K袋)、K袋加乙烯吸附剂处理2种保鲜包装方案,以裸放和普通低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)薄膜包装作为对照组,每隔2d分别对包装袋内的顶空气体组成,葡萄的外观质量、水分损失、褐变程度、硬度、糖分、总酸和维生素C含量进行测试分析,对比研究了常温条件下2种方案处理对葡萄保鲜货架期的影响,为延长"夏黑"葡萄在常温(25±1)℃条件下的货架期提供参考。结果表明:二氧化硫缓释杀菌包装(K袋)能够形成适合葡萄贮藏的自发气调氛围,并且能够抑制葡萄霉菌的滋生;在常温保存8d后,裸放组和LDPE组的果梗褐变和烂果严重,而K袋、K袋加乙烯吸附剂组包装的葡萄褐变程度分别为1级和2级,烂果率分别为1.13%和3.56%,葡萄的外观和口感均具有商品性,保鲜效果明显。     

不同葡萄品种臭氧保鲜试验初报

以"意大利"、"红提"、"克瑞森"3个葡萄品种为试材,采用保鲜袋+纸箱、无保鲜袋+泡沫箱、保鲜膜+塑料盒3个处理,研究不同浓度臭氧对葡萄保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:"红提"葡萄入库前用60mg/kg的臭氧浓度处理,以保鲜袋+纸箱包装,放入0℃左右保鲜库中,保鲜时间可达150d,其余品种效果一般。     

不同品种无核葡萄在贮藏过程中品质及生理变化研究

以"无核白"、"费雷无核"、"克瑞森无核"3个无核葡萄品种为试材,研究了在保鲜剂处理后低温(-1～0℃)贮藏期间各品种果实品质及生理变化情况,以期筛选出耐贮品种。结果表明:"克瑞森无核"在整个贮藏过程中好果率下降幅度、失重率和果梗褐变指数上升幅度显著低于其它2个品种,品质生理指标和生理代谢变化小,表现出良好的耐贮性,适合长期贮藏。     

疏果对“克瑞森”无核葡萄果实品质的影响

研究单穗留65、85、105、125粒果不同的疏果处理(以100粒为对照)对"克瑞森"无核葡萄果实着色和萎蔫程度、果梗拉力、单果粒重、果实硬度、可溶性糖和有机酸含量等相关果实品质因素的影响。结果表明:65和85粒处理果实紫红,着色均匀,几乎没有萎蔫出现。65粒处理果梗拉力最大。100粒处理果实有机酸含量明显高于其它处理。单果粒重、果实硬度和可溶性糖含量没有差异。综合果实品质评价指标,以留有65粒果处理最好。     

不同果袋对红富士葡萄果实品质的影响

以红富士葡萄为试材,研究了半透明、白色、蓝色、绿色和全遮光等5种果袋对果实品质的影响。结果表明：不同类型的果袋对红富士葡萄果实大小和形状的影响不同,其中,半透明果袋的果实粒质量、纵径和横径最大,分别较对照提高了26.0%、10.5%和8.6%。半透明果袋促进了果实转色,着色率达到100%,且果实红绿色差值最大;仅半透明袋的果实总花色苷含量显著高于对照,较对照提高了77.8%;半透明袋的果实可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量均较对照有所提升,且可滴定酸含量最低,固酸比最高,达到了23.27。综合来看,半透明套袋处理使红富士葡萄果粒增大、转色更好,提升了果实的外观品质,在保持高含糖量的同时降低了可滴定酸含量,提升了果实口感,对果实内在品质也有较好的改良效果。     

潍坊市区常绿树种越冬状况调查分析与对策

对潍坊市区栽植未满1 a的12种常绿树种越冬状况进行调查,分析了不同树种、栽植季节、栽植区域间植物耐寒性差异,并对今后树木引种、栽培和养护管理等方面提出相应对策。     

Influence of rate and method of application of superphosphate on the growth and nutrient status of newly planted peach trees

A field experiment was carried out with newly planted peach trees to determine the influence of both rate and method of application of superphosphate on tree growth and nutrient status during the first growing season. Superphosphate was applied at planting at rates ranging from ¼ to 9 lb per tree, and applications were made either to the soil surface, in the planting hole, under tree roots, or in a band around the tree at a depth of 6 inches. Trees were grown under straw mulch and were irrigated as required.

Results showed that, in this soil of low initial ? content, trees receiving 9 lb superphosphate on the soil surface or in a ring band grew significantly larger than trees receiving ¼ lb superphosphate per tree (this applied for butt circumference only on surface-treated trees), but high rates of superphosphate in the planting hole or under tree roots resulted in tree death. No significant differences in growth were recorded at harvest between surface and ring-banded treatments at any phosphate rate, but leaf analysis in midsummer and tree analysis at harvest showed that the phosphate status of surface-treated trees was significantly higher than that of ring-banded trees.

At low rates of superphosphate (¼ and 1 lb per tree), surface treatment tended to give larger trees at the end of the growing season than band treatment, but differences were not significant. It is thought that this differential response occurred because the phosphate-fixing potential of the soil increased sharply with depth and hence band applications were inefficient unless very high rates of superphosphate were used.

The tree damage observed when high rates of superphosphate were applied in the planting hole or under tree roots was probably due to a combination of osmotic stress, acidity damage to the roots and possibly toxic nutrient levels in tree tissues. Hence high rates of superphosphate should not be placed close to tree roots at planting.

Leaf analysis in midsummer and tree analysis at harvest showed that the main effect of superphosphate application was on the ? status of the trees, and maximum tree growth in the surface and band treatments corresponded to a value of approximately 0.28% ? (dry weight basis) in the leaves. The efficiency of uptake of applied superphosphate was very low at all rates of application and was especially so at high rates. However, positive growth responses were recorded to 9 lb superphosphate per tree in surface and banding treatments. It is suggested that, although most of the applied superphosphate could not be utilized, tree growth rate was proportional to the concentration of ? in the soil zone which could be exploited by the roots.     

水分调控对核桃叶片结构和产量的影响

 测定了沟坡梯田核桃园采用不同水分调控措施后, 核桃叶片结构指标和单株产量。结果表明,灌水225 kg/ 株、灌水150 kg/ 株、覆膜、覆草处理对核桃叶片结构影响显著, 灌水225 kg/ 株处理使核桃增产43. 1 % , 中度修剪和覆草处理增产29 %以上。     

牡丹组野生种间亲缘关系和栽培牡丹起源研究进展

系统总结了近年来有关野生牡丹种间亲缘关系的研究进展,详细回顾了有关栽培牡丹起源的时间、地点、方式及祖先种等方面研究所取得的现有证据,并分析和讨论了栽培牡丹“多地”、“多元”起源的观点,认为栽培牡丹的起源途径是最初通过野生种的直接驯化获得原始品种,在此基础上通过突变和人工选择发展出古代和传统品种。除衍生出古代和传统品种的野生祖先种外,其它野生种通过自然与(或)人工杂交的方式参与现有品种群(亚群)的形成和发展。为寻找栽培牡丹起源的有力证据,不同栽培品种群(亚群)与野生种的分子系统学关系是今后研究的重点。     

双主干并棒树形对矮化自根砧苹果幼树生长和结果的影响

为了探究双主干并棒（Bibaum?）树形‘富士’系苹果在中国渭北黄土高原地区的生长和结果表现,以 M9-T337 矮化自根砧长枝型‘富士’系‘富姬酷’（‘Fujiko’）为试材,调查了并棒形（1.2 m × 3.5 m）与高纺锤形（1.0 m × 3.5 m）幼树树体生长、枝（梢）类组成、成花率、果实品质和产量等指标。结果表明：并棒形树高、干径小于高纺锤形,砧木粗度大于高纺锤形,2016 年东西方向冠幅（行间冠幅）及平均冠幅小于高纺锤形;单株枝量及单位面积枝量 2016 年高纺锤形较高,2017 年无差异;并棒形2016—2017 年间树高、干径、砧木粗度以及单位面积枝量的年增长速率大于高纺锤形;并棒形 2016 年中枝（5 ~ 15 cm）比例、果台副梢长枝比例高于高纺锤形,2017 年营养长枝（> 30 cm）比例低于高纺锤形,同时并棒形 2018 年枝梢成花率高于高纺锤形;两种树形果实品质及单位面积产量无差异,并棒形单株果实数量、2017 年单株产量以及 2016—2017 年单位面积产量在增长速率大于高纺锤形。综合认为,矮化自根砧‘富士’系幼树采用并棒树形,可以显著削弱树体高度,减小行间冠幅,树体生长及枝量增长速度快,长枝比例低,易成花,果实产量上升潜力大。     

Branching out to residential lands: Missions and strategies of five tree distribution programs in the U.S

Residential lands constitute a major component of existing and possible tree canopy in many cities in the United States. To expand the urban forest on these lands, some municipalities and nonprofit organizations have launched residential yard tree distribution programs, also known as tree giveaway programs. This paper describes the operations of five tree distribution programs affiliated with the Urban Ecology Collaborative, a regional network for urban forestry professionals. We analyzed the programs’ missions, strategies, and challenges as reported through surveys and interviews conducted with program staff. The programs were led by nonprofit organizations and municipal departments in New York City, NY; Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA; Providence, RI; and Worcester, MA. These organizations focused their tree distribution efforts on private residential lands in response to ambitious tree canopy or planting campaign goals. We assessed these programs through the framework of urban forests as social-ecological systems and discuss the programs’ biophysical, social and institutional contexts. Programs face principle-agent problems related to reliance on individual tree recipients to meet goals; their institutional strategies meant to ameliorate these problems varied. Differing organizational and partner resources influenced the programs’ abilities to perform outreach and follow-up on tree performance. Programs attempted to connect with diverse neighborhoods through free trees, targeting areas with low existing canopy, and forging partnerships with local community groups. Given tree recipients’ demand for smaller flowering or fruiting trees, as well as lack of resources for tree survival monitoring on private lands, program leaders appeared to have turned to social measures of success − spreading a positive message about trees and urban greening − as opposed to biophysical performance metrics. We conclude with suggestions for outcomes monitoring, whether those outcomes are social or biophysical, because monitoring is critical to the sustainability and adaptive management of residential tree programs.     

桑树桑黄子实体和发酵菌粉有效成分分析

对桑树桑黄的子实体和发酵菌粉的氨基酸、矿物质元素以及多糖等主要活性成分的含量进行了分析比较。结果表明,桑树桑黄子实体和发酵菌粉均含有17种氨基酸,均以谷氨酸含量最高,必须氨基酸中都以亮氨酸含量最高。桑树桑黄子实体和发酵菌粉中都含有人体必不可少的钙、铁、锌等8种矿物质元素。桑树桑黄发酵菌粉多糖、黄酮含量均高于子实体。桑树桑黄发酵菌粉黄酮含量为3.97%,多糖含量为12.8%;子实体黄酮含量为0.1%,多糖含量为4.76%。     

Selecting trees for urban paved sites in Scandinavia – A review of information on stress tolerance and its relation to the requirements of tree planners

Urban paved sites are complex stress environments and when selecting trees for such sites, tree planners must prioritise stress tolerance above aesthetic appeal and functional aspects. This requires detailed information about the tolerance of tree species to environmental stresses, so as to support urban tree planners in selecting a wide range of trees. In Scandinavia there is currently no overview of the extent to which the character of information about stress tolerance and its dissemination in books and papers support urban tree planners in selecting a wide range of species for paved sites. Books on dendrology, literature on plant use in cities, tree nursery catalogues and scientific papers were therefore reviewed. For the review, eight tree species were selected along a gradient representing their intensity of use in Northern Europe. We examined the character of information and assessed it relative to tree planners’ requirements for information to be; contextual, local to Scandinavia, referring to existing plantings in paved sites and recommendations for use of the species in paved sites. The results showed that existing information is piecemeal and that most is either too general (dendrology literature) or too specific or contradictory (scientific literature) to meet the requirements of urban tree planners, while books intended for plant use in cities do not sufficiently integrate the local perspective. Moreover, contextual information local to the Scandinavian region is mainly provided for already much used species. These findings led to suggestions on how future urban forestry and arboriculture research and dissemination efforts in Scandinavia can encourage tree planners to use a greater variety of tree species in urban paved sites.     

Quantitative assessment of the treescape and cityscape of Nanjing,China

The urban landscape is by nature the result of many cultural and natural factors and processes. Cityscape associated with land attributes and human activities expresses a city's social and economic functions. Treescape in the form of species composition, tree dimension and tree performance echoes ecological and environmental functions. The cityscape can be denoted by urban factors, such as tree growing-space condition, tree management regime, human activities and planting history. The hypothesis that the cityscape plays a key role in molding the treescape is tested. Nanjing, an east China city notable for its high tree coverage, is chosen as the study area. A quantitative method has been developed to assess the relationship between cityscape and treescape. Based on statistical analyses on the surveyed results of 6527 trees and related cityscape attributes, this paper explores the pertinent patterns and underlying factors of treescape variations. Species composition has the strongest association with cityscape. Roadside and factories have lower species diversity. Residential and industrial land uses show smaller tree dimension. Trees in residential, commercial, heavy industrial land-uses perform below par. A three-way classification has been developed to examine the effects of urban factors on treescape at different cityscape scales. At the small scale, a well-vegetated groundcover will ensure better tree performance and a lower management burden. The medium-scale cityscape (land-use and habitat) is preferred in the study of treescape attributes and their spatial variations, and is suitable for urban tree planning and management. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

哈尔滨市园林树池美化处理初探

树池美化处理水平是反应园林绿化水平的一个重要指标，科学、实用、美观的树池美化，既是促进树木健壮生长的需要，又是保护行人安全和美化市容的需要。阐述园林树池美化处理的必要性，从不同角度探讨园林树池美化处理的形式，并在对哈尔滨市树池现状进行调查研究的基础上，对园林树池美化处理提出一些建议。