梨枣密植园早期高产栽培技术

梨枣原产于山西运城、临猗等地,为优良的中晚熟鲜食枣优良品种.由于该品种的果实个大色艳、质脆汁多、味甜且树体小、宜密植,深受广大枣农的欢迎,近年来在我国北方各枣果产区引种栽培较多.为了探讨梨枣密植园早果高产的关键技术,我们于1996～2002年进行了梨枣密植早期丰产栽培试验,取得了良好的效果,现总结如下.     

梨枣的生物学特性及栽培管理技术

梨枣源于山西省临猗、运城一带,有3000余年的栽培历史,但多为零星栽植,数量不多。近几年,梨枣以其食用上的鲜脆、甜嫩,药用上的强脾健胃、益血壮神,外观上的白里透红、青翠欲滴,在市场上独领风骚,价格昂贵,全国各地引种栽培的越来越多。我们根据多年的试验和观察,对山西梨枣的生物学特性和栽培经验进行了总结,供参考。     

提高成龄临猗梨枣园产量和品质的技术

临猗梨枣是山西省临猗县著名的枣地方良种，据《尔雅》记载，该品种距今已有3000余年的栽培历史。临猗梨枣以枣果特大，质地松脆，鲜食品质极佳而走俏市场，1993年以来，我县临猗梨枣的栽植面积不断扩大，目前已发展到7500hm^2。近年来，笔者在枣树生产调查中发现，我县一些盛果期临猗梨枣园管理不善，产量低、品质差的现象较为普遍，收益尚不及初结果园高。为此，于2004-2006年进行了综合丰产试验示范，现将结果总结如下。     

临猗梨枣旱作高产栽培技术总结

临猗县位于山西省西南部,属黄河中游地区,是枣的原产地之一.据<尔雅>记载"……今河东猗氏出大枣;子如鸡卵".古时猗氏即现在的临猗,其枣树栽培距今已有3 000余年的历史.近年来随着产业结构的调整,人们倾向于以果致富,由于苹果、梨、桃等水果供应充足,市场价格一再下滑,唯有梨枣价格呈上涨趋势,且投入较少,较其它水果管理省工,果农栽培梨枣获得了很好的经济效益.但峨嵋岭早塬区的果农却因不善管理而望枣兴叹.     

鲜食枣新品种‘石光’

1997年从‘临猗梨枣’园发现的优株(编号‘97-15’),果实硬度比‘临猗梨枣’高14.29%,果肉口感好,裂果率比‘临猗梨枣’低47.22%。经过10多年品种比较试验以及在河北省不同地区进行的多点试验,其性状表现稳定,2009年通过河北省林木良种审定委员会审定,并命名为‘石光’。     

几个优良枣树品种简介

1临猗梨枣果实特大,果实长形或圆形.平均单果重30～50 g,最大85 g.皮薄,肉厚,红色,肉质脆甜,汁较多,鲜枣可溶性固形物27.9%,可食率97.3%.果实生长期110天左右,产量高而稳,丰产性能特强,为名贵鲜食品种,品质极上.     

梨枣早期丰产栽培技术

梨枣原产于山西省运城、临猗等地,为鲜食枣品种.近年来,引入吕梁地区的交城、文水等枣区栽培,因其风土适应性强、果大、质优、价高,栽培面积迅速扩大.1995～2000年,我们进行了梨枣早期丰产栽培试验,取得了良好的效果.现报道如下.     

翠冠梨在广西岩溶丘陵山区的引种栽培试验

2002—2006年,在广西全州岩溶丘陵山区进行翠冠梨引种栽培试验。结果表明,翠冠梨在广西东部岩溶丘陵山区表现较强的适应性,果实经济性状、果实品质、产量等指标均优于原产地,也优于试验区主栽品种黄花梨。果实成熟期比原产地提前19天左右。梨园林地夏季地表温度和土壤温度明显低于裸露荒地;空气相对湿度明显高于裸露荒地。     

枣果实和叶片中主要矿质元素含量的变化

以优良枣品种临猗梨枣为试材,研究了从开花坐果到幼果期叶片和生长发育期果实中K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe元素的含量变化并进行相关性分析,旨在为指导枣树合理施肥和提高枣果品质提供理论依据。结果表明,临猗梨枣果实和叶片中的主要矿质元素含量显著不同。开花坐果到幼果期叶片中K、Ca元素含量呈上升趋势,Mg、Na、Fe元素含量呈下降趋势。果实中各元素含量总体呈下降趋势。相关性分析结果表明,叶片中Na元素和Fe元素呈显著正相关;果实中Ca元素与Mg元素呈极显著正相关,K元素与Ca、Mg元素,Na元素与Ca、Mg元素均呈显著正相关。     

梨枣幼树密植丰产栽培技术

梨枣原产于山西省运城、临猗等地,为著名的鲜食枣品种.我校果园在1997年春开始引种栽培,面积1 200m2,栽植100株.试验园土壤为砂壤土,中性偏碱,肥力中等.1998年666.7m2结果126kg,1999年结果1 210kg,2000年结果1 306kg.连续三年市场售价每公斤6～8元,经济效益显著.近几年我省栽培面积逐渐扩大,仅徐州栽培面积已近666hm2.     

四倍体鲜食枣新品种‘辰光’

‘辰光'是‘临猗梨枣'经秋水仙素诱变获得的四倍体枣新品种。果实极大,近圆形,平均单果质量39.6g,可食率为98.5%;果皮薄,果肉质地细腻酥脆,汁液多,味甜,口感极佳;早果,速丰,是品质优良的中熟鲜食枣品种;在河北省中南部地区表现良好。     

不同枣品种抗寒性的比较

采用电导法,在萌芽前后对‘冬枣’、‘金丝小枣’、‘泗洪大枣’、‘木枣’、‘龙爪枣’和‘临沂梨枣’6个枣树品种的枝条进行抗寒性研究,以了解不同枣树品种的抗寒性,寻找优良的抗寒资源。结果表明:6个枣树品种萌芽前后的的抗寒性表现差异较大,萌芽前的抗寒性强弱顺序为:‘泗洪大枣’‘木枣’‘临沂梨枣’‘金丝小枣’≈‘龙爪枣’‘冬枣’,萌芽后的抗寒性强弱顺序为:‘冬枣’‘龙爪枣’≈‘临沂梨枣’‘金丝小枣’≈‘泗洪大枣’≈‘木枣’。     

我国制干枣优生区研究

通过比较研究,初步确定了我国优良制干枣品种76个,优良制干枣产区21个,集中分布在我国北方的新疆、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河南、河北、山东、辽宁等9个省区。研究提出了我国制干枣优生区的划分标准,包括年度因子标准和花果期因子标准2个方面的内容,前者包括年平均温度、年降雨量、≥10℃的积温、无霜期、7月份气温、纬度,决定着优生区的地位;后者包括花期温度、湿度、降雨量,以及幼果生长期和脆熟采收期的降雨量5个指标。影响着红枣优质丰产的水平。     

不同栽植模式下枣树叶片蒸腾速率与环境因子的相关性研究

为了解不同栽植模式下枣树叶片蒸腾速率与环境因子的关系,以3a生灰枣(Zizyphus jujube cv.Huizao)为试材,选取种植模式分别为1 185株/667m2 (0.5 m×0.75 m×1.5 m)、888株/667m2 (0.5 m× 1.5 m)、333株/667m2(1 m×2 m)、111株/667m2 (1.5 m×4 m)的枣园,在红枣幼果发育期,用CID-340光合分析仪测定枣树的蒸腾速率(Tr)以及光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温(AT)、大气相对湿度(RH)并进行相关性分析.结果表明:不同栽植模式下枣树蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化不同,模式3的蒸腾速率最高,为4.87 mmol·m-2·s-1,各模式之间差异显著(P＜0.05);蒸腾速率(Tr)与光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温(AT)显著正相关,与大气相对湿度(RH)无显著相关性,111株/667m2 (1.5 m×4 m)模式下,蒸腾速率随温度的变化影响较大;枣树不同栽植模式对枣树树体蒸腾速率有很大的影响,333株/667m2(1 m×2 m)模式下树体蒸腾速率强于其它各模式,有利于树体对光能的利用,增加“源”的强度.     

Progress in research on meteorological disaster indicators of major fruit trees in China北大核心CSCD

China is an important fruit-producing country in the world. In recent years, the fruit planting area in China increased significantly, and the total fruit output has also rapidly increased. In this context of development, the characteristic fruit industry has become an important source of rural agricultural economic income in China. The stable production of characteristic fruits and disaster prevention and mitigation are of great significance for improving people's living standards and promoting the development of agricultural economy. At the same time, China has a vast territory, spanning three main climatic zones from north to south, and the damage caused by meteorological disasters of fruit trees is extremely serious and frequent. Therefore, research on meteorological disasters of fruit trees is one of the hot topics in agrometeorological disasters research. Especially, the research on meteorological disaster indicator of economic fruit trees is particularly important, which is an inevitable link in disaster monitoring, early warning, defense, planting planning, risk zoning and other research. In this paper, the main meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees in China are classified and systematically expounded, by using the method of classification and summary. In this paper, the basic concept and significance of meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees are defined firstly, and then the research history and progress of meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees in China are summarized. The main research methods of meteorological disaster indicator of fruit trees in China, including fruit trees and disaster types, technology level and main achievements, were summarized in two periods before and after the 21st century. On this basis, the existing meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees in China are divided into three categories according to their construction methods: the empirical indicator construction method based on disaster verification and disaster investigation; the comprehensive indicator construction method based on the relationship between disaster-causing factors and yields; and the experimental construction method based on artificial climate chamber or artificial climate box. According to the composition types of meteorological disasters of fruit trees in China, the existing meteorological disasters indicators of fruit trees are divided into three categories: single factor indicators, multi-factor indicators and comprehensive indicators. According to the key meteorological factors causing meteorological disasters of fruit trees, the existing meteorological disasters indicators of fruit trees are divided into several categories: low temperature disaster indicators, high temperature disaster indicators, drought disaster indicators, rainstorm disaster indicators and so on. Secondly, aiming at the northern fruit trees, this paper summarizes the research on late frost damage indicator of apple, pear, apricot, plum and grape in spring, drought disaster indicators of apple and walnut, hot damage indicators of apple and kiwifruit in summer, rainstorm disaster indicator of apple and jujube in autumn, and freezing injury indicators of pear, apricot and jujube in winter. For southern fruit trees, it summarizes the research on high temperature damage indicator of citrus, and the research on freezing damage indicator of citrus, litchi, longan, mango and loquat in winter. At the same time, this paper summarizes the types, construction methods, uses, advantages and disadvantages of the above meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees in agrometeorological service. Finally, this paper discusses the existing problems and the future development direction of the research on meteorological disaster indicators of fruit trees, from the aspects of indicator composition, indicator construction method, fruit tree species, industrial development needs, and new technology and methods. It is expected that the results of this study can provide reference for the distribution of main fruit trees, industrial optimization, disaster prevention and mitigation, and provide scientific guarantee for the healthy, stable and sustainable development of fruit tree growing industry in China. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

枣树花及果实的缺点分析

枣树的花及果实有其特殊的生物学特性,枣花小,花量大,花期长,落花落果严重,坐果率低;枣果柄短,遇雨易裂果,成熟期不一致,果核、种仁发育不正常,病虫害多,果实质量差异大.这些特性给枣树生产带来一些不利的影响.现对这些特性进行分析总结,以期能够在今后的生产中重视这些特性,扬长避短,更好地发挥枣树在退耕还林、绿化山川和农村经济建设中的作用.     

吕梁红枣产业发展现状、存在问题及措施

吕梁是全国最大的红枣基地,产量占全国总产量的13.4%,红枣产业已成为当地农民增收的主导产业.但由于管理粗放,种植结构不合理,抵御自然灾害能力差,导致红枣裂果观象频发,损失惨重;又因缺乏品牌效应,产品深加工不够,产品档次不高,导致销售渠道不畅.研究认为,通过综合应用防裂果措施、改变品种结构、提升加工水平、转变销售模式、发展龙头企业等措施,可促进吕梁红枣产业健康稳定地发展     

枣的耐藏性及其生物学特性研究

对１４个枣的鲜食、制蜜品种的耐藏性进行了比较研究，结果表明：早熟脆枣，灵宝圆枣、油福水枣、合阳玲玲枣比较耐藏；枣果实耐藏性与呼吸速率呈显著负相关，与失水速率呈显著正相关。果实呼吸速率，失水速率、果肉细胞大小和果肉比重是影响耐藏性的主要因子。     

枣抗裂果抗缩果病新品种‘紫圆’

‘紫圆’枣是从河北省广宗县‘园铃枣’实生后代中选育出的新品种。果实个大,近圆或扁圆形,果皮紫红色。平均单果质量23.4 g,果实可食率96.0%,制干率62.7%,干枣含糖量77.6%。在河北枣区成熟期9月下旬,果实发育期105 d。极抗裂果,无缩果病,丰产性强,为优良的制干品种。     

三个品种枣树果实生长、产量和品质对比研究

选用8a生盛果期矮化密植的梨枣树、骏枣树和赞皇枣树为试材,对3个枣树品种的生长、产量和品质进行比较研究。结果表明:3个枣树品种果实的生长发育类型均属于较为典型的"双S"型。果实纵径以骏枣最大,赞皇枣最小;果实横径以梨枣最大,骏枣最小;单果重以梨枣最大,赞皇枣最小;单株产量以梨枣最大为8.427kg/株,骏枣最小为4.368kg/株。梨枣的含糖量最高;骏枣的含糖量最低。经过综合比较发现梨枣的果实产量、品质最好,经济效益最高。