坡地果园土壤节水培肥途径

丽水市位于浙江省西南部，其地形属丘陵山地。20世纪90年代以来，丽水市委、市政府号召广大农民进行山地农业开发，500m以下的山地得到较好的利用，种上了柑桔、桃等经济作物。但由于大部分坡地果园土壤理化性状差，抗旱能力低，农业开发效益不佳。为此我们开展大量的调查研究和试验工作，提出了相应的节水培肥措施。     

如何培肥果园土壤

良好的土壤条件是果树优质丰产的基础。如何培肥果园土壤,特别是如何培肥具有盐渍、瘠薄、质地过重或过轻、缺肥等不良性状的土壤呢?1、客土:具不良性状的土壤,不但土壤养分含量低,养分不平衡,而且土壤水、气、热状况也不协调,土壤生物状况也差。要给果树特别是幼树提供一个良好的土壤条件,可选用轻质、肥沃的耕层土壤,再掺入约为土重1/3～1/2的腐熟的鸡粪、猪粪或牛粪,充分混匀,配成营养土做回填土。这样,土壤养分变得丰富,土壤的物理性状变好,土壤生物特别是土壤微生物活性提高,利于幼树成活和生长发育。为了使良好的土壤空间尽可能大些,…     

果园生草培肥地力技术

研究建立适合我国国情的苹果现代宽行高干省力高效栽培模式及果园生草培肥地力技术是未来苹果无袋化栽培的基础和前提。解析了苹果园生草不能在我国有效推广的原因,从生草与争肥、土壤综合肥力、我国三化土壤改良、果园病虫害防控、果园小气候和果实品质等6个方面介绍我国果园生草的研究进展。针对我国苹果主产区果园生草必须关注的"培肥""节水"及"省力"3个问题,提出了单一性与多样性有机结合的"春季长柔毛野豌豆+秋季自然生草"果园生草模式。     

丘陵山地果园土壤培肥的若干问题

丘陵山地果园土壤培肥的若干问题庄伊美（福建省亚热带植物研究所，３６１００６）福建丘陵山地果园土壤主要从南亚热带区的赤红壤及中亚热带区的红壤发育而来。此类果园土壤经长期的自然和人为因素的综合作用，土壤性状虽发生明显变化，但仍不同程度地显示出自然土壤的诸...     

怎样培肥果园土壤

1 客土 具不良性状的土壤,不但土壤养分含量低,养分不平衡,而且土壤水、气、热状况也不协调,土壤生物状况也差。要给果树提供一个良好的土壤条件,可选用轻质、肥沃的耕层土壤,再掺人约为土重1／3—1／2的腐熟鸡粪、猪粪或牛粪,充分混匀,配成营养土回填。为了使良好的土壤空间尽可能大些,可增大树坑,以1—1．5m^3为宜。对于盐渍土地块,客土还有隔盐和缓冲盐碱危害的作用。     

果园生草覆盖改良培肥土壤

果园生草覆盖技术是一项能提高土壤肥力、改善生态环境、提高果实质量的土壤管理技术。其主要好处有：一是防止或减少水土流失。二是改良土壤。提高土壤肥力。果园生草并适时翻埋入土，可提高土壤有机质，改善土壤结构，增加土壤养分，为果树根系生长创造一个养分丰富、疏松多孔的根层环境。三是促进果园生态平衡。     

有机食品蔬菜生产土壤培肥技术

通过对有机食品蔬菜生产土壤培肥理论、培肥种类以及健康土壤评价指标进行分析、归纳,提出有机食品蔬菜土壤培肥主要技术措施,为有机食品蔬菜生产提供理论指导和技术支撑。     

四个苹果新品种花果管理操作规程

‘七月鲜’‘绿帅’‘凉香’‘昂林’苹果,是辽宁省果树科学研究所选育和引进的品质优良、成熟期早、适宜市场需求的新品种,已在辽宁省种子管理局备案,并在辽、鲁、冀等环渤海苹果优势区以及吉林、黑龙江等省推广栽培。通过研究总结这些新优良品种花果生长规     

四个苹果新品种的整形修剪技术操作规程

‘七月鲜’‘绿帅’‘凉香’‘昂林’苹果,是辽宁省果树科学研究所选育和引进的品质优良、成熟期早、适宜市场需求的新品种,已在辽宁省种子管理局备案,并在辽、鲁、冀等环渤海苹果优势区以及吉林、黑龙江等省推广栽培。通过研究总结这些新优良品种生长规律和生产实践,     

几个早熟苹果新品种引种表现

近年来，苹果新品种层出不穷。为对新品种有一个较客观的认识，作者对每一个苹果新品种都是先少量引种和高接，观察其在本地的结果表现。待见果后再决定其能否在当地推广发展。现将对早熟品种的观察结果总结如下。     

不同灌溉保墒措施对杏园土壤水分动态及耗水量的影响

以山区杏树为试材,通过田间试验研究了4种灌溉保墒措施(常规灌溉、滴灌、滴灌覆膜和控滴覆膜)对杏园土壤水分动态、耗水量、杏产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:滴灌覆膜措施不仅节约了灌水量,而且提高了水分利用效率,是杏树灌溉保墒的一种有效措施。在杏收获前期,增加灌水量可以提高土壤含水率。在整个生育期内,与常规灌溉比较,滴灌覆膜、滴灌和控滴覆膜处理节约灌水量达49.85%、49.85%和62.46%。滴灌覆膜处理水分利用效率最高,为7.934 g/m3。     

不同集雨方式对土壤含水量及苹果产量的影响

以15 a生开心形富士苹果(Malus pumilaMil1.‘Red Fuji’)为试材,测定了7个不同处理的产量和不同生育期的土壤含水量。结果表明:不同处理土壤含水量成熟前差异不明显,进入雨季以后,微集雨技术能够将雨季降雨有效贮存,在60~200 cm土壤含水量高出对照5%左右;各处理之间单株产量差异极显著,其中微集雨技术都有增产效果,增产幅度在1.86%~22.39%,微集雨技术能够有效贮存有限降雨,增加产量。     

覆沙对旱地果园土壤的水热效应研究

以4、7、10 a生“红富士”苹果为试材,研究不同覆沙年限对土壤含水量、土壤温度及苹果产量的影响.结果表明:果园覆沙主要在苹果开花期之前有增温效应,可明显提高0～20 cm土壤地温2℃左右;覆沙4～7 a保墒效应明显,10 a后逐渐减弱,需要换沙.     

辽东地区日本落叶松人工林土壤持水性能及其涵养水源功能研究

对辽东地区日本落叶松人工林林地土壤的持水性能进行了实测研究。结果表明:按不同林龄和不同坡向划分的林型,其土壤的物理性质、持水性能及其涵养水源方面都存在着显著差异。7种林型土壤容重排序为:荒地>幼龄林阳坡>幼龄林半阴坡>中龄林阳坡>中龄林阴坡>近熟林阳坡>近熟林阴坡。土壤孔隙度排序则表现为与容重相反。不同林型表层土壤的物理性质与林地凋落物之间存在着显著相关关系。林地土壤在持水性能和涵养水源方面表现为:近熟林阴坡>近熟林阳坡>中龄林阴坡>中龄林阳坡>幼龄林半阴坡>幼龄林阳坡>荒地。与无林荒地相比,可以看出日本落叶松人工林具有明显的涵养水源功能。     

不同坡度及牧草种植对紫色土幼龄柑桔园水土流失的影响

通过对紫色土幼龄柑桔园不同坡度及牧草间作条件下水土流失情况的模拟研究看出，实行清耕的坡地柑桔园，随着坡度增大，地表径流和土壤侵蚀量均大幅度增加，反之，20cm深处土层的渗透水量则相应下降。果园地面问种牧草可大幅度减少水土流失，其效果与地面覆盖率、刈割时间等有关。地面覆盖率高时水土流失量大幅度减少；下雨前刈割会加大水土流失。     

国家甘蔗体系繁殖和示范新品种（系）病虫害调查

2012年5-10月在田间自然感病条件下对开远、临沧、保山、德宏4个地区41个国家甘蔗体系新品种（系）主要病虫害发生情况进行调查,明确了新品种（系）中开远综合试验站的云蔗05-49、云瑞06-189、云蔗05-51、桂糖30号、云蔗99-91受甘蔗螟虫危害重;云蔗03-103受黑稳病、花叶病危害重,云蔗99-91、桂糖02-467受花叶病危害重.德宏和临沦综合试验站的福农38号、福农1110、粤甘24号、云蔗99-91、桂糖31号、云蔗99-596、云蔗03-258、桂糖02-901、云瑞06-189受梢腐病危害重,福农40号、柳城03-1137、粤甘26号、粤甘35号、粤甘39号受锈病危害重,福农0335、桂糖31号、挂糖32号受褐条病危害重.4个地区甘蔗黄斑病和黄叶病危害重的品种较少.并根据以上结果提出了病虫害防治和品种布局建议.     

土壤含水量对茴香植株生长及精油含量和组分的影响

 采用控制浇水量的方法设计土壤(相对含水量为低44.46%±1.22%~52.84%±2.34%）、中（59.75%±3.11%~77.85%±3.47%）、高（75.24%±3.24%~99.27%±5.67%）3个范围,研究土壤含水量对茴香生长与精油含量及其组分的影响。结果表明,随着土壤含水量的升高,茴香株高、植株节数、根干质量、地上部干质量、全株干质量、全碳含量、单株精油产量和叶绿素a/叶绿素b均随之升高,而根冠比、全氮含量、蛋白氮含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和类胡萝卜素含量均随之下降;中土壤含水量的植株花序数、精油含量和可溶性糖含量较高,低和高土壤含水量的则较低;不同土壤含水量处理茴香植株,其精油共鉴定出22种成分,除α-蒎烯、香桧烯、β-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯、萜品油烯、肉豆蔻醚6种成分相对含量差异不显著外,其余16种成分相对含量均表现出显著或极显著差异;随着土壤含水量的增大,精油的第一主要成分反式—茴香脑含量呈升高趋势,低、中、高3个含水量处理的含量依次为41.34%、53.87%和62.97%,第二主要成分柠檬烯含量与反式—茴香脑含量变化相反,其3个含水量处理依次为44.77%、34.77%和22.16%。因此,低土壤含水量处理相对有利于茴香柠檬烯的积累,而高土壤含水量处理相对有利于反式-茴香脑的积累。     

Soil and rootstock influence on fruit quality of plums (Prunus domestica L.)

Soil and rootstock can particularly affect the ‘Rainha Claudia Verde’ (Prunus domestica) fruit quality, mainly its firmness characteristics. To investigate the variation in fruit quality, plums were harvested at commercial maturity from trees grafted on Marianna GF8-1 (Prunus cerasifera × munsoniana) and Marianna GF10-2 (P. cerasifera × munsoniana) rootstocks on two different soils: Haplic Luvisol and Vertic Luvisol. After harvest fruits were stored at 2 °C for 3 weeks. At the harvest day a small group of fruits were analysed without cold storage. During storage fruits were tested for firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and fruit mineral content. Tree vigour was evaluated from trunk cross-sectional areas values.The GF8-1 rootstock promoted the highest vegetative development, comparing to GF10-2. This rootstock promoted the largest fruits size and the higher calcium fruit level. Positive correlations were found between higher concentrations of calcium in the pulp fruits and firmness. Fruits from two different rootstocks showed the same firmness at harvest but during cold storage, fruits from GF10-2 rootstock exhibited the highest firmness pulp values. There weren’t significant differences in fruit nitrogen and potassium levels for any studied factor.At harvest solids soluble content and solids soluble content/titratable acidity ratio weren’t affected by soil type or rootstock. As expected, solids soluble content during cold storage increased and solids soluble content/titratable acidity had a slight increase.GF10-2 revealed to be a good option as a ‘Rainha Claudia Verde’ rootstock for plums growers due to its intermediate-vigour. Also GF10-2 fruits presented better quality during storage comparing with GF8-1.     

Fertigation Effects on Productivity,and Soil and Plant Nutrition of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia

Fertigation has the potential to reduce extra chemical load by improving nutrient and water use efficiency of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), but studies demonstrating the fertilizer reduction through drip irrigation in comparison to conventional ring basin method are rare in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of South Asia. A long-term field experiment was conducted during 2007–2013 in West Bengal, India, to study the effect of fertigation on coconut var. DXT. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments (control – no fertilizers and water applied with drip irrigation; 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), each applied with drip irrigation; and 100% of the RDF and water applied with ring basin method of irrigation (i.e., conventional method)). Nuts yield was significantly higher for 75% of RDF (24.44 t ha^?1 year^?1) followed by 100% of RDF, each drip irrigation (23.79 t ha^?1 year^?1) compared to control (21.89 t ha^?1 year^?1). Copra yield was significantly higher for 75% of RDF (3.19 t ha^?1) compared to 100% of RDF (3.12 t ha^?1) and no fertilizer (1.87 t ha^?1). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents of soil increased by 4.9%, 10.4% and 9.4%, respectively, with 75% of RDF applied through drip irrigation. Microbial population showed inverse relationship with amount of fertilizer application. The most water-use efficient fertigation treatment was 75% RDF (13.48 kg copra m^?3) followed by 100% RDF (13.18 kg copra m^?3) with drip irrigation as compared to conventional way soil application of fertilizers through ring basin method of irrigation (4.23 kg copra m^?3). Role of N on yield variability was most prominent by both available soil N status (R² = 0.49**) and leaf N concentration (R² = 0.51**). The study indicated that there is a great scope for reducing the N, P and K fertilizers by up to 25% of the present RDFs for coconut when applied through drip irrigation compared to ring basin method of irrigation for its higher productivity and profitability through efficient use of nutrients and water in the Eastern IGP of South Asia.