五种苹果砧木的生长及生理特性对盐胁迫的响应

以八棱海棠(Malus robusta)、平顶海棠(Malus prunifolia)、红果海棠(Malus sieboldii)、珠美海棠(Malus zumi)、西府海棠(Malus micromalus)一年生实生苗为试材,对其进行盐胁迫处理,比较其耐盐性差异。结果表明:随盐浓度增加,参试植物的新梢生长量、叶面积和叶片厚度、根系活力降低,盐害率和盐害指数增加,其中八棱海棠的变化幅度最小,红果海棠相对较大;叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量变化各异,但八棱海棠和平顶海棠的变化较小;参试植株的可溶性糖及丙二醛(MDA)含量均随盐浓度增加呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均受不同程度影响,八棱海棠的SOD活性变化较小;八棱海棠的隶属函数平均值最大,红果海棠的最小。结合其形态表现综合分析认为,5种苹果砧木的耐盐性强弱依次为:八棱海棠、西府海棠、平顶海棠、珠美海棠、红果海棠。     

The Response of Magnesium-Deficient Edward VII Apple Trees to Variations in the Timing and Composition of Foliar Sprays

Magnesium-deficient Edward VII apple trees were used to study the effect of pre-blossom sprays of magnesium sulphate and urea, and to compare the efficiency of post-blossom sprays of magnesium sulphate and chloride.

Two pre-blossom sprays of 2% Epsom salt (MgSO_4·7H,O) prevented the development of early-season magnesium deficiency symptoms but did not increase fruit set. Similar sprays of 0· 5%urea had no effect on symptoms but increased the set of fruit.

Five post-blossom sprays of 2% Epsom salt largely eliminated both early and late symptoms and produced consistent increases in the magnesium content of the leaves (% dry wt.). There was also a large increase in crop, due mainly to a greater fruit set which could be detected after the second spray application. Growth responses also were associated with this treatment.

Five post-blossom sprays of 0·83% magnesium chloride, i.e. containing only half the amount of magnesium, produced similar responses, except that growth was not affected. Reducing the number of magnesium chloride sprays to three, but applying them over the same time interval, resulted in similar' crop responses even though less magnesium was taken up and symptoms were slightly less effectively controlled.     

The Reinvigoration of Apple Trees by the Inarching of Vigorous Rootstocks

Summary

The purpose of this research was to determine if established, orchard-grown apple trees that were con®ned in root-restricting membranes received adequate water for growth when irrigated. Previous data had shown positive effects of root restriction on reducing shoot extension growth in apple. Soil matric potential (Ψ_sm), leaf stomatal conductance (g) and leaf water potentials (Ψ_l) were measured over daily cycles during the period of maximum tree water use (July and August). Measurements were also made of the Ψ_sm and fruit size throughout the growing season. Daily and seasonal Ψ_sm showed that the soil within the root restricting membranes (+R) when irrigated (+I) remained closed to field capacity (<100 HPa), which was not the case for unirrigated soil within the membranes (-I +R). Ψ_l measured before dawn, showed that similar levels of drought stress were evident between irrigated and restricted (+I +R) and unrestricted (+I -R and -I -R) trees. The Ψ_sm, and Ψ_l for trees with roots within restricting membranes were significantly more negative, in the absence of irrigation (-I +R). Measurement of g showed that root restricted trees were transpiring at similar rates in the presence of irrigation (+I +R) as unrestricted trees (+I -R) with or without irrigation. Stomatal closure could not explain the increased Ψ_l observed for the restricted irrigated (+I +R) treatment compared with unrestricted (-R) trees. A reduced stomatal aperture was the most likely explanation for the reduction in growth previously observed with the restricted unirrigated trees. Fruit size was also affected by root restriction and the effect became greater as the roots became more restricted with tree age. Similarly, there was also a negative effect, in one year, of root restriction on fruit size at harvest, even in the presence of irrigation. Data show that reductions in soil water availability, Ψ_l and g, for the root-restricted trees (+I +R), were unlikely to be the causes for the previously observed reductions in shoot growth (tree size). These results imply that other factors were in operation, among which root-synthesized chemical regulators of shoot growth are the most likely candidates.     

不同砧木对苹果树水分状况日变化的影响

不同砧木红星苹果树含水量的日变化呈Ｖ形曲线。以乔砧树最高,Ｍ７中间砧树次之,Ｍ９中间砧树较低。含水量的日变化与水势的日变化基本呈正相关。地上部含水量与砧木解剖构造有关,矮砧树地上部含水量较低是导致树体矮化的因素之一     

矮砧及乔砧苹果树嫁接口的解剖观察

苹果栽培品种秋富１与Ｍ７、Ｍ２６、八棱海棠３种砧木“Ｔ”形芽接１、２年生苗的嫁接口部位徒手切片显微镜观察，结果表明，砧木、接芽产生的大量愈伤组织，有不同方向、不同程度的分化，沿砧木和接芽的原有形成层逐渐分化产生新的形成层，使砧术与接穗维管组织连通；接口附近及过渡区域内各种组织均表现异常，维管分子及纤维细胞短、粗、弯曲，上下排列不同轴，射线细胞所占比例大，伸长较短，直径大；矮化砧Ｍ２６的嫁接口内愈伤组织细胞层数最多，导管不同轴程度最高；乔化砧八棱海棠的嫁接口内愈伤组织细胞层数最少，导管不同轴程度较轻；半矮化砧Ｍ７介于二者之间。     

Investigating Root Density of Plum and Apple Trees Grafted on Low-Vigor Rootstocks to Improve Orchard Management

Plum and apple trees are the most widely spread fruit trees in south-eastern Europe. The main purpose of this paper is to characterize the spatial distribution of roots in medium and course textured soils to improve orchard management. ’Stanley’ plum cultivar grafted on Saint Julien A semi-dwarf rootstock and ’Topaz’ apple cultivar grafted on M.9 dwarf rootstock were studied in a temperate climate and medium and course textured soils. The trench technique was used. There was an intense concentration of roots near the trees and the roots did not occupy the whole soil space between tree rows. The finest tree roots in both species were prevalent. Root density was higher in tree rows versus inter-rows. Both the inter-row and in-row distances can be reduced to increase tree density if light penetration into canopy is sufficient. When a full irrigation regime is applied, a soil depth of 0.8?m would be sufficient for water application, and soil depths of 0.4 to 0.6?m would be recommended for deficit irrigation; water and fertilizers should only be applied over the surface area covering most of the roots. When a more strict control on root activity is desired, the tree roots could be cut vertically at 0.5–0.8?m distance from tree rows. The results could also be used in regions and countries with similar soil texture and climate conditions.     

NaCl胁迫对三个葡萄品种幼苗的生理响应及其耐盐性综合评价

以一年生‘红提’‘青皮土’‘弗雷’的扦插苗为试材,采用盆栽试验法,测定不同浓度NaCl胁迫下3个葡萄品种扦插苗叶片的生理指标,研究了NaCl胁迫对3个葡萄品种的影响,以期为其在新疆推广提供参考依据。结果表明:3个葡萄品种扦插苗的各生理生化指标随NaCl浓度的增加呈不同幅度的变化,如‘红提’‘青皮土’在NaCl浓度为0.4%时丙二醛含量升高,在浓度升高至0.6%时丙二醛含量下降,‘弗雷’在NaCl浓度为0.2%时丙二醛含量升高,在浓度为0.4%时含量最低。3种葡萄品种的耐盐性强弱程度是不一致的,耐盐性强弱程度排序为‘弗雷’>‘青皮土’>‘红提’。     

果树对盐胁迫的响应及缓解机制研究进展

盐胁迫是影响果树生长发育的重要因素之一,影响了果树的一系列生理生化特性,高浓度的盐会造成果树减产甚至死亡。根据国内外相关的文献资料,现从外部形态、光合特性、离子含量和膜透性4个方面对盐胁迫下果树的响应机制进行了探讨,并从提高酶的抗氧化能力、合成渗透调节物质以及离子的选择性吸收3个方面对盐胁迫下果树的缓解机制进行了综述。     

锰胁迫对不同砧木苹果幼树锰吸收分配及抗氧化系统的影响

 研究山荆子、八棱海棠和辽砧2号/山荆子3种砧木富士苹果在400 mg · kg^-1锰胁迫条件下树体的生理响应和锰积累特征。结果表明,400 mg · kg^-1锰胁迫下,3种砧木的富士苹果幼树叶片先后出现中毒症状,其中山荆子砧的幼树中毒最重,辽砧2号/山荆子砧次之,八棱海棠砧的最轻。400 mg · kg^-1锰显著抑制了山荆子和辽砧2号/山荆子砧富士苹果幼树的生长,增加了锰在地上部的积累,却促进了八棱海棠富士苹果幼树地下生物量增加和锰在地下部的积累。过量锰导致山荆子和辽砧2号/山荆子苹果叶片自由基和丙二醛含量大量增加,超氧化物歧化酶活性和抗坏血酸含量增加较小,抗氧化物酶活性变化不明显。八棱海棠砧富士苹果幼树受锰胁迫后叶片抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶、抗氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗氧化物质AsA活性显著提高,与锰胁迫前相比叶片自由基含量没有显著差异,丙二醛含量增加幅度较小。     

不同砧木苹果品种果肉芳香物质的含量变化

采用气相色谱技术测试了不同砧木的富士系、元帅系苹果果肉中１３种挥发性芳香物质的含量。结果表明，岩富１０号和长富２号果肉中醇类和酯类物质总量显著高于富士，而红星和艳红果肉中酯类和醇类物质的构成成分变化不同。矮化砧木２－７、３－１９嫁接的富士、红星苹果中酯类物质含量显著高于乔化砧木。不同产地果肉香气和可溶性固形物含量（ＳＳＣ）的测定与相关分析表明，果实中乙醛、丙酮和醇类物质随海拔下降呈上升趋势，与果肉ＳＳＣ无相关性，酯类物质与ＳＳＣ呈极显著正相关。     

The Effect of Distance from Pollinizer Varieties on the Fruit Set on Trees in Plum and Apple Orchards

The fruit set on plum trees decreased greatly with increase in distance from pollinizer trees, and less so with increase in distance from honey-bee colonies. Trees adjacent to pollinizers had a greater set on the sides facing the pollinizers than on their far sides. Parts of trees touching “ bouquets ” had a greater set than parts without bouquets.

In an apple orchard with main variety and pollinizer trees in separate blocks, the fruit set was greater on the main variety trees adjacent to the pollinizers than on trees farther away. In an apple orchard with a pollinizer tree as every third tree in every third row, main variety trees had a greater fruit set, more seeds per fruit, and more carpels with seeds per fruit, on the sides near to their adjacent pollinizers than on their far sides. The fruit set, number of seeds per fruit, and number of carpels with seed per fruit, were greater the nearer the trees were to the adjacent pollinizer.

These results are discussed in relation to the foraging behaviour of honey-bees and to methods of arranging pollinizer and main variety trees in orchards.     

盐胁迫下两个苹果品种光合性能研究

研究不同浓度(0、0.2%、0.4%)NaCl盐分胁迫处理对"寒富"、"华红"2个苹果品种1a生嫁接苗叶片中光合作用和光合色素含量的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫改变了苹果叶片光合日变化曲线,使其光合性能整体下降;2个苹果品种的光合色素含量均随着盐浓度的增加而降低。综合分析发现,2个品种在盐胁迫下的光合能力为:"华红""寒富"。     

The Effect of Distance From Pollinizer Varieties on the Fruit Set of Apple,Pear and Sweet-Cherry Trees

In a dwarf-pyramid apple orchard, rows of Cox’s Orange Pippin adjacent to rows of Janies Grieve had greater initial and final fruit sets than rows between other Cox rows. Flowers on the south sides of trees tended to have a greater set of fruit than those on the north sides.

In a sweet-cherry orchard containing a block of five rows of Early Rivers with pollinizer rows on each side, most fruit was set on the two outside rows and least in the centre row. Trees in the outside rows set more fruit on their sides facing the pollinizers than on their far sides. In another sweet-cherry orchard, Frogmore trees set more fruit on their south sides than on the other parts.

In a dwarf pyramid orchard of Comice, the trees with one graft of Conference (every tenth tree) set more fruit than trees without a graft. However, the fruit set on Conference dwarf and standard trees (two orchards of each) did not differ with their distance from pollinizers.     

锰对苹果树的毒害与防治

近年来,因锰过多导致苹果发生粗皮病的报道不少,笔者在烟台也有发现,一些酸性土壤的果园苹果树常发生多锰症状,特别是红富士、新红星等品种非常易感粗皮病.近几年我们对苹果粗皮病的发生症状和原因进行了调查,现简报如下.     

多效唑在苹果幼树上应用

红星、红富士苹果幼树施用多效唑后，对抑制新梢生长、调节枝条组成、促进花芽形成、提高坐果率、增加幼树产量、控制树冠增长均有明显效果，效果大小与施用方法、时期、药剂浓度和剂量、品种有关，土施比叶喷效果好。土施以３月或９月施入为宜，叶喷的最佳时期为５月上旬。土施的适宜剂量为０．５一１．０ｇ·ｍ~(-２)，叶喷最适浓度为１５００一２０００ｍｇ·１~(-１)。红星比红富士对药剂反应敏感。多效唑施后的持效期土施比叶喷的长，并随着剂量和浓度的增加而延长。土施０．５一１．０ｇ·ｍ~(-２)持效期为２一３年，叶喷１５００一２０００ｍｇ·１~(-１)的持效期仅为１年。     

The Gravitational Responses of Young Apple Trees

A distinctive seasonal pattern in the outgrowth of shoots was observed in upright maiden apple trees. Until midsummer, extension shoot growth was confined to the apical region of the trunk. After midsummer, vigorous shoots grew from the basal region of the trunk, and the production of these shoots coincided with a decline in growth rates of shoots in the apical region. A similar pattern of shoot growth was evident in trees grown in horizontal and inverted positions but was modified by the effects of gravity, viz. growth curvatures, effects on the symmetry of shoot production about the axis, and changes in the vigour of shoots in the apical and basal regions of the trunk. Growing trees in horizontal and inverted positions caused a reduction in terminal extension growth, but did not reduce the total amount of shoot growth compared with vertically-grown trees. Changing the orientation of the trunk caused differences in the pattern of axillary flower bud formation, but had no detectable effect on the total numbers of flower buds initiated.     

不同砧木上沙田柚、晚白柚和五布柚的早期表现

对嫁接在29种砧木上的沙田柚、晚白柚及五布柚(共66个砧穗组合)的早期表现进行了比较研究。结果表明,以酒饼簕和枳为砧能使柚矮化;以某些柚和酸橙为砧使柚乔化;对其他一些砧木不同柚品种的反应各异。以枳橙为砧的晚白柚和五布柚生长中庸,嫁接后第3年便开花结果,由此认为枳橙为有希望的早结柚类砧木。     

不同桃砧类型对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性评价

以3种桃砧种质1年生嫁接苗为试材,研究了3种桃砧对盐胁迫生理响应的差异,并对8种桃砧种质进行了耐盐性评价。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,3种桃砧叶片受害症状逐渐加重,表现为质膜透性和Na~+含量显著增加等生理响应;蒙古扁桃具有较强的渗透调节(可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量高)、离子平衡(Na~+含量低,K~+含量高)和抗氧化(SOD和POD活性高)能力,较好地控制Na~+进入叶片,维持质膜的完整和稳定,表现出较强的耐盐性,毛樱桃与之相反,毛桃介于二者之间;基于叶片质膜相对透性、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量、SOD和POD活性、叶中Na~+和K~+含量所计算隶属函数值进行综合评价,不同树种/品种的桃砧耐盐性排序为蒙古扁桃山桃GF677毛桃甘肃桃陕甘山桃"筑波5号"毛樱桃。试验结果为桃砧种质耐盐性评价提供了评价指标,并为杂交育种和沿海滩涂发展桃树种植提供了耐盐性种质资源。