常用杀菌剂对莲藕黑斑病病原菌室内毒力及田间防治效果研究

针对由链格孢(Altemaria.)引起的莲藕黑斑病,用在莲藕上已登记的2个化学农药(丙环唑及多菌灵)及当地防治莲藕叶斑病常用的3个化学药剂(氟硅唑、噁霉灵和醚菌酯)对该病原菌进行了室内毒力测定,根据室内试验结果,选用毒力较高的药剂进行了大田防治试验,最终获得了对莲藕黑斑病防治效果较好的氟硅唑和多菌灵2个药剂.     

库尔勒香梨黑斑病菌生物学特性及其室内药剂筛选

为了进一步了解库尔勒香梨黑斑病菌生物学特性,通过接种试验,研究了不同外界条件因子对病原菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的影响.结果表明:病原茵茵丝最适生长温度为25～28℃,最适pH为6～7;孢子萌发最适温度为28～30℃,最适pH为7.分生孢子在梨果肉和表皮上萌发率差异不显著,且在梨表皮30℃培养12 h,萌发率可达95.8％.同时证明接种病菌发酵液粗体毒素可导致库尔勒香梨发病.对于7种杀菌剂室内抑制病原菌分生孢子萌发试验,得出甲基托布津对分生孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,其2 000倍液抑菌率为92％.     

Studies on Flower Initiation in Black Currant: II. Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering

The effects of three levels of a widely used tea nursery fertilizer mixture containing ?, ?,ρ?, Mg and SO4 and hormones on growth and apical dominance were studied using free-growing plants of two vigorous TRI clones.

At the highest level of fertilizer (F2) the plants showed earlier bud-break and an increase in the number and duration of active phases, with a reduction of the dormant phases. These resulted in more growth and dry matter accumulation and in more lateral shoot growth than was obtained with lower levels of fertilizer (FO and Fl). Leaf production on both main and side shoots was increased at the higher levels of nutrition. The results showed that vigorous clones may benefit from higher levels of fertilizer application than the presently recommended rates.

Gibberellic acid (200 ppm) alone or with benzyl adenine (25 ppm) tended to cause earlier bud-break at FO and Fl but not at F2. The percentage bud-break obtained at F2 was, however, similar to that obtained at FO and Fl with the above hormones. GA₃ or GA₃+BA also increased the height of the plant, the response persisting for at least a month starting a fortnight from the first application. Neither BA (25 ppm) applied alone nor IAA (200 ppm) stimulated bud-break, but IAA increased the height of the plants at the higher levels of fertilizer used. There was an interaction between fertilizer and hormones during the period when the hormones were effective in increasing height.

A relationship was found between the growth of the shoots, natural and induced, and that of the roots. The active plant had about twice the amount of feeder roots as the dormant plant.     

五味子褐斑病病原菌生物学特性研究

在吉林省东部山区栽培的五味子(Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill)上发现了一种新的叶部病害,在对病原菌鉴定的基础上,对其生物学特性进行了系统的研究.结果表明:最适于菌丝生长和产孢的培养基为PDA+五味子煎汁培养基,最适碳源为半乳糖,最适氮源为硫酸铵,最适温度为25℃,最适pH 6.0.分生孢子萌发最低相对湿度为90％,最适pH 7.0,24 h光照和自然光照有利于孢子萌发,菌丝致死温度为46℃,分生孢子的致死温度为38℃.     

牡丹柱枝孢叶斑病化学防治药剂筛选的研究

以引起牡丹柱枝孢叶斑病的加拿大柱枝双孢霉(Cylindrocladium canadense)为试材,采用菌丝生长速率法和菌丝干重法研究了3类8种杀菌剂对病菌菌丝生长的影响,并进一步采用插片法及染色法,研究了多菌灵、氟环唑及嘧菌酯对菌丝线性生长及菌落形态的影响。结果表明:苯并咪唑类、三唑类及甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对病菌菌丝的线性生长及菌丝干重均有一定的抑制作用。3类杀菌剂均导致菌丝顶端分枝数增多、间距缩短;杀菌剂处理的菌落边缘菌丝茂密,放射性生长的幼龄菌丝束较少,向外扩展速度慢。3类杀菌剂对病菌都表现为抑菌作用,均可作为柱枝孢叶斑病化学防治的备选药剂而应用在牡丹病害的综合防控中。     

核桃黑斑病发生规律及防控技术研究进展

核桃是世界上重要的坚果果树和木本油料树种,其果实具有较高的营养价值,有坚果界的"长寿果"之称.核桃黑斑病属于高度危险的林业有害生物种类,在我国核桃主要产区均有不同程度的发生,严重影响我国核桃的生长发育、产量和品质.该文将核桃黑斑病的病害特征、发生规律、侵染机制和防控技术4个方面的研究进展进行归纳分析,以期为减轻核桃黑斑病危害,充分发挥核桃的经济、社会和生态效益,实现核桃产业绿色可持续发展提供参考依据.     

新疆红枣叶斑病菌生物学特性及室内药剂筛选研究

以新疆地区2株红枣叶斑病菌Alternaria tenuissima和A.alternata菌株为试材,采用菌丝生长速度法研究了温度和pH对2种病原菌生长的影响,并采用菌丝生长抑制率法和孢子萌发抑制率法进行了室内防治药剂的筛选,以期明确红枣叶斑病病菌的生物学特性和有效防治药剂.结果表明:这2种病原菌菌丝生长的适宜温度为25～30℃,适宜pH为7～9;70％代森锰锌对A.tenuissima和A.alternata菌丝生长以及孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,抑制菌丝生长的EC50分别为0.053、0.054 g/L,抑制孢子萌发的EC50分别为0.021、0.019 g/L,70％代森锰锌可作为枣树叶斑病的首选药剂.     

宁夏红枣叶斑病病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选

以宁夏红枣叶斑病典型病叶为试材,采用组织分离法、离体叶片菌块接种法和菌丝生长抑制法,研究了该地区红枣叶斑病的致病菌种类及有效防治药剂。结果表明:从宁夏红枣叶斑病典型病叶上主要分离得到匍柄霉属真菌(Stemphyliumsp.),占总分离物的85.0%,其中匍柄霉菌株Y-14具有很强的致病性,是宁夏红枣叶斑病的主要病原菌种类;7种杀菌剂对病原菌的毒力强弱依次为25%丙环唑EC25%咪鲜胺EC1 000亿/g枯草芽孢杆菌WP10%多抗霉素WP250g/L嘧菌酯SC70%代森锰锌WP1%申嗪霉素SC,尤其前5种杀菌剂的EC50值1.0g/L,可作为宁夏红枣叶斑病生物防治和化学防治的首选药剂。     

黑穗醋栗果实成熟过程主要营养成分变化规律

黑穗醋栗果实的各种营养物质，在整个发育成熟过程中，各阶段的变化不同。薄皮和厚皮两品种表现出相同的变化规律。果实内总糖含量随果实成熟逐渐增加，果实成熟后略有减少，总糖中以果糖和葡萄糖为主；有机酸含量随果实成熟逐渐减少。接近成熟时增长缓慢；维生素Ｃ、氨基酸的相对含量的幼果中最多，随着果实的成熟逐渐减少。氨基酸在果实成熟时相对含量最低，其后略有增加；而维生素Ｃ则一直下降，果实成熟时下降缓慢。相关分析表明     

不同温度、光照及pH对玉竹黑斑病病菌的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同的碳源、氮源、温度、光照、pH对玉竹黑斑病病菌的影响.结果表明:pH 7最适于菌丝的生长,pH 7～9适于孢子的萌发;光暗交替可以促进菌丝生长和孢子萌发;最适于菌丝生长和孢子萌发的温度均为28℃.     

ABT6#生根粉对黑穗醋栗嫩枝扦插效果的研究

选用5个黑穗醋栗品种(系),研究ATB 6#生根粉3个处理浓度对黑穗醋栗嫩枝扦插效果的影响。结果表明:100mg/L处理浓度插段生根效果最好,高浓度处理反而抑制生根,降低生根率。在一根枝条上,分别取顶部、中部和底部3个部位插段,以处理浓度为100mg/L、顶部生根效果最好,最高成活率达94.4%,选择200mg/L处理、底部生根的效果最差。     

Experiments on the Control of Brown Rot of Apples and Plums: I. Laboratory Tests

The symptoms and some properties of five viruses isolated from celery crops in Britain are described. Cucumber mosaic and lucerne mosaic viruses were found to be prevalent in celery and other crops. Tomato aspermy virus, though widespread in chrysanthemum and occasional in tomato crops in England, and economically damaging in Continental celery crops, has not so far been reported in celery in Britain. British celery varieties tested were resistant to experimental infection with tomato aspermy virus. These three viruses were readily isolated, purified and identified.

Three viruses, designated celery yellow spot, celery yellow vein and celery ringspot, isolated from affected celery plants, were less readily transmitted from celery to celery, and could not be purified by techniques that succeed with many viruses.

Celery yellow spot was transmitted by sap-rubbing inoculation only when cucumber mosaic virus was also present ; it was tentatively identified with the celery yellow spot virus reported from the U.S.A. Celery ringspot virus showed some similarities to the poison hemlock ringspot virus found in the U.S.A., but none of the critical tests for virus identification could be applied to either of these two viruses. Celery yellow net virus differed from all the viruses so far recorded in celery. The chronic symptoms of the different viruses in celery were often similar, and therefore unreliable for diagnosis. The initial or “ shock ” symptoms, however, were usually distinctive.     

环境条件对月季黑斑病病原的影响

采用组织分离、稀释纯化的方法,从月季黑斑病病斑上分离出病原,再通过设置不同的温度条件、光照条件和不同的酸碱环境,研究环境条件对月季黑斑病病原的影响。结果表明:全黑暗(0h光照)等不良光照条件下有利于病原的生长;病原适宜生长的温度范围为15～30℃,低于10℃或高于35℃生长均受到抑制;适宜生长的酸碱环境为pH 7～9的中性和弱碱性环境。     

月季盘二孢黑斑病的发病规律及防治技术

由蔷薇盘二孢(Marssonina rosae(Lib.)Fr.)引起的月季黑斑病是一种世界性病害,直接影响了月季的观赏价值和植株的生长。该试验对月季黑斑病的症状、病原菌的形态特征、发病规律以及防治技术等方面进行了研究,以期为月季黑斑病的有效防治以及进一步的研究提供理论依据。     

番木瓜棒孢霉叶斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

对番木瓜Carica papaya L.棒孢霉叶斑病叶组织进行分离、病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性测定。结果表明,该病原菌初步鉴定为山扁豆棒孢Corynespora cassiicola(Bert.et Curt.)Wei。它在PDA培养基上生长速度最快。菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的适宜温度为20～30℃,适宜pH值分别为7～10和5～9。9种碳源中,蔗糖、可溶性淀粉和阿拉伯糖较有利于该菌菌丝生长,木糖较有利于孢子萌发;9种氮源中,酵母浸膏、蛋白胨和牛肉浸膏较有利于其菌丝生长,牛肉浸膏较有利于孢子萌发。完全光照与完全黑暗有利于菌丝生长,光暗交替有利于孢子萌发。     

月季黑斑病病原的分离及防效研究

采用组织分离、稀释纯化的方法,从月季黑斑病病斑上分离出病原,再通过抑菌试验,筛选防治月季黑斑病的有效药剂及合理使用浓度。结果表明:所分离的病原为半知菌亚门盘二孢属的蔷薇盘二孢。提供的7种杀菌剂对月季黑斑病病原均有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中多菌灵、波尔多液和代森锰锌在最低推荐稀释倍数时对病原的抑菌率分别为65.24%、39.57%和12.30%,而苯醚甲环唑、咪鲜胺、叶斑清、灰嘧佳4种药剂的抑菌率均为100%。结合抑菌率和防治成本,对抑菌率为100%的4种药剂进行再稀释,当分别稀释至7 5004、0005、5001、600倍时仍具有良好的抑菌作用。     

利用大蒜提取物防治白菜黑斑病研究

研究了大蒜提取物对白菜黑斑病的防治情况,结果显示:大蒜提取物对白菜黑斑病菌具有极强的抑制作用,最小抑制浓度为0.75 g/mL.活体实验中,大蒜提取物对苗期和成株期白菜黑斑病均具有较好的防治效果,且预防作用好于治疗作用.本试验显示出大蒜提取物防治白菜黑斑病具有应用价值,对于生产无公害蔬菜具有重要作用.     

代森联防治苹果斑点落叶病与安全性试验

代森联防治苹果斑点落叶病的试验结果表明,代森联70%WG600倍液和800倍液对苹果斑点落叶病的防治效果较好,且对幼果和叶片安全。     

茎瘤芥（榨菜）黑斑病菌的分离与鉴定

对茎瘤芥黑斑病进行分离鉴定,以明确其分类地位。通过致病性测定、形态学观察及PCR鉴定,试验结果表明,茎瘤芥黑斑病的病原菌为半知菌亚门链格孢属芸薹链格孢Alternaria brassicae。