水杨酸处理对干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗氮素同化及其关键酶活性的影响

 采用黄瓜盆栽试验,定量浇水模拟不同程度干旱胁迫并结合根际施用水杨酸（SA）,分析了外源SA对干旱胁迫下幼苗含氮化合物含量及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗总氮和可溶性蛋白质含量,以及硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性下降,无机氮和游离氨基酸含量增加,并且随干旱胁迫强度增加以及时间延长表现更明显。外源施用0.1 mmol · L-1 SA显著提高了胁迫植株NR和GS活性,总氮、可溶性蛋白含量以及胁迫前期游离氨基酸含量,降低了无机氮的积累,其中NR和GS活性分别比不施SA的轻度和重度胁迫植株最多提高了19.63%、12.62%和21.92%、12.72%。表明外源SA提高了干旱胁迫条件下黄瓜幼苗的氮还原和同化能力,这可能是其提高植株抗旱能力的一个重要原因。     

Effects of ethephon,GA3 and nutrient elements on sex expression of Chinese chestnut

The effects of ethephon or GA₃ on sex expression of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima BL.) were opposite to the effects of these plant growth regulators on cucumber, pumpkin and Chinese white-flowered gourd. Ethephon at 100–500 mg 1^?1 inhibited the development of female flowers and promoted that of male flowers. GA₃ at 50–500 mg 1^?1 caused a significantly lower number of male inflorescences, but increased the number of female flowers. Urea applications decreased the number of male inflorescences and increased the number of female flowers. For plants grown on phosphorous-deficient soils, fertilizing with superphosphate also increased the number of female flowers. Spraying trees with GA₃, urea or a mixture of both increased the number of female flowers. Therefore, it is proposed that such applications should be employed at the onset of differentiation of flower primordia of Chinese chestnut to increase the ratio of female to male flowers.     

栝楼雌雄植株激素和多胺含量的比较

在栝楼生长发育各阶段,采用高效液相色谱技术分别对雌雄植株叶片内源激素及多胺含量进行分析。结果表明,吲哚乙酸（IAA）含量在所测定的生长发育期,雌株始终高于雄株,而脱落酸（ABA）含量雌株始终低于雄株;玉米素核苷（ZR）和赤霉素（GA1/3）含量在营养生长期雄株高于雌株,雄株进入生殖生长阶段后迅速下降,而雌株继续保持上升趋势,直至雌株进入生殖生长期后才迅速下降。雌株叶片中亚精胺（Spd）含量极显著高于雄株;精胺（Spm）含量在营养生长期雄株显著高于雌株,而在雌株进入生殖生长后雌雄株间差异不显著;腐胺（Put）含量在营养生长期雄株显著高于雌株,而在雌株进入生殖生长后雌株显著高于雄株。试验结果表明：高含量的IAA和Spd有利于栝楼雌花发育,而高含量的Put和Spm有利于雄花发育。当雌雄花盛开后,多胺均呈下降趋势,Put和Spm在雌雄株间含量差异越来越小。     

Effects of nitrate,ammonium and chloride application on the yield and nitrate content of soil-grown lettuce

Summary

The effect of nitrogen availability and nitrogen form on the yield and nitrate content of butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) grown in soil under greenhouse conditions was studied. The extent to which chloride application can reduce nitrate content by supplying the plant with an alternative osmotically active anion, and whether the presence of ammonium in the soil is a necessary prerequisite for an effect of chloride, was also examined. Reducing NO₃-N availability from 260 to 200 kg N ha^–1 significantly reduced nitrate content while head fresh weight was unaffected. Further reducing NO₃-N availability to 120 kg N ha^–1 significantly reduced both nitrate content and fresh weight. Substituting 40% of the available NO₃-N with NH₄-N significantly reduced nitrate content while fresh weight was unaffected. The effect of NH₄-N application on plant nitrate content was enhanced by the application of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). Despite increasing chloride uptake, the application of chloride had no significant effect on head fresh weight or nitrate content when available nitrogen was in the nitrate form irrespective of the level of nitrogen application. Chloride application similarly had no effect on head fresh weight or nitrate content when applied together with ammonium without the nitrification inhibitor DCD, despite a greater uptake of chloride. Where both ammonium and DCD were applied, however, chloride application significantly reduced head nitrate content.     

The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on some phenolic substances in globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori)

Globe artichoke has important nutritional values related to its high content of phenolic compounds such as cynarin and chlorogenic acid. Cynarin (1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) is a derivative of caffeic acid and has effect on hepatobiliary diseases, hyperlipidaemia, dropsy, rheumatism and cholesterol metabolism. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on the yield of the phenolics, chlorogenic acid and cynarin, both in leaves and in the edible part of the head of globe artichoke, were studied. Plant samples were collected for chemical analyses at the laboratories of the Chair of Vegetable Science, Department for Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München in Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. GA₃ at 60 ppm was applied either at 4, 6 or 8 weeks after transplanting date (ATD). When transplant were used, application of GA₃ at 4 weeks ATD significantly increased the content of chlorogenic acid in leaves while the level of cynarin was similar to the untreated control. In contrast when plants were direct seeded into the field, GA₃ treatments had no affect on phenolics in leaves compared to the untreated control. Whereas GA₃ reduced the time to flowering, it did not increase the content of chlorogenic acid or cynarin in leaves or in most of the flower receptacles, except when GA₃ was applied at 6 or 8 weeks. On the other hand, cynarin yield in the 3rd–5th harvested flower heads was higher than controls. The timing of GA₃ application is, thus, critical for decreasing time to flower as well as altering the content of cynarin and chlorogenic acid in globe artichoke.     

Flower Sex Expression in Lychee (Litchi chinensisSonn.) Is Affected by Gibberellic Acid and Naphthalene Acetic Acid

ABSTRACT

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 25, 50, and 100 mg-L^?1 and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 20, 40, and 80 mg-L^?1 were sprayed to runoff on flower panicles of 15-year-old lychee trees one week after panicle emergence. Trees sprayed with water only were used as the control. The number of male flowers was increased quadratically by NAA compared to the control in 2000, and 2001. The number of hermaphrodite flowers functioning as female (HF-F) and the number of hermaphrodite flowers functioning as male (HF-M) was reduced quadratically by all concentrations of NAA both years. The greater the NAA concentration, the greater the reduction. The total number of flowers was also reduced by all NAA concentrations both years. Fruit set (percentage of total HF-F flowers) was reduced quadratically by NAA in 2001, but had no effect in 2000. The number of male flowers was increased quadratically by GA₃ both years. Regression analysis also showed a positive relationship between GA₃ and HF-F flowers both years. However, hermaphrodite flowers functioning as male (HF-M) was reduced quadratically by GA₃ both years. In addition, the total number of flowers and fruit set was increased quadratically by GA₃ both years. GA₃promotion of male flowers, HF-F production, and increased fruit set may have important bearing on yield improvement.     

Effects of applications of plant growth regulators to papaya on the output and proteolytic activity of latex tapped from immature fruits

SUMMARY

Pistillate seedling plants of the local cultivar of papaya ‘Deshi’, transplanted 40 d after sowing, were sprayed with aqueous solutions of IBA (25 and 50 _ppm), GA₃ (100 and 200 _ppm), kinetin (50 and 100 _ppm), BA (25 and 50 _ppm), ethephon (100 and 200 ppm) or with water (control) 100 d after transplanting, when the experimental fruits borne by them were 15 d old. Latex was collected from the fruits when they were 90-95 d old and continued on four occasions, at 7 d intervals. Highly significant increases in yield and in protease activity of the latex over the control was obtained by application of ethephon. IBA and GA, also increased latex production, but spraying the plants with kinetin or BA solutions gave no clear results     

Effect of nitrogen nutrition of stock plants of Justicia gendarussa L. on the rooting of cuttings

The effect of the nitrogen nutrition of stock plants of Justicia gendarussa L. on the rooting of cuttings was studied in sand culture under high, medium and low levels of nitrogen.

Nitrogen starvation induced rooting. Exogenous application of the auxins IAA (indol-3yl-acetic acid), IBA (indol-3yl-butyric acid) and NAA (naphth-lyl-acetic acid) greatly increased the rooting response of cuttings from-stock plants grown with small amounts of nitrogen.

The root-promoting effect of a low nitrogen supply was associated with a retardation of growth in the stock plants from which the cuttings were made. High C/N (total available carbohydrates/total nitrogen) and P/N (total phosphorus/total nitrogen) ratios increased anthocyanin pigmentation in the shoot, and increased rooting cofactor activity in the tissues of cuttings. The phenolic compounds, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid were present in the shoots of all three nutritional treatments and acted as important cofactors in the cuttings. In general, rooting cofactor activity was inversely related to nitrogen supply and the activity was highest under low nitrogen.

The cuttings taken from plants grown under different levels of nitrogen interacted differentially with the exogenously applied auxins.     

日光温室和露地甜樱桃红艳秋季枝叶中氮代谢的比较

以日光温室和露地栽培的6年生槽栽甜樱桃红艳植株为试材,对秋季枝叶中全氮、总氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质、谷丙转氨酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、硝酸还原酶的变化动态进行了测定。结果表明,温室条件下叶片中的氮向枝中运转的量少于露地;长枝枝皮、短枝中的可溶性蛋白质减少,而长枝木质中可溶性蛋白质增加很多;叶中可溶性蛋白质高于露地,而且叶中的可溶性蛋白质在整个秋季都维持在相当高的水平。秋季枝中总氨基酸的变化趋势比较复杂,而叶中总氨基酸的变化趋势则很有规律,都有增加的趋势。秋季叶中谷丙转氨酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、硝酸还原酶的活性在整个秋季都没有急剧减少,有时还有增加,这表明叶片中的氮代谢一直在进行,并没有随叶片的衰老而减弱。     

The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on The Yield and Mineral Composition of Red Beet

Red beet was grown in factorial manurial experiments at two sites: at Wellesbourne annually from 1954 to 1964 in a rotation of vegetable crops and at Efford in 1959 only.

At Wellesbourne applications of FYM (20 tons per acre per crop), together with NPK fertilizers, consistently gave much higher yields than mineral fertilizers alone, but the relative effect of FYM did not increase as the experiment proceeded.

In the presence of FYM, yields of red beet increased with increasing rates of application of Nitrochalk (up to 124 lb. N per acre), but applications of phosphate and potash fertilizers did not affect yields.

In the absence of FYM, phosphate fertilizers did not increase yields significantly after 1959; there was an important interaction between the effects of the applications of Nitrochalk and SUlphate of potash. Each fertilizer applied alone produced small increases in yield, but when they were applied together at the highest rates used (186 lb. Nand 192 lb. K₂O per acre) large increases in yield were obtained and there was some indication that an even higher rate of application would have given a further increase in yield. At Efford, nitrogenous fertilizers increased yields significantly.

Applications of FYM increased the potassium and decreased the calcium and magnesium contents of red beet leaves and had only small effects on the nitrogen and phosphorus contents; in the roots, only the potassium content was altered (increased) by the FYM applications.

In general, in the absenc~ of FYM only potash fertilizer applications had large, consistent and significant effects on the mineral composition of the leaves and roots. At both sites, applications of sulphate of potash increased the potassium content of the leaves and had a much smaller depressing effect on the calcium and magnesium contents of the leaves but not, in general, of the roots.

The effects of the nitrogenous fertilizers on the total nitrogen content of the roots were relatively small, but could be important in relation to the processing quality of the beet.

The marked differences between the responses of red beet and early potatoes to the manurial treatments are discussed in relation to the nutrient contents of the plants.     

番木瓜雄性性别的RAPD和SCAR标记

利用RAPD标记技术鉴定番木瓜雄性性状。在214条随机引物中,用引物Z18扩增得到1条雄性多态性片段,此片段存在于试验所用材料的所有雄株中而两性株和雌株没有,将其命名为Z18-1000。根据对该片段的序列分析结果重新设计了2对引物将RAPD标记成功转化成了SCAR标记,并命名为SD-1000。     

杏鲍菇氨基酸对有氧运动中心肌及骨骼肌抗氧化能力的影响

为研究杏鲍菇氨基酸对有氧运动中心肌和骨骼肌的抗氧化能力,利用小鼠进行跑步有氧运动训练,同时灌胃杏鲍菇氨基酸,分组进行小鼠血液生化指标检测和体外抗氧化性试验.血液指标检测结果显示,杏鲍菇氨基酸能够有效降低血液LD、CK含量,但BUN含量出现升高.小鼠抗氧化试验结果显示,杏鲍菇氨基酸溶液对超氧阴离子自由基有较强的清除作用,...     

The Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium Magnesium and Lime in Factorial Combination on Ripening Disorders of Glasshouse Tomatoes

The effects of nutrition on the incidence of fruit ripening disorders are described, based on studies of three varieties of tomato (Potentate, Moneymaker and J168) grown with 72 combinations of fertilizers in heated glasshouse borders. The treatments included three levels each of nitrogen and potassium in factorial combination with two levels of phosphorus, magnesium and lime.

Potassium sulphate markedly decreased the overall percentage of unevenly ripened fruit from all three varieties. Magnesium sulphate had a similar but smaller effect; the response to magnesium was greatest at low levels of potassium. The higher level of phosphorus increased the proportion of unevenly ripened fruit, the combination of low potassium and high phosphorus having a particularly adverse effect. The responses to nitrogen were complex and differed between varieties. Lime increased the proportion of unevenly coloured fruit from varieties Moneymaker and J168, significantly in the high nitrogen plots. Numerous other interactions between nutrients were found.

The effects of the treatments on specific forms of ripening disorder were recorded, including greenback, yellow and green blotch, and waxy fruit. Potassium decreased the incidence of all forms of ripening disorder. High phosphorus increased the proportion of blotchy and waxy fruit, but significantly decreased the incidence of greenback in variety Potentate.

Although the intermediate level of potassium in this trial (871 lb. K₂ 0 per acre) had previously been found sufficient for maximum yield, significant improvements in fruit quality were obtained at the highest level (1,742 lb. K₂O per acre).     

45S rDNA-FISH鉴定银杏雌雄性别

 植物中核糖体基因主要位于染色体次缢痕的核仁组织区（NOR），NOR的数目与随体染色体数目相对应。以核糖体基因（45SrDNA）为探针，对明确的雌株和雄株银杏中期、间期细胞进行荧光原位杂交（FISH）。结果显示雌株有4个杂交点，雄株有3个杂交点，表明雌性银杏具有4条带随体的染色体，而雄性银杏具有3条带随体的染色体。进一步证明银杏的雌雄性别决定与随体染色体数目有关。     

不同水溶肥料组配对设施番茄产量、 品质及土壤养分含量的影响

摘要：为研究不同水溶肥料配施在设施番茄水肥一体化中的应用效果,采用田间试验和室内试验 相结合的方法,研究了大量元素水溶肥料、中量元素水溶肥料、含腐植酸水溶肥料、含氨基酸水溶肥 料（中量元素型）、含氨基酸水溶肥料（微量元素型）等5种常见水溶肥料组配对番茄产量、品质及土 壤养分含量的影响。结果表明：施用不同组合水溶肥料均可以改善番茄农艺性状,具有显著的增产效 果,大量元素、大量元素＋中量元素、大量元素＋含腐植酸、大量元素＋含氨基酸（中量元素型）、大 量元素＋含氨基酸（微量元素型）水溶肥料处理667 m2 产量分别比清水对照提高8.3%、10.2%、5.3%、 5.6%和6.4%;同时还能改善番茄的品质和土壤养分状况,各处理VC含量分别比对照增加8.7%、13.4%、 23.8%、19.2%和16.9%,可溶性固形物含量分别比对照增加11.3%、14.5%、25.8%、24.2%和22.6%。综合 追肥效果,建议在设施番茄生产中,按照大量元素＋中量元素水溶肥料处理施肥以提高产量,或按照大量 元素＋含腐植酸水溶肥料处理施肥以提高番茄品质。     

不同氮素水平对草莓氨基酸和蛋白质的影响

对不同氮素水平下草莓(FragariaananssaDuch.)果实中的氨基酸和蛋白质进行了分析,结果表明:在所测出的17种氨基酸中,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸等是草莓主要的氨基酸,其中天冬氨酸含量最高,占总氨基酸的21.27%～26.83%,其含量与总氨基酸之间存在显著相关性,回归方程为yaa=4.2545+1.6763xAsp(r=0.6858),并且施氮量对这些主要氨基酸的含量变化幅度影响较大。花期追施不同水平氮肥后,随着施氮量增加,蛋白质和氨基酸含量呈增加趋势,必需氨基酸含量亦增加,但占总氨基酸的比例下降。不同氮素水平(低量、中量、高量)下,蛋白质与氨基酸的含量均是随成熟期先下降后上升,而对照(不施氮肥)呈一直下降趋势。蛋白质与氨基酸之间也存在相关性,回归方程为yPr=1.2665+3.4259xaa(r=0.7664)。     

Gibberellic acid influences the production of malformed and button berries,and fruit yield and quality in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Experiments were conducted to observe the effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid on vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting and various disorders in ‘Chandler’ strawberry. GA₃ (75 ppm) was applied to the strawberry plants either during mid-November (at fruit bud differentiation stage), or mid-February (pre-flowering stage) or at both times. Fruit under control were sprayed with tap water only. Observations were recorded on vegetative attributes like crown height, crown spread, petiole length, leaf number, leaf area; flowering and fruit set, fruit size; production of albino, malformed and button berries, total yield and marketable fruit yield and quality parameters, like juice content, TSS, ascorbic acid contents, acidity etc. Results indicated that GA₃ (75 ppm) spray either during mid-November or mid-February or at both times has favourably influenced all vegetative attributes of ‘Chandler’ strawberry over control. Similarly, fruit set was increased, and production of malformed and button berries was reduced, but albinism remained unaffected. Although individual berry weight was reduced slightly, but fruit number, total as well as marketable yield was increased tremendously over control with no adverse effect on fruit quality parameters. In all, spraying GA₃ both during mid-November and mid-February was much more effective in achieving the desirable results than single application of GA₃ either during mid-November or mid-February.     

Effect of two irrigation rates on yield,incidence of blossom-end rot,mineral content and free amino acid levels in tomato cultivated under drip irrigation using saline water

Summary

An experiment investigated the effects of two rates of irrigation, one of which reflected a substantial degree of water stress, on the mineral content, free amino acid levels and incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Durinta'). The plants were grown in the open with drip irrigation using saline water from a well (mean EC_w 5.2 dS m²¹). The yield per plant was higher and fewer fruit were affected by BER in the treatment involving the higher level of irrigation. The fruit of the first and fifth truss, and the leaves immediately above, were analysed for their macronutrient, micronutrient and free amino acid content. The macronutrient leaf and fruit content hardly showed any difference, only the N concentration in fruit being significantly affected in the water stressed plants, in which the levels were higher. The Ca concentration in the stylar portion of mature fruit, which is related with the incidence of BER, was not significantly affected by the level of irrigation. As regards micronutrients, only the Fe (in leaf and fruit of the first truss), Cu (in leaf of the first truss), Zn (in leaf and fruit of the first truss, and leaf of the fifth truss) and Mn (in leaf of the first truss) concentrations differed significantly. The total free amino acid leaf content was similar in both irrigation treatments. However, the total free amino acid content of fruit, significantly those of the first truss, was higher in the less irrigated treatment. The amino acids: aspartic acid (only from the first.truss), glutamic acid, proline and alanine had high concentrations in the fruit of the less irrigated plants, while the g-aminobutyric acid and phenylalanine (only from the fifth truss) concentrations were higher in fruit of the more irrigated plants.     

Vegetative and floral bud abortion in cucumber plants: Hormonal and environmental effects

The acropetal, zonal pattern of axillary buds along the main shoot of the cucumber plant, which includes bare nodes (no appreciable development), staminate, mixed and, lastly, pistillate (or hermaphrodite) ones, is described in monoecious, gynoecious, andromonoecious and hermaphrodite genotypic lines grown at various seasons and treated with gibberellin (GA_{4 + 7}) or with an ethylene-releasing compound (CEPA, 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid).Under optimal growing-conditions, GA given to gynoecious and hermaphrodite plants mimicked summer conditions by increasing the number of basal bare nodes and the proportion of abortive female buds and staminate buds. CEPA given to monoecious and andromonoecious plants generally imitated winter conditions by decreasing the proportion of bare and abortive nodes, and increasing female tendency.Bud abortion was also noticed under sub-optimal growing-conditions (low light intensities and relatively low temperatures) during the winter. This seems to be physiologically unrelated to the above mentioned phenomena.     

Root damage affects nitrogen uptake and growth of young Fuji/M.26 apple trees

Summary

Effects of root damage during the transplant process on growth and nitrogen (N) uptake were studied with one-year-old bench-grafted Malus domestica Borkh ‘Fuji’ on M.26 rootstock apple nursery plants. Plants were potted after grafting and grown outside for one season. At the end of the season uniform trees were selected and randomly divided into four groups. One group of plants were moved into a 2°C cold room with soil and container intact (IR Treatment). Plants in other groups were removed from pots and stored as bareroot in the same cold room for three months. In the spring, bareroot plants were either: (1) transplanted with about 10% of the root system damaged during transplant (TP Treatment and Control-CK); or (2) root pruned by 25% (by volume) prior to transplant (RP treatment). Five trees from each treatment received 1 g of ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ at 12, 41 and 76 d after repotting. Control (CK) trees received no N. Trees were harvested 10 d after each N application, and plant growth and total N and ¹⁵N content of different tissues were determined. Root pruning reduced plant total biomass and root biomass at the first two harvests, but the plants from the RP treatment had highest total plant biomass and root biomass at the third harvest. There was no significant difference in the new stem and leaf growth among IR, RP and CK treatments at harvests but the TP treatment reduced new shoot biomass. Plants with intact roots (IR) had the higher total N content while control plants (CK) had the lowest. Root pruning reduced ¹⁵N uptake rate at the first two harvests but promoted it at the third harvest. Our results suggest that plant growth and nutrient uptake was suppressed by root pruning/damage during transplanting only in the early season, and the negative effects on growth and N uptake were offset later in the season by compensative root regeneration.