盐胁迫下嫁接伽师甜瓜植株生长与多胺以及多胺氧化酶活性的关系

3种浓度NaCl对嫁接伽师瓜植株生长和产量没有显著抑制作用,而对自根伽师瓜植株的生长和产量产生明显的抑制作用,并随处理浓度的提高抑制作用明显增强。150mmol/L的NaCl胁迫35d嫁接伽师甜瓜植株叶片和根系中的3种形态多胺都有不同程度的下降,其中游离态多胺下降幅度最大;高氯酸不溶性结合态多胺含量变化较小。根系中PAO的活性先上升后下降,而叶片中PAO的活性先下降后上升。游离态多胺中,亚精胺和精胺(Spd+Spm)的含量变化与相应部位PAO的活性变化趋势相反,表明PAO在盐胁迫下可能调节了游离态多胺的含量从而影响高氯酸可溶结合态与高氯酸不溶结合态多胺的含量。     

低温胁迫下4种苹果砧木叶片多胺的变化

以山定子(Malus baccata Borkh)、新疆野苹果[M.sieversii(Ledeb)Roem]、烟台沙果[M.prunifoli(Willd)Borkh]和莱芜难咽(M.micromalus Makino)等4种苹果砧木为试材,测定了低温胁迫下不同砧木叶片的多胺含量。结果表明,胁迫6 h时叶片的MDA含量可反映4个砧木的耐寒性,从高到低依次为山定子>新疆野苹果>莱芜难咽>烟台沙果;低温胁迫能明显诱导多胺总量(PAs)、腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)的合成,耐寒性强的山定子和新疆野苹果PAs、Put和Spd增加显著,而耐寒性较弱的莱芜难咽和烟台沙果多胺和3种胺的变化不大。低温胁迫6 h时,MDA变化量与叶片PAs、Put、Spd变化量以及Put/PAs比值呈极显著或显著负相关,而与(Spd+Spm)/Put、Spd/PAs、Spm/PAs呈显著正相关,与Spm变化量无相关关系,表明当低温胁迫下叶片PAs、Put、Spd增加量较大时,苹果砧木耐低温胁迫的能力比较强,PAs、Put及Spd在胁迫条件下的增加量可作为苹果砧木耐低温胁迫能力高低的鉴定指标。     

Nitrogenous compounds enhance the growth of petunia and reprogram biochemical changes against the adverse effect of salinity

This study aimed to determine ways to improve the growth and salt tolerance of petunia. Effects of polyamines (PAs; spermidine [Spd], spermine [Spm], and putrescine [Put]) and a nitric oxide (NO) donor (sodium nitroprusside [SNP]) were investigated. Initially, we screened petunia cultivars against sodium chloride (0–125 mM). The petunia cultivar Hurrah Red was identified as salt-sensitive cultivar in the basis of salt-effect on seed germination, fresh weight, and root length of seedlings. Treatment of Hurrah Red shoots with nitrogenous compounds improved the number, length, and fresh weight of roots, as well as the length and fresh weight of shoots over those of the control. Furthermore, plantlets rooted in an optimal concentration of Spd (34.5 µM), Spm (24.8 µM), Put (62.1 µM), and SNP (3.9 µM) were treated with 200 mM NaCl for 3 days to assess their tolerance level. Salt-affected plantlets showed higher level of lipid peroxidation, reduced catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities and decreased contents of photosynthetic pigments and polyphenol than those of the control. PAs and SNP treatments significantly elevated photosynthetic pigments, enhanced antioxidant enzymes, and decreased lipid peroxidation in salt-stressed plantlets. Moreover, the growth and salt-tolerance response of petunia was highest when plantlets were exposed to SNP, followed by levels on treatment with Put, Spm, and Spd. Thus, the findings of this study suggested that treatment with exogenous SNP, Put, Spm, and Spd could protect petunia plants against soil salinity and improve their commercial production.     

特早熟温州蜜柑‘胁山’果实浮皮过程中内源游离多胺含量的变化

以特早熟温州蜜柑‘胁山’为试材,研究了内源游离多胺含量与果实浮皮的关系。结果表明:‘胁山’果实浮皮过程中内源游离多胺总量减少,腐胺(Put)迅速积累,亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量持续降低,Put/(Spd+Spm)值逐渐增大,证明柑橘果实浮皮可能是果实的过早衰老引起的。外源Spd能有效地降低Put/(Spd+Spm)值,增加内源多胺总量,从而延缓果实衰老,推迟浮皮的发生。     

Exogenous polyamines alleviate the lipid peroxidation induced by cadmium chloride stress in Malus hupehensis Rehd.

In order to investigate the effects of spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) on the stress of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), it was checked that the content of polyamines and malondialdehyde (MDA), the rate of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) generation and the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) in 1-year-old Malus hupehensis Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang (tea crabapple) seedlings grown in nutrient solution. The result showed that the content of free putrescine (Put) was increased, the contents of free Spd and Spm and the (Spd + Spm)/Put ratio in leaves were decreased significantly under CdCl₂ treatment. Foliar spraying with Spd or Spm under CdCl₂ treatment, the accumulation of free Put reduced, the contents of free Spd and Spm and the ratio of (Spd + Spm)/Put in leaves increased significantly. The activities of SOD and GPX in leaves were enhanced and O₂⁻ generation rate and MDA content were decreased significantly by foliar spraying with Spd or Spm under CdCl₂ treatment. Results suggest that both Spd and Spm can alleviate the lipid peroxidation caused by CdCl₂ in M. hupehensis var. pinyiensis.     

NaCl胁迫对番茄嫁接苗根系多胺含量的影响

以耐盐番茄品种‘影武者’为砧木, ‘宝大903’为接穗, 研究了100 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫10 d条件下, 嫁接苗与自根苗生长和根系不同形态(游离态、结合态和束缚态) 多胺含量的变化。结果表明: 嫁接苗的生物量显著高于自根苗; 在整个胁迫期内嫁接苗根系3种形态的腐胺和精胺含量呈上升趋势,3种形态的亚精胺含量呈下降趋势; 自根苗根系游离态和结合态精胺含量在胁迫第6天达到峰值后下降;束缚态精胺含量变化不明显, 3种形态的腐胺、亚精胺含量在整个胁迫期内呈下降趋势。以上结果表明,腐胺和精胺在番茄嫁接苗根系耐盐性方面发挥着重要作用。     

香蕉贮藏过程中多胺与乙烯的关系

以巴西香蕉为试材,研究了随着果实后熟程度的增加,果实中精胺、亚精胺和腐胺三种多胺与乙烯生成之间的关系。结果表明:精胺与乙烯生成之间存在比较明显的拮抗关系,但随着乙烯生成量的增加,亚精胺释放量只有轻微下降;同时,腐胺略有上升;采用外源腐胺处理果实,发现乙烯生成受到一定程度的抑制,且与外源腐胺浓度成正比;结合内源腐胺与乙烯的关系,综合分析表明,腐胺含量的增加可以抑制乙烯的生成。     

栝楼雌雄植株激素和多胺含量的比较

在栝楼生长发育各阶段,采用高效液相色谱技术分别对雌雄植株叶片内源激素及多胺含量进行分析。结果表明,吲哚乙酸（IAA）含量在所测定的生长发育期,雌株始终高于雄株,而脱落酸（ABA）含量雌株始终低于雄株;玉米素核苷（ZR）和赤霉素（GA1/3）含量在营养生长期雄株高于雌株,雄株进入生殖生长阶段后迅速下降,而雌株继续保持上升趋势,直至雌株进入生殖生长期后才迅速下降。雌株叶片中亚精胺（Spd）含量极显著高于雄株;精胺（Spm）含量在营养生长期雄株显著高于雌株,而在雌株进入生殖生长后雌雄株间差异不显著;腐胺（Put）含量在营养生长期雄株显著高于雌株,而在雌株进入生殖生长后雌株显著高于雄株。试验结果表明：高含量的IAA和Spd有利于栝楼雌花发育,而高含量的Put和Spm有利于雄花发育。当雌雄花盛开后,多胺均呈下降趋势,Put和Spm在雌雄株间含量差异越来越小。     

Relationship between changes in endogenous polyamines and seed quality during development of sh2 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) seed

Polyamines putatively affect tolerance to abiotic stresses and are believed to be important in organogenesis. Present experiments investigate the relationship between polyamines (PAs) and seed quality. Therefore, during seed development, the changes in free putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) and physiological and biochemical parameters in F₁ seeds of sh₂ sweet corn were compared. Concentrations of Put, Spd and Spm increased from 14 to 30 days after pollination (DAP). After 30 DAP Put concentration declined with an opposite trend to that of Spd and Spm. The regression analysis between PAs and seed quality described by physiological and biochemical parameters including germination percentage, germination energy, germination index, seed size, seed fresh and dry weight, total soluble sugar, total soluble protein, Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity were conducted. Spd was observed to have a closer relation with the comprehensive physiological changes of seeds during their development than that of Put and Spm. Moreover, the Spm concentration might be more suitable to forecast seed germinability during seed maturation period than Spd and Put. It indicated that endogenous Spd and Spm in dissociated form had more effect than Put during seed development progress of sweet corn.     

外源多胺对核桃雌雄花芽分化及叶片内源多胺含量的影响

 以‘辽宁1号’核桃为试材，研究了外源多胺对雌雄花芽分化及叶片内源多胺含量的影响。两年试验结果表明，喷施1×10^-3mol·L^-1和1×10^-4mol·L^-1的腐胺(Put)和亚精胺(Spd)能够显著增加雌花数量，提高雌雄花芽比例。在雌花芽生理分化期，芽内Put、Spd和精胺(Spm)含量升高并达高峰，叶片内Put含量累积并达高峰，而Spd、Spm含量变化不大。1×10^-3mol·L 的Put和Spd处理可提高叶片内源多胺含量，其中内源Put、Spd的含量升高早于内源Spm含量的升高。     

Biochemical changes in dormant grapevine shoot tissues in response to chilling: Possible role in dormancy release

At leaf fall, one-year-old shoots of cv. Superior Seedless table grape were collected and cut into single-node sections. These cuttings were subjected to 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 h of chilling at 5 °C to simulate natural chilling accumulation. After each treatment, one group of cuttings was forced to break buds while a second group was used to study biochemical changes taking place in the bud and underlying internode tissues. Carbohydrates, free polyamines and proline concentrations were determined and amylolitic and invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activities were estimated. Low temperature treatment caused a hydrolysis of starch concomitant with an accumulation of sucrose. There was also a rapid build-up of proline, putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) which reached their maximum levels at 300 positive chill units (PCU). Afterwards, as buds approached chilling satisfaction (400 and 500 PCU), hexoses accumulated in the buds while sucrose concentration increased considerably in both structures. Proline and Put, however, decreased in both tissues. Spd level remained high, while spermine (Spm) increased slightly. Changes in starch concentration seem to be controlled by α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1). Sucrolytic activity, consisting mainly in the acid invertase form, changed inversely to sucrose concentrations. Nevertheless, at chilling satisfaction both sucrose content and invertase activity remained high in the buds implying a possible import of sucrose into the bud which acted as a strong utilizing sink. Our data suggest that limited budbreak due to a lack of chilling may be due to low hexoses availability. However, as buds approached chilling satisfaction, a high acid invertase activity, high soluble sugars concentration and a decrease in Put to Spd plus Spm ratio appear to be correlated with bud dormancy release and improve budbreak. Furthermore, endodormancy can be divided into two phases: the first one (from 0 to 300 PCU) is an acclimation period; the second (from 300 to 500 PCU) is a beginning of growth resumption.     

低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系多胺代谢的变化

 利用外源Spd、PAO 抑制剂研究了黄瓜幼苗根系在低氧水培时的生长状况以及内源PAs、H₂O₂ 含量和PAO活性的动态变化。结果表明, 外源PAs对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系的生长有促进作用;低氧处理后3种PAs含量都明显上升, 外源Spd和PAO抑制剂增加了根系中的PAs含量, 降低了根系中H₂O₂ 含量, 减缓了低氧伤害; PAs为低氧胁迫的应激产物, PAO为适应酶类, 其活性随PAs含量的变化而发生变化。     

外源多胺对富士苹果花和幼果内源多胺与激素的影响

 红富士苹果花和幼果内均含有腐胺(Put) 、亚精胺(Spd) 和精胺(Spm) , 其中以Spd 含量最高。盛花期喷施1 ×10^-5mol·L^-1的Spd , 可提高花和幼果内GA₃ 、ZR 的含量, 但IAA、ABA 含量下降; 喷施多胺合成抑制剂MGBG降低了喷后10 d 幼果内GA₃ 含量, 却提高了花和幼果内IAA 含量; 对内源多胺的测定结果表明, 盛花期喷施Spd 提高了喷后20 d 幼果内源Put 、Spd 及Spm含量, 降低了花内的含量; 喷施MGBG提高花和幼果内Put 含量, 降低Spd及Spm含量。田间试验结果表明, 盛花期喷施1 ×10^-5mol ·L^-1的Spd , 坐果率为对照的144. 1 % , 而喷施1 ×10^-5mol ·L^-1的MGBG, 坐果率为对照的86. 2 %。     

外源多胺及其合成抑制剂对核桃叶片光合作用的影响

以5～7年生早实核桃辽宁1号、晚实核桃礼品1号为试材,研究了外源多胺及其合成抑制剂对核桃光合作用的影响,结果表明,礼品1号核桃Pn日变化呈双峰曲线。不同浓度的多胺及其合成抑制剂显著降低了处理后1.5h辽宁1号核桃Pn。1×10-3mol/LSpd、1×10-4mol/LPut、1×10-4mol/LSpd在处理后5.5～8h能显著提高辽宁1号核桃Pn,在处理后7～9h能显著提高礼品1号核桃Pn。礼品1号Fv/Fm日变化呈“U”型曲线。外源Put、Spd在处理后3h能够提高或显著提高辽宁1号Fv、Fv/Fm、QN。     

‘新高’梨花粉败育与内源多胺含量变化的关系

 以花粉败育的‘新高’梨和花粉可育的‘丰水’梨为试材, 对不同发育阶段的花蕾或花药内不同形态的腐胺( Put) 、亚精胺( Spd) 和精胺( Spm) 含量进行了分析, 以探讨多胺种类和形态与新高花粉败育的关系。结果表明: 新高花蕾发育过程中游离态的Put和Spd含量变化幅度不大, 丰水则在单核花粉到二核花粉时期出现高峰, 在单核花粉期到单核花粉晚期含量是新高的3～5倍。新高中游离态的Spm也显著低于丰水; 丰水中高氯酸可溶共价结合态Put、Spd和Spm含量逐渐增加, 新高在花粉败育前期或败育期出现不同于丰水的高峰; 除丰水成熟的花药外, 两个品种中高氯酸不溶结合态多胺含量的变化基本一致; 两个品种的不同形态Put、Spd和Spm总量在败育前期差异不显著, 此后新高显著低于丰水; 丰水中的多胺均以游离态为主, 新高以高氯酸可溶结合态为主。     

不同种类外源多胺缓解番茄盐胁迫伤害的研究

采用水培法,以耐盐能力较弱的番茄品种江蔬14号为试验材料,研究了盐胁迫下不同种类、不同浓度外源多胺对番茄幼苗生长及质膜透性 的影响。结果表明：100 mmol·L^-1的NaCl胁迫12 d,番茄幼苗的株高相对生长率、主根长相对生长率及植株的干质量、鲜质量降低,叶片质膜透性 增加;喷施外源多胺可以缓解盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,其中100 mg·L^-1 Spd、100 mg·L^-1 Spm和150 mg·L^-1 Put作用效果最为明显。     

外源多胺促进红富士苹果花芽形成的效应

两年试验结果表明,在红富士苹果花芽生理分化期喷施10~(-4)mol·l~(-1)Put、10~(-3)～10~(-5)mol·l~(-1)Spd、10~(-5)～10~(-6)mol·l~(-1)Spm能明显提高红富士苹果的成花枝率,外源多胺的效应与多胺种类、浓度、应用时期及年份等密切相关。     

Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Reduced Glutathione on the Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Olive Plants

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low molecular mass antioxidants and NaCl salinity on growth, ionic balance, proline, and water contents of ‘Zard’ olive trees under controlled greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out by spraying 2 mM of ascorbic acid (Asc) and 3 mM of reduced glutathione (GSH) on the plants that were treated with two salinity levels (0 and 100 mM NaCl) on their root medium. Plant growth parameters (leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf number, total fresh weight, and total dry weight) were significantly improved by Asc compared with growth parameters in GSH and control plants. Higher concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^– were observed in salt-stressed plants, while Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations were decreased in the olive leaves that were sprayed with Asc. Salinity in the root zone caused a considerable decline in both K⁺ concentration and K/Na ratio. K⁺ concentration and K/Na ratio were significantly increased by application of Asc on plant leaves. Salinity caused an increase in electrolyte leakage (EL) compared with the control plants. Lowest EL and tissue water content (TWC) was obtained in Asc-sprayed plants, whereas TWC was increased in salt-stressed plants. Plants were subjected to salt stress and showed a higher relative water content (RWC) than the control plants. Salt stress induced proline accumulation in olive leaves. In conclusion, exogenous application of Asc is recommended to improve tolerance of olive plants under saline conditions.     

Polyamines enhance chilling tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating antioxidative system

Cucumber chilling-resistant cultivar Changchun mici and -sensitive cultivar Beijing jietou were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous PAs on protection against chilling injury as well as on changes of physiological features, and the fluctuation of free PAs content in the leaves under chilling stress. Upon chilling treatment, free spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm) and putrescine (Put) were remarkably induced in the leaves of cv. Changchun mici 1 day after treatment. The induction of Put declined thereafter, whereas Spd and Spm levels increased steadily. In the leaves of cv. Beijing jietou, Put content was increased only at 1 day after chilling while Spd content decreased significantly upon chilling treatment. Chilling reduced soluble protein content, and decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) only in Beijing jietou. However, these changes could be renovated by exogenous application of Put and Spd. It was also found that pretreatment with Put and Spd diminished the increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content caused by chilling in the leaves of both cultivars. Pretreatment of methyglyoxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), the PAs biosynthetic inhibitor cancelled the effects of PAs in most of the treatments. Moreover, histochemical staining and quantitative measurements showed that exogenous application of Put and Spd eliminated but MGBG exaggerated the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation caused by chilling stress, especially in leaves of Beijing jietou. Interestingly, Changchun mici was found to contain higher endogenous free PAs contents compared to Beijing jietou. While no significant difference of SOD, POD and CAT activities was found between non-chilling Changchun mici and Beijing jietou seedlings, the former exhibited higher APX activity than the latter. These results suggest that PAs play important roles in the tolerance of cucumber against chilling stress, which is most likely achieved by acting as oxidative machinery against chilling injury.     

种子败育型葡萄胚珠中内源多胺含量与胚珠发育及败育的关系

为探明种子败育型葡萄胚珠中内源多胺含量与胚败育的关系,以种子败育型葡萄和有核对照品种自交果实为试材,研究了不同胚胎发育时期胚珠内源多胺含量的变化规律。结果表明,除有核葡萄Spm含量在胚发育过程中始终表现上升趋势外,葡萄胚珠内源PAs、Put和Spd含量均表现为先升后降的变化趋势。种子败育型葡萄的内源PAs、Put和Sp...