Effect of Season on the Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus L.) I. Growth Rate

The effect of seasonal variation in the glasshouse environment on the initial growth rate of the carnation has been determined from the increase in dry weight of rooted cuttings of the cultivar White Sim grown for a 27-day period ; observations were repeated at 14-day intervals over a period of one year.

Absolute growth rates varied over the season by a factor of ten, values ranging from approximately 0.01 g day^-1 in winter to 0.1 g day^-1 in summer. Growth rate was found to be a linear function of the mean daily radiation flux density during the growing period; shade-grown plants which received only 50% of the normal radiation showed a corresponding reduction in growth rates. The regression coefficients of absolute growth rate on radiation were similar for both full-light and shade-grown plants. Absolute growth rates showed a curvilinear relationship with respect to the glasshouse mean air temperature.

Relative growth rates of plants grown under full radiation ranged from 1% per day in winter to 4.5% per day in summer.     

二氯异氰脲酸钠处理对香石竹切花的保鲜效应

 就杀菌剂二氯异氰脲酸钠（Sodium dichloroisocyanurate,DICA）处理对瓶插香石竹(Dianthus caryphyllus L.) 切花的保鲜效应进行了初步探讨。结果表明：与对照（蒸馏水）相比,15.4和77.0 mg·L^-1 DICA处理可使香石竹切花的瓶插寿命分别延长6.0 d和6.8 d,但后者对观赏品质有不利影响;DICA处理有利于减缓切花茎基部水分导度下降, 维持花枝的水分吸收和鲜重,尤以15.4 mg·L^-1 DICA处理为佳;细菌计数试验和抑菌圈试验表明DICA处理可有效抑制瓶插液中微生物的生长。     

The Response of Carnations (Dianthus Caryophyllus) to Ethylene

Carnation flowers were treated with ethylene and then transferred to ethylene-free air at 65° F. (18·3° C.) and the effect on senescence observed. Short exposures (0.2 p.p.m. for 6 hrs.) gave no visible response; the same concentration for 48 hrs. in the absence of CO₂ caused irreversible wilting. The response of flowers to intermediate concentrations is described.

Accumulation of carbon dioxide during the ethylene treatment delayed ethylene-induced senescence. Carbon dioxide (2–3%) or ethylene oxide (0·1–0·2%) was sufficient to prevent damage by 0·2 p.p.m. ethylene and also suppressed the surge of endogenous ethylene which accompanies wilting of petals by exogenous ethylene. Respiration was increased 25–40% by toxic doses of ethylene. The surge in endogenous ethylene which occurs at senescence may be suppressed by accumulation of carbon dioxide or depletion of oxygen, the threshold concentration being about 4% for each gas. An increase in the rate of leakage of solutes occurred at senescence and when petal tissue broke down.

The results of these investigations are discussed in relation to the problem of storage of flowers.     

温度对香石竹种苗芽生长的影响

试验表明，温度影响香石竹芽的生长发育速度，在一定的温度范围内，随着温度升高，香石竹种苗芽有加快生长的趋势；香石竹种苗的出叶速度在“线性温度区间”内与温度成正比；香石竹不同品种对温度的敏感程度不同；昼夜温度变化对香石竹种苗芽的生长速度也有一定程度的影响。     

摘心方式对日光温室香石竹切花产量及品质的影响

在日光温室内以“恋人”、“紫罗兰”、“香妃”、“魅力”和“玛斯特”5个香石竹品种为试材,进行一次摘心、一次半摘心、二次摘心、二次半摘心4种不同摘心方式处理,测定各处理的切花产量及品质指标.结果表明:随摘心次数的增加,分枝数增加,切花量上升,但切花率下降,花茎变短,花径变小,切花品质下降.摘心方式对不同品种的分枝数、切花量度品质的影响不一致.一次半摘心处理,切花量及切花率较高且品质优良,为多数切花品种的最佳摘心方式.     

Co2+对香石竹切花瓶插期间膜脂过氧化作用的影响

以Yellow sim香石竹为试验材料,比较了Co2+与硫代硫酸银(STS)对香石竹切花采后主要膜脂过氧化指标的影响。结果表明:Co2+处理与STS处理相比,可有效减缓花瓣含水量和可溶性糖含量的下降,抑制细胞膜透性的上升幅度,延缓SOD活性下降,有效减缓膜脂过氧化的伤害,延长切花瓶插寿命。Co2+处理比STS处理具有更好的保鲜效果,可作为STS的一种安全环保替代剂。     

Effects of Environment on Flower Initiation in Carnation

The main object of the investigation was to attempt the separation of effects of photoperiod and total incident light energy in controlling flower initiation in the glasshouse carnation, variety White Sim.

Low light intensities delayed flower initiation. The delay was associated with reduced rates of growth in terms of dry weight, reduced rates of leaf initiation and increased number of leaves formed below the flower. Short days also delayed flower initiation and increased the number of leaves formed below the flower. Photoperiod, however, had no appreciable effect on growth in terms of dry weight or on rates of leaf initiation, but internode length was greater in long days than in short days. A period of illumination given in the middle of the night was more effective in promoting flower initiation than an equivalent period given to extend the day. Internode length was similar in these treatments. Effects of night temperature were less consistent than those of light intensity or daylength but, under most of the conditions tested, high night temperatures (minimum 65° F. (18° C.)) delayed flower initiation and increased the number of leaves formed below the flower. Low temperature treatment of plants at 40° F. (4.5° C.) for one month promoted subsequent flower initiation and reduced the number of leaves formed below the flower.     

不同保鲜剂对香石竹切花保鲜效应

研究了由蔗糖、KNO3、Vc和柠檬酸组成的不同保鲜剂对香石竹切花的保鲜效果及瓶插寿命的影响.通过对切花在瓶插期间的生理生化变化的研究,结果表明:1.5%蔗糖 0.2%KNO3 0.02%Vc 0.01%柠檬酸能改善花枝的生理状况,延长切花瓶插寿命(17 d(天)),是适合香石竹切花保鲜的最优组合.     

不同预处理液对香石竹切花保鲜的影响

研究不同浓度组合的蔗糖、AgNO3、CaCl2、水杨酸钠预处理液对香石竹切花保鲜效果的影响.结果表明:50 g/L Suc+10 g/L CaCl2 +20 mg/L SA预处理液对香石竹切花的保鲜效果最好.可有效提高香石竹切花的吸水能力,提高SOD活性,降低MDA含量,延长了切花寿命.     

无机盐对香石竹切花保鲜生理效应的研究

4种含不同无机盐的保鲜剂均能不同程度地增加切花的鲜重 ,改善体内的水分状况 ,降低游离脯氨酸含量以及过氧化物酶 (POD)活性 ,延长瓶插寿命 ,其中以保鲜剂 1(3%蔗糖 +2 0 0mg·L-18-HQ +2 0 0mg·L-1柠檬酸 +5 0mg·L-1AgNO3 )保鲜效果最好。     

不同时期及部位的外植体对香石竹芽形成的影响

在春、冬季取香石竹的顶芽、茎段芽进行离体培养,研究不同采集季节及部位的外植体对香石竹芽形成的影响。结果表明:在春季取顶芽做外植体采用70%酒精30s+0.1%升汞6min消毒处理可获得较好的试管苗。70%酒精30s+0.1%升汞6min较适宜于外植体消毒,在春季取材,顶芽分化优于茎段芽,在冬季取材,茎段芽分化优于顶芽。     

水杨酸对香石竹切花衰老过程中糖代谢的影响

以红色香石竹为试材,研究了不同浓度水杨酸对香石竹瓶插期间糖代谢的影响.结果表明:水杨酸能提高瓶插期间香石竹异柠檬酸裂解酶活性和可溶性糖的含量,促进糖异生作用,使乙醇酸氧化酶显著增强,提高细胞的氧化状态,延缓香石竹切花的衰老.     

疏果处理对硕光杏花器官质量的影响

疏果是改善果实品质的重要技术之一。以鲜食杏品种硕光为研究试材,以不疏果为对照,研究了疏果处理(果间距5cm、10cm和15cm)对翌年杏花器官质量的影响。结果表明:疏果处理可以提高花芽、花瓣和雌蕊的重量,降低雌蕊败育率。     

五味子花芽分化过程中的源库关系对花芽分化质量的影响

以五味子6年生优系为试材,测定结果叶丛枝和营养长枝叶片中的淀粉、可溶性糖、全氮和可溶性蛋白质含量,并调查果实的生长动态。结果表明:花芽分化质量不同的枝类,其叶片的碳氮化合物动态变化存在较大差异,并与果实的生长动态具有一定的相关性。在果实负载量较大的情况下,由于芽体的营养竞争能力差,营养供应不足,不能分化出较高比率的雌花芽。     

不同蘸花剂对黄瓜果实生长及品质的影响

针对黄瓜生产中使用避孕药保持鲜花和乱用激素蘸花的争论,选取不同浓度的避孕药(醋酸甲地孕酮)和5种激素对黄瓜进行蘸花处理。结果表明:醋酸甲地孕酮对黄瓜鲜花保持及果实膨大没有作用;2,4-D能延迟黄瓜开花,保持黄瓜鲜花不败;用100mg·L~(-1)的赤霉素溶液蘸花,能促进黄瓜果实膨大;萘乙酸蘸花处理的黄瓜会出现花冠不完全展开的现象,但不能长时间保持鲜花;防落素和氯吡脲处理对黄瓜坐瓜和果实膨大都有促进作用。适宜浓度的激素处理对促进黄瓜果实生长的影响为氯吡脲防落素2,4-D萘乙酸赤霉素清水(CK)。其中10mg·L~(-1)氯吡脲蘸花处理对黄瓜果实生长的促进效果最明显,且激素残留量检测符合欧盟标准0.01mg·kg~(-1)。     

基质酸碱调节对文心兰生长及切花品质的影响

以文心兰"黄金3号"为试材,采用不同饱和度氧化钙溶液对文心兰栽培基质pH值进行调节,研究了不同基质pH值对文心兰矿质元素含量、营养生长及切花品质方面的影响。结果表明:基质中微生物数量随基质pH值的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中pH值在5~6时基质中真菌数量最多,pH值在6~7时细菌、放线菌数量最多;当用不同饱和度氧化钙溶液对文心兰栽培基质pH值进行调节后,文心兰叶片及假鳞茎中矿质元素含量变化显著,其中Ca含量随pH值升高而升高,Mg、P含量降低,K含量先降低后升高,同时一定范围增施Ca肥则会提高文心兰对微量元素的吸收;当pH值在5~6时文心兰叶片与假鳞茎相对生长率最大,切花长度、分枝数、花朵数均显著高于其它处理。     

香石竹保鲜技术研究进展

从水分代谢、呼吸代谢、植物生长调节剂等几个方面分析香石竹采后衰老的原因,总结出目前香石竹采后保鲜所采用的方法,并提出香石竹保鲜技术的未来发展方向,以期为香石竹的切花保鲜研究提供参考.     

外源硫化氢对康乃馨切花叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以康乃馨(Dianthus caryophyllus L.)切花为试材,瓶插液中加入不同浓度的硫化氢(H_2S)供体硫氢化钠(NaHS),以蒸馏水处理为对照,研究H2S对康乃馨叶片叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响,以期探讨外源硫化氢(H_2S)对康乃馨切花保鲜的调控机理。结果表明:在康乃馨切花衰老过程中,叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量降低,暗下光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光下实际光化学效率ΦPSⅡ降低。与对照相比,适宜浓度的NaHS溶液能延长切花寿命,增大花径,增加叶片可溶性糖、叶绿素含量,Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ΦPSⅡ明显升高。其中,以600μmol·L~(-1) NaHS溶液处理的效果最好。瓶插第4天600μmol·L~(-1) NaHS溶液处理的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照。可见,外源H2S可增强康乃馨切花衰老时活性氧清除能力,减轻叶片光合结构的伤害,延长花期,提升观赏价值。     

The effect of temperature on sensory quality,chemical composition and growth of carrots (Daucus carota L.). III. Different diurnal temperature amplitudes

Summary

Data from experiments with carrots grown in phytotrons under different day and night temperatures at two locations in Norway and three harvesting dates were treated by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). No effect of the single temperature amplitudes were found, the significant main effects were due to the mean temperature levels of 12 and 188C, location and harvest date. The PCA visualized the effect of mean temperature level on sensory, chemical and physical variables. Differences between the two groups were mainly caused by variation in sensory variables, the first group being characterized by high score for whiteness, sweetness, acidic taste, crispness, juiciness, glucose, fructose and root length. The other group had a high score for colour, odour, overall taste and flavour parameters, firmness, dry matter, sucrose, a and b-carotene, root weight and root diameters.     

分根区交替灌溉对百合鲜切花生理变化和质量的影响

研究了分根区交替灌溉（APRI）和施用钾肥对亚洲型百合鲜切花质量及其瓶插期间生理变化的影响。结果表明，采收时APRI处理的切花形态指标与常规均匀灌溉（CI）之间差异不明显，但一般优于部分根干燥灌溉（PRD）。此外，APRI处理的切花寿命比CI处理延长1～1．5d。切花当天和瓶插期间APRI处理的切花百合叶片和花被片中淀粉和可溶性糖含量高于CI和PRD处理，且APRI可减缓瓶插期间鲜切花叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的下降。此外，施用适量钾肥提高百合叶面积、叶片数、株高以及延长切花寿命1～1.5d；且能增加采收时鲜切花叶片和花被片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量，但降低花被片中丙二醛（MDA）含量，还可减缓瓶插期间鲜切花叶片和花被片中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的下降和MDA含量的升高。上述结果表明，分根区交替灌溉和施用钾肥有利于糖的积累，并在一定程度上减缓丙二醛的积累，这将可能延缓亚洲型黄百合切花的衰老和提高切花的品质。