Molecular marker analyses of pistachio rootstocks by Simple Sequence Repeats and Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphisms

Summary

Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) molecular marker systems were used to analyse four commercially important pistachio rootstocks: two species of Pistacia atlantica (cv. ‘Standard Atlantica’), P. integerrima (cv. ‘Pioneer Gold’) and two interspecific hybrids of the same, ‘Pioneer Gold II’ (‘PGII’) and ‘University of California at Berkeley 1’ (‘UCB-1’). A total of 35 putative alleles were detected by 12 SSR primer pairs with an average of 2.9 alleles per locus. The number of putative alleles ranged from 2 to 5 in the pistachio rootstocks tested. The number of bands produced by the SRAP protocol was highly variable, ranging from 11 to 38, with an average of 25.2 per primer combination. Eight primer combinations resulted in 104 (51%) polymorphic markers in these samples. SSR and SRAP markers successfully identified all pistachio rootstocks tested from their unique fingerprints. Both SSR and SRAP molecular markers confirmed that the observed variation in ‘UCB-1’ rootstock is genetic.Thus, there will always be variation among ‘UCB-1’ hybrid seedling progeny due to the segregation of alleles when propagated by seed.We also found evidence of contaminating pollen other than from P. integerrima in some hybrid ‘UCB-1’ rootstock progeny produced by closed pollination. Only alleles from the cultivar ‘Standard Atlantica’ were observed in abnormal ‘UCB-1’ rootstock in the nursery. We found that the poor performance of the scion cv. ‘Kerman’ on ‘UCB-1’ rootstock was not due to ‘UCB-1' rootstocks displaying abnormal behaviour in the nursery. We have successfully developed two efficient marker systems for genome analyses in pistachio, which can be used for identification and management in pistachio rootstock production.     

The Effect of ‘Latent’ Virus Infections on the Yield of Maiden Trees on 20 Apomictic Apple Seedling Rootstocks

Five years’ experiments with apomictic apple seedling rootstock selections budded with apple cultivars have shown that incompatibility in Malus sieboldii, M. sargenti, M. hupehensis and their derivatives is mainly due to high sensitivity of the species rootstocks to viruses latent in commercial apple cultivars. The yields of maiden trees from rootstocks which were budded with material that was virus-free, infected with ‘latent’ viruses and infected with ‘latent’ viruses plus rubbery wood virus were 67%, 28% and 16%, respectively. There were, however, differences in the sensitivity reaction between the rootstocks tested. Fairly good compatibility with scions infected with ‘latent’ viruses was observed in the M. sieboldii root- stock selections 4542, 4556 and 4608 and in M. hupehensis.     

A pear rootstock trial in Israel

The pear cultivars ‘Spadona Estiva’, ‘Coscia’, ‘Beurré Superfin’ and a ‘Bartlett’ clone of South African origin (termed ‘Bartlett Sport’) were tested on 5 quince rootstock types, 5 Pyrus species and on 5 or 30 cm long interstocks of the pear cultivars ‘Bergamotte Esperen’ and ‘Spadona Estiva’ on quince MA, while ‘Dr. Jules Guyot’ was used as an interstock on ‘Bartlett’ seedlings.At the age of 10 years only ‘Spadona Estiva’ showed no signs of decline on quince rootstocks, ‘Coscia’ showed moderate decline, while the remaining cultivars had already declined severely. When the trunk circumference of ‘Beurré Superfin’ trees on the various quince clones was taken as an indicator for the degree of graft incompatibility, a negative correlation was found between this parameter and cyanogenic glycoside content in the stem bark of ungrafted quince plants belonging to the same clones. Pear interstocks on quince MA rootstocks did in some cases increase crops compared to the same quince alone, but did not prevent the decline of ‘Beurré Superfin’ and Bartlett Sport' on quince.The most vigorous and most prolific rootstock was Pyrus betulaefolia. However, with ‘Spadona Estiva’ differences in vigor between the rootstocks were only small and crops on the Israeli quince CI 7 were similar to those on Pyrus betulaefolia, but fruit size was larger on quince. Cropping of this cultivar at the age of 4 years was closely related to the intensity of flowering, whereas with ‘Coscia’ this relation was much less evident.Leaf fall in autumn and the opening of the vegetative buds of ‘Beurré Superfin’ in spring were earlier on quince than on Pyrus rootstocks.     

Determination of Graft Compatibility of Pear Cultivars Grafted on Different Rootstocks by Carbohydrate Analyses

In modern pear cultivation, clonal quince and pear rootstocks are preferred because they are easy to maintain and harvest. Also, they form dwarf plants and improve fruit quality compared to pear seedling rootstocks. However, graft incompatibility can be involved between different species or genera. The aim of the study was to determine the graft compatibility of the ‘Deveci’ and ‘Williams’ pear cultivars with different pear and quince rootstocks by carbohydrate analysis. Carbohydrate accumulation in the graft union was also observed with iodized potassium iodide (KI) staining. In terms of rootstocks, there were no differences in starch and carbohydrate content, but statistically differences were found in sugar contents. Significant differences were also found between cultivars and graft union in terms of the examined traits. Sugar content was highest in OHxF 333 and lowest in seedling rootstocks. There were no statistical differences in the starch content between the graft unions of the ‘Deveci’ cultivar, while starch accumulation was higher above the graft union than below and graft union in the ‘Williams’ cultivar grafted on the quince rootstock. In the study, it was determined that there were higher carbohydrate accumulation in the scion and graft union than below the graft union in ‘Williams’ grafted quince rootstocks, which was also confirmed by staining with KI. As a result of the study, it was concluded that carbohydrate accumulation analysis can be used to determine the graft compatibility of the pear cultivars with the different quince and pear rootstocks.

     

Effect of pruning and plant spacing on the growth of cherry rootstocks and their influence on stem water potential of sweet cherry trees

Summary

The aims of this work are to describe the effects of pruning and planting density on growth and water relations of ungrafted and grafted sweet cherry trees. A trial with cherry rootstocks ‘Prunus avium’, ‘CAB 11E’, ‘Maxma 14’, ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘Edabriz’ was begun in 1997. Pruning severities were applied to the rootstocks (0, 30, 60 and 90% of the vegetative growth was removed corresponding to P1, P2, P3 and P4 treatments, respectively) after planting to two plant spacings (S1 = 0.25 × 1.0 m and S2= 0.45 × 1.5 m). Canopy, root growth and leaf water potential (ψ_leaf) were quantified throughout the growing season. Pruning significantly affected root length and root weight of the rootstocks. Uncut plants (P1) showed a heavier and expanded root biomass (231 g and 108 m) than the intensively pruned plants (P4) (187 g and 75 m). The greater root biomass was obtained with the spacing/pruning combination, S1/P1 (285 g), and the smaller with S1/P4 (180 g) and S2/P4 (176 g). ψ_leaf varied significantly between the rootstocks and plant spacing but not with pruning. ‘Maxma 14’ and ‘P. avium’ attained the lowest values of midday ψ_leaf, –2.28 and –2.04 MPa, but the highest values of predawn ψ_leaf, –0.29 and –0.25 MPa, respectively. Generally, with high density (S1), the rootstocks exhibited lower predawn and midday ψ_leaf. In 1998, cultivars ‘Burlat’, ‘Summit’ and ‘Van’ were grafted onto rootstocks and a trial was installed in 1999. Predawn and midday stem water potential (ψ_stem) on cherry trees, measured in 2002, were affected significantly by the rootstock/genotype combination. Cultivars grafted on ‘P. avium’ and ‘Maxma 14’ showed the less negative midday ψ_stem, –1.36 and –1.42 MPa respectively, so these rootstock genotypes perhaps induced a higher drought resistance to the scion. Recorded data show that the scion-rootstock interaction with regard to production performance under water deficits may be an important consideration in cherry tree planting strategies.     

Influence of rootstock on orchard productivity and fruit quality in peach cv. ‘Redhaven’

Summary

We have evaluated the influence of four different peach rootstocks (Prunus pumila,‘GF 655/2’ ,‘Missour’ and ‘GF 677’ as a standard) planted in medium-heavy to heavy soil on phenological events (flowering and harvest date), growth, yield, fruit quality and mortality of peach (P. persica L.) scions of cv. ‘Redhaven’. At the end of flowering, there were no significant differences between the different rootstocks in the years 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004. In 2001, trees grafted on P. pumila reached the end of flowering 2 d before trees grafted on the other rootstocks. ‘Redhaven’ fruits ripened on the same day on trees grafted on the different rootstocks. The differences were only between years. The results showed that significantly less vigorous trees, according to their trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and canopy volume, with the lowest yield, were observed on P. pumila rootstock. The rootstock P. pumila had a significant negative influence on fruit dimensions and mortality was 50%. Trees grafted on ‘GF 655/2’ rootstock produced significantly lower yields than those grafted on ‘GF 677’ or ‘Missour’ rootstocks. Only the ‘GF 655/2’ rootstock had root suckers. Trees grafted on ‘GF 677’ rootstock were significantly more vigorous than on the other rootstocks, and produced the highest yield with good fruit quality. The final canopy volumes of peach trees grafted on the different rootstocks were very different. The most vigorous trees were those grafted on ‘GF 677’ rootstock, where the final tree volume was 12.8 m³. Trees grafted on P. pumila and ‘GF 655/2’ had significantly lower TCSA values than on the other rootstocks.     

Reaction of 25 Apomictic Apple Rootstock Selections to Inoculation with Mixtures of ’latent’ Viruses

Malus sieboldii, M. sargenti and most hybrids showed sensitivity to inoculation with mixtures of ‘latent’ viruses from apple cultivars. The main symptoms were chlorotic leaf spots and leaf distortions combined with severe stunting in many seedlings. There was no reaction in the M. hupehensis group and Bittenfelder Seedling except for stem pitting or stem grooving symptoms in two hybrids. It is suggested that the same sensitivity reaction to apple ’latent’ viruses which leads to incompatibility when apple rootstocks are budded may also cause virus symptoms in apomictic species rootstocks. This would seem to apply especially to the M. sieboldii and M. sargenti groups, but probably not to the M. hupehensis group.     

Influence of rootstocks on the leaf nutrient composition of two scion cultivars of mandarin

The influence of various rootstocks on the leaf nutrient composition of mandarin cultivars ‘Coorg’ and ‘Kinnow’ was studied in a rootstock trial at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta. Differences due to rootstocks in the leaf nutrient composition with respect to N, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Mn were significant. Leaf N content was higher on the rootstocks ‘Trifoliate’ orange and ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citranges. ‘Trifoliate’ orange, in addition to being more efficient in absorbing N, also resulted in much lower leaf Na content than the others. Rootstocks ‘Rough Lemon’, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Kodakithuli’ were more efficient in absorbing cations Ca, Mg and K. The citrange rootstocks ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ resulted in a very low content of leaf Mn, indicating that these may be particularly suitable in high-Mn and highly acidic soils.Significant differences in the leaf nutrient composition with respect to all the nutrients excepting N, P and Cu were observed between the 2 scion cultivars. ‘Kinnow’ mandarin appeared to have a much lower requirement both for Zn and Fe, which makes it more suitable on soils with a high pH.     

Ergebnisse des Naumburg-Pillnitzer Birnenunterlagenzuchtprogrammes

The aims of the German pear rootstock breeding programme were to improve the propagation ability, dwarfism, resistance to biotic and abiotic damage, sufficient anchorage, positive influence on yield and fruit quality of the cultivars, and free of suckers and burr knots. Results were collected from long-term randomised trials and from field tests in farms under different production conditions. Approximately 6000 seedlings of cross combinations between different wild species and wild species with known pear cultivars were grown. Finally, seven clones were selected (Pi-BU 1 to 7). The new Pillnitz pear rootstocks are moderately to easily propagated in stoolbeds, are more frost resistant against winter frost than quince rootstocks, and the growing capacity is intermediate between quince and seedling. The rootstocks are easy to propagate from green cuttings and in vitro. Pomological testing with ‘Clapps Favourite’ was done under a minimal pruning regime to evaluate the cropping potential. Compatibility with several cultivars was satisfactory. Promising clones were quickly multiplied using in vitro propagation for test plants. The original propagation material for multiplication at nurseries was never multiplied in vitro. More results are needed. To achieve this a trial commenced in Germany in 2002 to test the new pear rootstocks Pi-BU 2 and Pi-BU 3 together with the new rootstocks Pyrodwarf from Germany, S 1 from Poland, and Fox 11 from Italy using three cultivars at nine sites.     

Effects of grafting height of MM106 rootstock on growth,lateral shoot formation and yield in apple trees

Summary

Between 2004 and 2008, the effects of different grafting heights on sylleptic shoots were tested in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, and cumulative fruit yields were evaluated. MM106 apple rootstocks were grafted 10, 20, 40, or 60 cm above soil level in August 2004. The results showed that an increased grafting height significantly decreased tree height in both cultivars. The tallest and shortest trees were observed at grafting heights of 10 cm (153.0 and 170.0 cm) and 60 cm (141.3 and 143.5 cm) in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively.Among the various grafting heights tested, 60 cm in ‘Granny Smith’ and 20 cm in ‘Gloster’ gave the largest stem diameters (17.6 mm and 16.8 mm, respectively). The number of lateral shoots increased significantly with increased grafting height in both cultivars. The largest numbers of lateral shoots in ‘Granny Smith’ (10.75) and ‘Gloster’ (2.00) were obtained from a grafting height of 60 cm, while 2.55 and zero lateral shoots occurred at 10 cm grafting height in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively. Shoot lengths decreased significantly by increasing the grafting height. Grafting heights of 10 cm and 60 cm resulted in the tallest and shortest shoots in both cultivars. Cumulative fruit yields were significantly affected by grafting height in both cultivars. The highest yield was found for a 60 cm grafting height in both ‘Granny Smith’ (11.295 kg tree^–1) and ‘Gloster’ (4.818 kg tree^–1).The results of this study suggest that grafting heights of 40 cm and 60 cm have the potential to promote branching and early bearing for apple fruit production in sustainable and organic agricultural systems.     

茄子品种对西花蓟马发育历期及存活率的影响

室内研究了23个茄子品种和2个砧木对西花蓟马发育及存活的影响。结果表明,西花蓟马在以上材料上均能完成发育|西花蓟马的发育历期和存活率不存在相关性|发育历期和存活率在不同茄子品种和砧木上存在显著性差异|西花蓟马发育历期在新研黑彪马早长茄和L2吉杂黑霜长茄上较长,分别为336.88 h和310.57 h,且存活率较低,分别为34.88%和34.78%|在梨研5号绿茄上的存活率最低,仅为25.93%。     

Fruit Size and Main Chemical Properties of European Plums (Prunus domestica L.) as Influenced by Grafting on Seedlings of Commercial Cultivars

During three consecutive years we investigated the influence of seedlings of Myrobalan, Stanley and Green Gage as rootstocks on main fruit physical and chemical properties of four European plums (‘?a?anska Rana’, ‘?a?anska Lepotica’, ‘?a?anski ?e?er’ and ‘Stanley’) grown under ecological conditions of ?a?ak (Serbia). Results showed that significant differences in most properties such as fruit weight (FW) and its size and shape, stone weight (SW), soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), total sugars (TS), ripening index (RI) and sweetness index (IS) were examined among rootstocks. Influence of these rootstock on flesh rate (FRa) or flesh/stone ratio in cultivars evaluated was not significant. In the case of ‘?a?anska Lepotica’, rootstocks had not capacity to change sphericity (φ) and TA. Seedlings of Myrobalan improved only SW in ‘?a?anski ?e?er’ and TA in all cultivars. In all other cases this rootstock decreased values of evaluated traits. The best fruit physical and chemical properties of plums were achieved by seedlings of Green Gage and Stanley alone or alongside. Despite the higher TA contents in fruits on Myrobalan and its tendency to induce higher SW in some cultivars, the smaller sized fruits together with the less attractive fruit shape resulted in a non-interesting rootstock for plums in our growing conditions. Interesting and positive behavior of cultivars were found for quality parameters when grafted on seedlings of Green Gage and Stanley, respectively.

     

Determination of graft compatibility in sweet cherry by a co-culture method

Summary

Cell suspensions of two sweet cherry cultivars (Prunus avium L.) ‘Sam’ and ‘Sweetheart’, and four cherry rootstocks: ‘Edabriz’ and ‘Weiroot 10’ (P. cerasus L.), ‘P. avium seedlings’ (Alkavo selection) and ‘Gisela 5’ (a P. cerasus P. canescens hybrid) were co-cultured for 14 d and their mass increase used to calculate an affinity index and the degree of compatibility between pairs of genotypes. Synergistic as well as antagonistic growth responses were observed among the various genotype combinations. The effect on growth was never significantly negative, or resulted in cell mortality. Co-culture of ‘P. avium seedlings’ and ‘Sweetheart’ had a significantly positive influence on the growth of ‘P. avium seedling’ cell suspensions, and co-culture with either of the sweet cherry cultivars had a very positive effect on the growth increase (GI) of ‘Edabriz’ cell suspensions. The GI of the sweet cherry cultivar ‘Sam’ was positively influenced by the presence of both ‘Weiroot 10’ and ‘Gisela 5’ in the co-culture chamber. The GI for the combination of ‘Sweetheart’ with ‘Gisela 5’ or ‘Edabriz’ was significantly lower than in the control, and none of the combinations with ‘P. avium seedlings’ or ‘Weiroot 10’ gave an increase in GI greater than controls of the scion cultivar ‘Sweetheart’ alone. The calculated degree of compatibility (DC_cc) showed that the cultivar ‘Sam’ had no compatibility problems with the four rootstocks tested, whereas the combination of ‘Sweetheart’ and ‘Gisela 5’ had the lowest DC_cc (= 0.80) which was concluded to be on the border between a compatible and an incompatible relationship. It was therefore concluded that a calculated value of DC_cc < 0.80 would indicate an incompatible combination, and that values of DC_cc > 1.00 would indicate healthy and strong combinations.Virus-induced incompatibility appeared to play a much larger role in explaining unsuccessful grafts observed in the nursery than previously assumed.     

Determination and confirmation of S-RNase genotypes of apple pollinators and cultivars

Summary

We analysed the S-RNase genotypes of 23 crab apple (Malus spp.) pollinators and 102 cultivars of domestic apple (Malus pumila Mill.) by PCR amplification and digestion. Within the 23 pollinators, four pollinators, ‘Hopa’, ‘Jack’, ‘Pink Perfection’ and ‘Profusion B’, each had two unidentified S-RNase alleles. These cultivars should be useful pollinators for all domestic cultivars. Twenty-one of the domestic cultivars exhibited S-genotypes contrary to those expected from their supposed parentage, suggesting that one or both reported parents were wrong. We confirmed many of the S-RNase genotypes by pollination tests.     

不同砧木对黄瓜产量、品质及南方根结线虫防治效果的影响

以7个南瓜砧木为试材,研究了砧木嫁接对黄瓜产量、品质和南方根结线虫防治效果的影响。结果表明：采用南瓜砧木嫁接,黄瓜春季增产4.1%～10.7%,秋季增产15.0%～104.2%,其中新动力嫁接的黄瓜产量最高,其次是黄砧3号。砧木嫁接对黄瓜果实中的可溶性蛋白含量没有显著影响|不同砧木品种和不同接穗品种嫁接黄瓜果实中可溶性糖、VC和硝酸盐含量比自根黄瓜有的增加,有的减少。砧木嫁接对黄瓜南方根结线虫具有较好的防治效果,春季为67.8%～79.7%,秋季12.7%～44.7%。综合来看,采用南瓜砧木新动力和黄砧3号嫁接的黄瓜,其产量较高,品质较好,对南方根结线虫的防治效果较好。     

Evaluation of new rootstocks for resistance to soil-borne pathogens and productive behaviour of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Summary

An evaluation of five rootstocks for pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was carried out over a 3-year period on three farms in Campania (Italy). Pepper is very susceptible to soil-borne pathogens, especially Phytophthora capsici, Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematode). The lack of resistant hybrids and of crop rotation, and the longterm survival of propagules of the pathogen, have increased the risk of damage that so far has been controlled by pre-planting soil treatment with methyl bromide. The use of pepper grafted onto rootstocks resistant to the main soil-borne pathogens is not undertaken commercially in Italy because the available rootstocks are unsatisfactory. P. capsici, V. dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and M. incognita have been detected on farms where the new rootstocks were tested. Trials were performed on the same sites for 2 or 3 years in order to provide favourable conditions for parasites. Two rootstocks, ‘Graffito’ and ‘Gc 1002’, were found to be resistant to P. capsici. In the presence of an early, high population density of M. incognita, ‘Graffito’ showed good tolerance, while ‘Gc 1002’ was susceptible to the root-knot nematode. In addition, both rootstocks showed good compatibility with the different scions tested and did not decrease vegetative growth, fruit yield or the size of the scions. In contrast, in the presence of V. dahliae, F. oxysporum and F. solani, none of the rootstocks tested was sufficiently resistant to vascular or crown and root rot damage.     

不同砧木嫁接对茄子硒富集的影响

以‘丰盛骄王’茄子为接穗,以"190-1-8""RS-2""RS-5"‘亲情’"野生番茄"为砧木,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同砧木嫁接对茄子硒富集的影响,以期筛选出能够促进茄子硒富集的砧木。结果表明:5种砧木均不同程度增加了茄子根系和地上部分生物量,以"野生番茄"的增加效果最佳。不同砧木也提高了茄子光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素)含量和过氧化物酶活性,降低了过氧化氢酶活性;不同砧木对茄子超氧化物歧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量的影响不同。"RS-2"和"野生番茄"增加了茄子接穗的硒含量和硒富集量,且以"野生番茄"的增加幅度最大。因此,"RS-2"和"野生番茄"作为砧木既能促进茄子的生长,还能促进茄子对土壤硒的吸收与富集,有利于富硒茄子的生产,其中"野生番茄"的效果最佳。     

Metabolite profiling reveals the involvement of aberrant metabolic changes in Gentiana triflora seed showing poor germination

Gentians are alpine plants and two endemic species, Gentiana triflora and G. scabra, are cultivated as ornamentals in Japan. Because most of the Japanese cultivars are F₁ hybrids, seed germination rate is an important factor for maintaining these cultivars. However, germination rates frequently differ among cultivars. Poor germination is a severe problem for gentian production, although there is almost no difference in their germination period and growth rate. In this study, we compared seed germination rates among three cultivars of G. triflora. A high rate of seed germination was observed in ‘Majel’ (MJ) and ‘Iwate’ (IW), but a low rate was recorded in ‘Iwate-Yumeminori’ (YM). We conducted a targeted metabolome analysis using these cultivars to elucidate the potential cause of inhibited seed germination. Multivariate analysis revealed that the aberrant accumulation of specific amino acids and a decrease in energy metabolites were observed in YM seed. Furthermore, protein concentrations and proteolytic activities in YM seed were lower than in MJ seed. These results imply that energy depletion was the main reason for the decreased rate of germination and that this depletion inhibited processes involved in seed germination, including de novo synthesis of the proteins necessary for germination.     

Vergleich von Anbausystemen bei der Birne in Abhängigkeit von Sorte und Unterlage: Schlanke Spindel und Güttinger-V-System

To the tenth leaf the influence of two planting systems on yield and fruit size of pear cultivars ‘Conference, 202’ and ‘Alexander Lucas’ grafted on the rootstocks Quince A (MA) and Quince C (MC) was investigated. The planting systems “Slender Spindle” (3.25?×?1.25 m) and “Güttinger-V-System” (3.50?×?0.60 m) were compared. The “Güttinger-V-System” led to higher yields than the planting system “Slender Spindle”. In average of both cultivars and rootstocks the difference between the planting systems amounted to 75.9 t/ha from the third to the tenth leaf. To the additional yield of the “Güttinger-V-System” face additional costs for the installation of the orchard and for the formation of crown. Thus the decision for this planting system will be influenced in a high measure from the producer price.     

Vergleich von Anbausystemen beim Apfel in Abhängigkeit von Sorte und Unterlage: Schlanke Spindel und Güttinger-V-System

To the 11th leaf the influence of two planting systems on yield and fruit size of apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious, Weinsberg’ and ‘Jonagold, Rubinstar’ grafted on the dwarfed rootstocks M 9 and P 16 was investigated. The planting systems “Slender Spindle” (3.25 × 1.25 m) and “Güttinger-V-System” (3.50 × 0.60 m) were compared. In average of both cultivars and rootstocks the “Güttinger-V-System” let to significantly higher yields than the planting system “Slender Spindle”. The difference between the planting systems amounted to 121.7 t/ha from the 3rd to the 11th leaf. In this period the annual per-hectare yield of the “Güttinger-V-System” was in average 13.5 t higher than the yield of the “Slender Spindle”. The simple fruit weight of the 3rd to the 11th leaf was affected by the planting system. For both rootstocks and cultivars the simple fruit weight of the “Slender Spindle” was significantly higher than that of the “Güttinger-V-System”. However the fruit size sorting showed for both cultivars no mentioning differences between the planting systems. To the additional yield of the “Güttinger-V-System” face additional costs for the installation of the orchard and for the formation of crown. Thus the decision for this planting system will be influenced in a high measure from the producer price.