The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on The Yield and Mineral Composition of Red Beet

Red beet was grown in factorial manurial experiments at two sites: at Wellesbourne annually from 1954 to 1964 in a rotation of vegetable crops and at Efford in 1959 only.

At Wellesbourne applications of FYM (20 tons per acre per crop), together with NPK fertilizers, consistently gave much higher yields than mineral fertilizers alone, but the relative effect of FYM did not increase as the experiment proceeded.

In the presence of FYM, yields of red beet increased with increasing rates of application of Nitrochalk (up to 124 lb. N per acre), but applications of phosphate and potash fertilizers did not affect yields.

In the absence of FYM, phosphate fertilizers did not increase yields significantly after 1959; there was an important interaction between the effects of the applications of Nitrochalk and SUlphate of potash. Each fertilizer applied alone produced small increases in yield, but when they were applied together at the highest rates used (186 lb. Nand 192 lb. K₂O per acre) large increases in yield were obtained and there was some indication that an even higher rate of application would have given a further increase in yield. At Efford, nitrogenous fertilizers increased yields significantly.

Applications of FYM increased the potassium and decreased the calcium and magnesium contents of red beet leaves and had only small effects on the nitrogen and phosphorus contents; in the roots, only the potassium content was altered (increased) by the FYM applications.

In general, in the absenc~ of FYM only potash fertilizer applications had large, consistent and significant effects on the mineral composition of the leaves and roots. At both sites, applications of sulphate of potash increased the potassium content of the leaves and had a much smaller depressing effect on the calcium and magnesium contents of the leaves but not, in general, of the roots.

The effects of the nitrogenous fertilizers on the total nitrogen content of the roots were relatively small, but could be important in relation to the processing quality of the beet.

The marked differences between the responses of red beet and early potatoes to the manurial treatments are discussed in relation to the nutrient contents of the plants.     

The Effect of Different Irrigation Treatments on the Growth and Yield of Early Summer Cauliflowers

Lettuce were grown during the winter of 1957–58 on the plots of a long-term manurial experiment in which the treatments had been applied to each crop from 1954 to 1957. Three rates of each of the three nutrients N, P and K were applied either with or without farmyard manure (20 tons per acre per crop) in a 3³ × 2 factorial design.

The mean yield from the plots which received farmyard manure (FYM) together with fertilizers was more than twice that from the plots which received fertilizers alone; the extra yield came from the greater number of lettuces that reached marketable condition on the former plots and not from an increase in the size of the plants. The date by which 50% of the plants that eventually reached marketable condition had been cut was almost 8 days earlier for the FYM plots than for the no-FYM plots. The different rates and combinations of fertilizers, when applied with FYM, did not produce different yield effects.

In the absence of FYM, applications of sulphate of potash and superphosphate each increased yields significantly (P =.0·05); applications of Nitrochalk, however, reduced yields but the reduction just failed to reach significance (P = 0·05). The treatments did not affect the 50% cutting date.

Where FYM had been applied, the fertilizer applications did not have differential effects on the mineral composition of the lettuce plants but, on average, there was twice as much potassium in the dry matter of plants (7·8%) as in plants from the no-FYM plus fertilizer plots (3·9%). In the absence of FYM, the fertilizer applications had marked differential effects on the mineral composition of the plants and these effects are discussed in relation to yield.     

The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on The Yield and Mineral Composition of Early Potatoes

The effects of different manurial treatments on the yield and mineral composition of early potatoes are described. The crops were grown annually from 1954 to 1964 in a rotation of vegetable crops in a factorial manurial experiment on a sandy loam at Wellesbourne and, in i960 only, on a very fine sandy loam at Efford.

At Wellesbourne, farmyard manure (20 tons per acre per crop) with fertilizers consistently produced much higher yields than mineral fertilizers alone, and the relative effect of FYM increased from 1954 to 1959 but not subsequently. In years when moisture supplies were adequate, the larger part of the increase in yield could be attributed to effects of FYM on the early growth of the plants, and a smaller part to the increased rate of bulking of the tubers on the FYM plots. In dry years, however, growth during the harvest period was much slower on the fertilizer plots than on the FYM plots and the additional relative increase in yield on the latter during this period caused the overall effect of FYM to be larger than in the wetter years.

In the absence of FYM, each of the major nutrients N, P and K gave significant yield increases, but the need for adequate applications of phosphate and potash fertilizers together was emphasized by a marked interaction between their effects on yield. Applications of phosphate fertilizers had a particularly important effect early in the bulking period, whereas the effects of the nitrogenous fertilizers were greater at the later stages. In the presence of FYM, the fertilizer applications had significant effects only at the later stages of bulking, but at this time the amounts needed to give maximum yields were similar to those needed in the absence of FYM (124 lb. N, 36 lb. P₂O₅ 144 lb. K₂O (estimated), each per acre).

At Efford, applications of up to 4 cwt. per acre of sulphate of ammonia and 2 cwt. per acre of superphosphate (18% P₂2O₅) gave significant increases in yield, and higher rates would probably have given still higher yields. Potash fertilizers did not affect yields although they markedly increased the potash contents of the plants. The differences between the responses at the two sites are discussed in relation to soil conditions.

The leaves of plants manured with FYM (Wellesbourne) contained much more potassium and slightly more phosphorus than leaves from unmanured plants and, while the differences in potassium content were larger towards the end of the bulking period than at the beginning, the reverse was true of the phosphorus contents. Thus, to use leaf composition data to indicate possible shortages of nutrients in the soil, the samples of leaves for chemical analysis must be taken at several different times during the growth of the crop. The value, if any, of extra nutrients for FYM-manured plants cannot at present be assessed.

At Efford, applications of sulphate of potash increased the potassium content of the leaves to levels approaching those found in the manured plants at Wellesbourne and higher than those in the unmanured plants. Because of marked interactions between the effects of the phosphate and potash fertilizers at Wellesbourne and indications that phosphate applications at Efford may have been too low to ensure maximum yields, it does not seem possible to combine the data from the two experiments in order to suggest levels of the major nutrients in the potato leaves, at any particular stage or stages, which may be considered adequate for maximal yield production.

At Wellesbourne the standard error per plot was smaller for the manured series (8·1%) than for the unmanured (12·9%), indicating that growth was more uniform on the former.     

Influence of pre-planting applications of nitro-chalk,superphosphate, sheep manure and a fertilizer mixture,in factorial combination,on the growth of one-year-old peach trees

A field experiment was carried out with one-year-old peach trees to determine the influence of applications of nitro-chalk (N), superphosphate (P), sheep manure (SM), and a fertilizer mixture (X), in factorial combination, on tree growth during the first growing season. Fertilizers were mixed into the soil at planting sites about two weeks before tree planting.

Maximum tree growth was achieved when 3 lb. P and 36 lb. SM were applied per tree. However, all fertilizers depressed leaf bud development and early shoot growth and, in a few cases, application of 3 lb. N per tree resulted in tree death. It is concluded that heavy rates of these fertilizers should not be applied to planting sites prior to planting young peach trees. Rather, it appears from seasonal growth measurements that fertilizers should not be applied to newly planted trees until late spring (November).

The only consistent and significant interaction occurred between N and SM. Application of SM increased tree growth more in the absence of N than in its presence; i.e. the SM acted as a nitrogen source. SM depressed tree growth early in the growing season, probably because some of its components are readily soluble. However, later in the season it promoted growth and partly alleviated the detrimental effect on tree growth induced by 3 lb. N per tree. It is evident from calculated concentrations of elements per planting site that the SM treatment supplied larger quantities and a wider range of elements than the inorganic fertilizers.

In the absence of an N × SM interaction trees grew better if given nil or 1 lb. N than if they were given 3 lb. N. For some growth parameters, trees also grew significantly better if given 1 lb. N rather than nil.

Application of a fertilizer mixture containing potassium sulphate, magnesium carbonate, lime, ammonium molybdate, zinc sulphate, borax, Chel-138 iron chelate, and manganese sulphate to planting sites significantly depressed tree growth throughout the growing season, but this may have been due to molybdenum toxicity, although no visual symptoms were present.     

A Long-Term Manurial Trial on Dessert Apple Trees

A factorial NPK fertilizer trial was started in 1931 with newly planted dessert apple trees. Two varieties (Cox’s Orange Pippin and Beauty of Bath) and four rootstocks (M.I, M.V, M.IX and M.XII) were represented. By 1953. after the orchard was thinned in two stages, only one experimental tree, of Cox’s Orange Pippin on M.XII, remained in each plot; at this time a fourth factor was added by establishing a sward (S) in half the plots and continuing to cultivate the remainder during each spring and summer.

Severe deficiency symptoms developed early in the trial on plots receiving no potash. Recovery followed the overall annual application from 1937 of 2 cwt. per acre sulphate of potash, additional to the treatment comparison of nil v. 2 cwt. per acre, but large differences in tree size and cropping persisted. These differences were not greatest with the variety or the rootstock showing the most severe leaf scorch symptoms.

The overall potash application was discontinued in 1953, but the levels of “ available” potassium in the soil had by then been raised, and the trees of Cox on M.XII did not develop potassium deficiency over the next ten years. On the contrary, there was evidence that the higher level was now harmful, perhaps because of induced incipient magnesium deficiency.

Superphosphate (18% P₂O₅, 5 cwt. per acre per annum) did not affect the performance of the trees and only slightly increased the phosphorus concentration in the leaves. Much greater increases in leaf phosphorus were brought about by grassing down, particularly in the absence of nitrogen applications.

In the nitrogen treatment sulphate of ammonia was applied initially at 1½ cwt. per acre per annum, but this rate was increased to 3 cwt. per acre in 1941 and then to 6 cwt. per acre in 1953 ; from 1958 Nitrochalk at an equivalent rate was applied instead of sulphate of ammonia. This nitrogen treatment increased the total crop per plot over the first I7 years by 15%, and the total crop of the Cox on M.XII over the period 1953-62 by 25*#x0025;. The response was especi~lly marked in the last few years when the trees with and without nitrogen were still virtually indistinguishable in leaf colour ; values for nitrogen concentration on a dry-weight basis in mid-shoot leaves for August 1962 were 2·9% and 2·8% respectively.

Trees receiving nitrogen were grassed down in 1953 without reduction in total crop over the next ten years, though nitrogen status was depressed in the first few seasons. This depression was much more severe and persistent with the trees not receiving nitrogen, despite the abundance of clover in the swards on those plots.

The advantages of grassing down on fruit quality may be largely due to the restriction of nitrogen supply to the tree.     

The Influence of Vigour and Nitrogen Status on the Fruitfulness of Talisman Strawberry Plants

In a study on the growth and cropping of strawberries under contrasting soil nitrogen conditions in a trial extending over six years, annual split applications of Nitrochalk maintained distinct regimes of mineral nitrogen in the soil but 30 tons/acre F.Y.M., prior to planting, had little additional effect. Nitrogen deficiency was achieved by preplanting applications of straw but this only lasted for one season.

There was a regular pattern in leaf nitrogen concentration associated with the different phases of strawberry growth. The concentration showed a linear response to increments of fertilizer nitrogen. Leaf colour gave visual evidence of these differences.

F.Y.M. did not affect plant growth or cropping but nitrogen applications resulted in small increases in both plant spread and number of crowns per plant.

Nitrogen at 200 lb. N/acre depressed the yields of marketable fruit in each of the four years. This was due only in part to an increase in wastage and it is suggested that a high nitrogen status in the plant could reduce the number of fruits per truss. The lower rate (50 lb. N/acre) gave yields generally similar to the nil control.

Nitrogen levels had little influence on the intensity of flowering in spring, whereas autumn flowering decreased sharply as nitrogen levels increased. Floral initiation thus appears much more sensitive to the nitrogen status of the plant in July than in September.     

The Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium Magnesium and Lime in Factorial Combination on Ripening Disorders of Glasshouse Tomatoes

The effects of nutrition on the incidence of fruit ripening disorders are described, based on studies of three varieties of tomato (Potentate, Moneymaker and J168) grown with 72 combinations of fertilizers in heated glasshouse borders. The treatments included three levels each of nitrogen and potassium in factorial combination with two levels of phosphorus, magnesium and lime.

Potassium sulphate markedly decreased the overall percentage of unevenly ripened fruit from all three varieties. Magnesium sulphate had a similar but smaller effect; the response to magnesium was greatest at low levels of potassium. The higher level of phosphorus increased the proportion of unevenly ripened fruit, the combination of low potassium and high phosphorus having a particularly adverse effect. The responses to nitrogen were complex and differed between varieties. Lime increased the proportion of unevenly coloured fruit from varieties Moneymaker and J168, significantly in the high nitrogen plots. Numerous other interactions between nutrients were found.

The effects of the treatments on specific forms of ripening disorder were recorded, including greenback, yellow and green blotch, and waxy fruit. Potassium decreased the incidence of all forms of ripening disorder. High phosphorus increased the proportion of blotchy and waxy fruit, but significantly decreased the incidence of greenback in variety Potentate.

Although the intermediate level of potassium in this trial (871 lb. K₂ 0 per acre) had previously been found sufficient for maximum yield, significant improvements in fruit quality were obtained at the highest level (1,742 lb. K₂O per acre).     

The Effects of Different Primary Cultivations and Manurial Treatments on the Yield of Early Peas,Spring Cabbage,Leeks and Brussels Sprouts

The effects of different primary cultivations and manurial treatments on the yields of early peas, spring cabbage, leeks and Brussels sprouts grown in rotation on a sandy loam soil are described. The cultivation treatments consisted of deep ploughing, shallow ploughing-with-subsoiling, shallow ploughing, and shallow rotary cultivation, and these were combined fac- torially with three manurial treatments. Each of the crops in the rotation was grown in each year from 1954 to 1959. Special attention was paid to weed control and the experimental area was kept essentially free from weeds.

On average, the differences between the yields from the three ploughing treatments were small but, although the largest mean difference was only about 7%, several of the differences were significant.

The ploughing treatments gave significantly higher yields of all four crops than did shallow rotary cultivation ; the mean difference varied from 11% for peas and Brussels sprouts to almost 40% for spring cabbage.

Farmyard manure (FYM) with NPK fertilizers gave substantially higher yields of leeks/ spring cabbage and Brussels sprouts than nitrogenous fertilizer alone, but a smaller increase of only 18% in the yield of peas.

The following significant interactions are discussed : cultivations X years, manurial treatments X years, cultivations X manurial treatments and, for leeks only, cultivations X manurial treatments X years. It is concluded that the effects of some of the experimental treatments on the water available to the plant roots were, at least in part, responsible for some of the significant differences and interactions.

Certain aspects of experimental technique are also discussed.     

A Factorial NPK Field Experiment with Strawberry,Var. Royal Sovereign

Two phases of a factorial NPK field experiment with strawberry are described and discussed. The object of the experiment was to study the effect of NPK fertilizers on soil fertility, leaf nutrient status, crop yield, and the relationships of these.

Treatments had significant effects on soil pH and soil exchangeable-K at all depths sampled, and on 0·5 N acetic acid-soluble P at 0-6 in. and 6-12 in. depths only.

Nitrogenous fertilizer had no significant effect on crop yield or fruit grade; phosphatic fertilizer had a small but significant effect on crop yield in the first season only; potassic fertilizer was effective mainly in the later stages of the experiment when it enhanced crop yield.

Nitrogenous fertilizer increased leaf-N significantly in all seasons; phosphatic fertilizer increased leaf-P in one season only; potassic fertilizer increased leaf-K in all seasons.

Leaf-K, soil exchangeable-K, soil potassium potential (AR°_e) and crop yield were significantly related with each other. When individual plot values for leaf-K and exchangeable-K were correlated with crop yield, 90% of the yield variance was due to factors other than potassium.     

A Note on the Growth-Regulating Activity of 2:6-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

During each of the four years 1957-60 the growth of the carrot crops in a long-term manurial experiment was studied. Significant increases in the yield of roots were produced by the application of farmyard manure and of potassic fertilizer but not by the application of nitrogenous or phosphatic fertilizers. The mean annual yields, and the responses to the applications of FYM and K, varied considerably from year to year.

The applications of FYM resulted in increases of 15-20% in the net assimilation rates and relative growth rates of the plants but these increases persisted for only 4-7 weeks when growth of the leaves on all plots was exponential. Subsequently net assimilation and relative growth rates of the plants on the FYM plots were slightly less than those on the no-FYM plots. It appeared that the initial differences in net assimilation rates were the main cause of the increased leafiness of the plants on the FYM plots, and hence of the increases in yields of roots.

Year-to-year differences in the total weight of leaves produced were related mainly to differences in the amount of rainfall during their growth. Yearly variation in root yields, however, was related both to the amount and to the distribution of the rainfall during growth.

The relative importance of variations in net assimilation rate and in leaf weight ratio are discussed.     

锌钾营养对温室无土栽培番茄生理和品质的影响

以番茄品种丰收为试材,在封闭式循环无土栽培系统下研究锌肥和钾肥对番茄植株生长、光合特性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施锌肥、钾肥均能提高番茄植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数;提高番茄净光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合指标;番茄果实VC、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量及糖酸比均增加,单果质量和单株产量显著提高,其中钾肥对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响高于锌肥,锌肥和钾肥同施的效果优于单独施用。     

The Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Magnesium and Lime in Factorial Combination on the Yields of Glasshouse Tomatoes

Tomato yields and soil analyses from a 3² × 2³ factorial nutritional trial are summarized for six seasons of cropping in heated glasshouse borders. The varieties were Potentate for four seasons, and J168 and Moneymaker (split plot) in the last two seasons. The soil was steamed before planting except in the first and third years.

Deficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased the yields in five out of six seasons, as also did potassium deficiency in four seasons. Significant positive interactions were found between these three nutrients. The highest level of nitrogen (680–830 lb. N per acre) was favourable when both phosphorus and potassium were at adequate levels in unlimed soil. No yield response was found to potassium in excess of the intermediate level (870 lb. K₂O per acre). The main effect of magnesium was not significant, but a positive phosphorus-magnesium interaction was found for variety Moneymaker.

Lime (carbonate) decreased the yield significantly each season. A significant interaction was found between lime and nitrogen level, the adverse effect of lime occurring at the high and intermediate levels of nitrogen. This effect of lime, and the lime-nitrogen interaction, may be due to induced boron deficiency.     

Seasonal Trends in Mineral Nitrogen Content of the Soil in a Long-Term Npk Trial on Dessert Apples

The seasonal levels of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen were determined, over 3 years, within the top 24 inches of soil of a long-term NPK trial on dessert apples. The four treatments selected provided comparisons of cultivated and grassed plots receiving spring applications of Nitrochalk with those having received no nitrogen since 1930. The three seasons included a very dry one in 1959 and the unusually wet summer of 1960.

Ammonium nitrogen did not persist as such for long periods, and nitrate nitrogen was the major form of mineral nitrogen.

There was a marked contrast between the levels under the two management systems. Grass maintained a low level throughout most of the season, whereas a steady rise in nitrate nitrogen took place until July or later in the cultivated soil; thereafter, the level fell in response to rainfall. By mid-winter, very little nitrate nitrogen remained in the 24-inch profile.

Applications of nitrogenous fertilizer did not markedly affect the mineral nitrogen status in the grassed plots but, in the cultivated soil, levels substantially exceeding the annual applications were found. These seasonal trends are discussed in relation to the processes involved in the cycling of mineral nitrogen.

Estimates of the annual amounts mineralized in the cultivated soil receiving no added nitrogen suggest that even after 30 years this amount may be of the same order as the net uptake by the trees, thus explaining their apparently satisfactory nitrogen status.

In the grassed plots, the rapid re-cycling of nitrogen from the clippings may be an important factor in maintaining an adequate supply to the tree.     

早熟梨不同肥料的研究

通过研究不同肥料对早熟梨产量、果实品质及树体生长的影响表明:不同肥料对幼树生长、坐果率、单果重和品质都有较大的影响。施用氮、磷、钾配合的洋丰复合肥比单施其他肥料明显促进幼树的生长,果实纵径和横径增长较快;施用有机肥和洋丰复合肥的果实固形物、总糖和Vc含量最高。因此,生产早熟梨,施肥上应以有机肥为主,再施以适量的氮、磷、钾配合的复合肥,有利于全面提高产量和质量。     

Effects of Time of Application of Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizers on Apple Trees in a Grassed Orchard

Sulphate of ammonia, calcium nitrate or Nitrochalk was applied as a single annual dressing in October, December, February, April, June or August to Cox’s Orange Pippin apple trees on M.2 rootstock over a 14-year period, whilst control trees received no supplementary nitrogen.

The treatments affected the soil physical and chemical conditions, sward composition, and leaf and fruit mineral composition but, despite these effects, there were no long-term differences in tree growth or cropping between the kinds of fertilizer used or their times of application.

Nitrogen effects were progressive ; in the first four years there was a time X kind interaction on cropping; in the next five years only the time of application affected cropping and in the final five years neither time nor kind had differential effects on cropping, although N increased yield compared with the control. Growth was also increased by the N treatments but, again, only in the latter years of the experiment.

Leaf N was highly correlated with rainfall during March to August. In all but the first two and the last of the 14 years, rainfall was above the long-term average for the site.

February appeared to be the best month in which to apply sulphate of ammonia and calcium nitrate, and December for Nitrochalk application.     

The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on the Yield and Mineral Composition of Runner Beans (Phaseolus Multiflorus)

The effects of farmyard manure (FYM), peat, and fertilizers applied in 1957 on the yield and mineral composition of runner beans grown in 1957 and 1958 are described. The residual effects of the organic matter treatments were compared with the effects of further applications of fertilizers in 1959 and i960. No fertilizer was applied in 1958.

In the year of application, FYM produced more than twice the yield of bean pods than did a generous application of fertilizers, but in succeeding years the difference decreased and had disappeared by i960. Peat had a much smaller effect on yield than FYM, both in the presence and in the absence of fertilizers, and by 1959 its residual effect was negligible. Possible reasons for the difference between the yield responses to applications of FYM and peat are discussed.

The results of chemical analyses of whole plants (1957) and of leaves (1958-60) did not indicate any major nutrient deficiency in the plants from the fertilizer-only plots, as compared with those from the FYM-treated plots, such as might account for the observed yield differences.

The manurial treatments had relatively little differential effect on the nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium contents of the bean leaves but had a large effect on their potassium and magnesium contents. In the bean pods, only the concentration of potassium was markedly affected by the manurial treatments. While there was a negative K/Mg interaction in the leaves, this was not found in the pods, in which the concentration of magnesium was virtually constant.

Runner bean leaves were found to contain more magnesium than many other vegetable materials, but the amount in the pods was much lower than that in the leaves, with the result that the amount of magnesium removed by this crop was similar to that removed by other vegetables.     

An Approach to the Study of Yearly and other Variation in Crop Yields

The effects of deep ploughing, shallow ploughing-with-subsoiling, shallow ploughing, and shallow rotary cultivation combined factorially with three manurial treatments on the yields of vegetable crops are described. Each of the five crops in the rotation was grown in each year from i960 to 1962 on a sandy loam at Wellesbourne.

Where a high level of fertility bad been built up by the use of farmyard manure (FYM), yields were subsequently maintained at a high level for a three-year period by the use of NPK fertilizers alone.

Plots which had received either FYM with NPK fertilizers for each crop from 1954 to 1962 (FYM -j- NPK), or FYM with NPK fertilizers from 1954 to 1959 but with NPK only from i960 to 1962 (residual FYM + NPK), gave much higher yields than plots which had received only nitrogenous fertilizers from 1954 to 1959 and NPK fertilizers from 1960 to 1962. The increases in yields from FYM + NPK over those from residual FYM + NPK were small, and significant only for autumn lettuce and leeks.

Although, on average, the differences between the yields from the three ploughing treatments were small (the largest was 10%) some of the differences were significant.

The ploughing treatments gave significantly higher yields of early peas, autumn lettuce, leeks and Brussels sprouts than shallow rotary cultivation ; with early summer cauliflowers, however, only shallow ploughing-with- subsoiling gave a higher yield than shallow rotary cultivation.     

8年以上温室冬春茬番茄平衡施肥技术研究

为了改变生产者在保护地蔬菜种植上施用化肥的盲目性、随意性和轻视有机肥的现象,解决因保护地土壤退化、养分比例失调而造成的土壤养分供应障碍,生理性病害普遍发生的问题,采用大田试验方法,于2005-2007年在连作番茄8年以上温室内,开展了生产上普遍应用的习惯施肥与全部用化肥、化肥+有机肥平衡施肥3种施肥方法对番茄的影响对比试验研究。结果表明,2种平衡施肥处理较习惯施肥,可显著改善植株生物学性状,减轻番茄生理性病害,改进番茄品质;极显著地提高番茄产量和效益,其中667m2分别增产27.5%和34.9%,分别增收4413.7和4872.1元;平衡施肥以化肥+有机肥在培肥地力,改善番茄品质,提高产量和经济、社会、生态等综合效益上更优更符合农业发展方向,值得在生产上推广应用。     

不同施肥措施对蓝莓植株生长及果实品质的影响

对伯克利蓝莓生长的3个关键期即发芽前、初夏、秋季时,施用3种肥料即硫酸铵、磷酸二铵、氮磷钾复合肥,每株按3个不同的施肥总量即25g、50g、100g进行搭配施肥试验,研究对蓝莓植株生长与果实品质的影响。结果表明,以施用NPK复合肥每株50g,分春夏秋3次分施时,蓝莓的株高、冠幅、新梢长度等生长状况,单果重、单株产量,果实的可溶性固形物含量、有机酸含量、Vc含量等品质指标均最佳。     

腐植酸复混肥对新疆膜下滴灌加工番茄产量和品质的影响

以番茄为试材,采用膜下滴灌方式,对比不同腐植酸复混肥的施用量和配比对番茄的产量与品质指标及经济效益的影响,以确定适合新疆地区加工番茄施腐植酸肥施用的适宜用量和方法。结果表明:增施腐植酸复混肥均能提高加工番茄的单株结铃数、单果质量和产量;腐植酸复混肥对加工番茄的可溶性固形物、番茄红素、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、总酸、总糖和维生素C含量及pH影响显著。硫酸钾和氯化钾在番茄品质上的作用有差异,硫酸钾主要增加了番茄红素、硝酸盐、总酸含量,氯化钾主要增加了pH、可溶性固形物、总糖、维生素C含量,其中硫酸钾适宜配在基肥中,氯化钾适宜配在追肥中。综合性价比,适宜推荐加工番茄腐植酸复混肥基肥配方为N-P-K配比9-17-12,腐植酸为17.5kg,微量元素为0.5kg,有机质为12.5kg,膨润土为7.5kg。复混肥追肥配方N为115g·L~(-1),K为50g·L~(-1),腐植酸为161g·L~(-1),微量元素为0.3 g·L~(-1),每7 d追肥一次,追肥2 100L·hm~(-2),增产幅度达到10.73%。