钙素营养与套袋苹果苦痘病的关系

为了探讨苹果套袋后苦痘病加重的原因,以富士苹果为试材,对果实发育过程中钙、氮含量的变化规律,果实幼果期和成熟期钙总量,套袋后果实微环境湿度变化及不同有机质果园苦痘病发生率进行了测定。结果表明,未套袋苹果果实在幼果期吸收钙量占成熟果实总钙量30%左右,后期占70%左右,套袋影响了果实对钙的吸收;套袋使袋内湿度增加,果实表面蒸腾作用降低,使果实对钙的吸收受到影响;同时套袋果氮含量一直高于未套袋果,N/Ca增大,促成了苦痘病的发生。增加果园有机质含量,可以改善根际钙离子供应,降低苦痘病的发生。     

Improving the performance of calcium-containing spray formulations to limit the incidence of bitter pit in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)

Laboratory and field experiments were carried out with apples (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Golden Reinders’, to assess the efficacy of sodium salt of carboxymethyl ether of cellulose (0.5%, CMC) as an adjuvant for Ca spray formulations containing either Ca-chloride or Ca-propionate as active ingredient (120 or 250 mM Ca). This additive significantly increased the retention of Ca-containing solutions by the apple skin and prolonged the process of drying of the solution at room temperature. Four days after immersion of apples in 0.5% CMC plus CaCl₂ or Ca-propionate solutions (120 and 250 mM Ca) significant Ca increases were recorded in the peel and cortex of treated fruits. Application to apple trees of in-season sprays containing 250 mM CaCl₂ plus 0.05% Tween 20, Ca-propionate (120 and 250 mM Ca) plus 0.5% CMC or 250 mM CaCl₂ plus 0.5% CMC had no impact on fruit yield and quality, but significantly limited the rate of bitter pit incidence during the following 3-month cold-storage period. Evidence is provided that addition of appropriate adjuvants to Ca sprays can favour the distribution of Ca into the apple fruit and helps to reduce the incidence of Ca-related disorders over the postharvest cold-storage period.     

The interaction of copper and zinc with calcium in apple fruit

Analysis of ions in cortical tissue of fruit after post-harvest dips in calcium with or without 0.2 and 2% copper or zinc, and after subsequent storage, show that calcium levels were reduced by the presence of both metals. Uptake of ⁴⁵Ca into both peel and cortical tissue disks was also reduced by copper and zinc. The reduction is probably due to exchange of copper and zinc with calcium, and increased membrane permeability due to the presence of these metals. These results do not support suggestions that calcium uptake is stimulated by copper or zinc in apple fruit.     

苹果采前落果与内源激素的关系

为了探讨苹果采前落果与内源激素之间的关系,在采前8周间定期测定了不同苹果品种的果柄、果台和离层形成部位组织中IAA、ABA含量;在采收前20d内定期测定了离层部位组织中细胞壁分解酶(Cellulase)的活性;在收获期测定了果实乙烯的发生量。结果表明:不同品种果柄、果台和离层部位组织中IAA和ABA含量变化有差异,但它们变化的总趋势相似,都是随着果实成熟IAA含量下降,而ABA含量上升;不同品种的成熟果实中乙烯发生量有很大差异,以落果多的品种显著大于落果少的品种;采前落果重的品种离层部位组织中细胞壁分解酶的活性在果实成熟期急剧增加。由于果实进入成熟阶段后,IAA含量下降,ABA含量升高,ABA/IAA之间的相对平衡被打破,高ABA/IAA以及高乙烯会刺激离层组织中细胞壁分解酶的活性增高,进而促进离层形成,这可能是导致落果发生的原因。     

9个海棠品种锈病发生情况调查

对邻近桧柏的苹果资源圃内9个海棠品种的锈病发生情况进行调查表明,海棠距离桧柏近感染锈病重、距离桧柏远感染锈病轻;综合分析9个海棠品种与桧柏距离不同叶片病斑数不同的调查结果认为,白兰地海棠、草原海棠、BMO、草原玫瑰抗锈病力强,乙女海棠较抗锈病,圆叶海棠、垂枝富尔顿、红哨兵海棠及W112不抗锈病。     

不同树龄苹果园土壤微生物的差异及对苹果砧木生长的影响

以平顶海棠(Malus robusta Rehd.)为试验材料,以4个不同树龄苹果园的土壤为对象,研究了不同树龄苹果园土壤对再植平顶海棠幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在前茬树龄为3、8、15和24 a苹果园土种植的平顶海棠幼苗比正茬土对照的平均株高分别减少31.22%、46.38%、57.66%和63.10%;再植平顶海棠幼苗地上部干质量分别减少0.96%、57.58%、76.88%和78.10%;地下部干质量分别减少40.38%、48.79%、64.03%和79.43%。在24 a生苹果树土壤中再植海棠幼苗校正发病率达到了72.73%,而在3 a生苹果树的土壤中再植海棠幼苗校正发病率只有18.18%。对不同树龄的苹果园土壤根际细菌和真菌群落结构的差异进行分析,其结果为,随着苹果树龄的提高,根际土壤中真菌种类和数量显著增加,而细菌的种类和数量则随着树龄的增加显著减少。     

Cropping effects on the loss of apple fruit firmness during storage: The relationship between texture retention and fruit dry matter concentration

Firmness is a primary measure of apple fruit texture, the key determinant of eating quality of apples. Despite the well developed understanding of the process of firmness loss in storage, there is very limited information concerning pre-harvest and at-harvest causes of the variation in fruit quality in the marketplace. The objective of the present study was to investigate the respective roles that the factors of time and intensity of crop thinning, fruit size and fruit dry matter concentration (DMC) each may have in determining fruit firmness of ‘Royal Gala’ apple at harvest and during storage. Loss of firmness during storage of all thinning treatments and of fruit size and DMC categories was described by a bilinear equation. Time of thinning did not influence any aspect of fruit softening during air storage at 0.5 °C. Comparing the crop loads, a lower crop load (100 fruit per tree) resulted in firmer fruit at harvest. The loss of firmness during storage associated with crop load occurred because fruit from the lowest crop load softened more rapidly during the second slow phase of softening. Fruit firmness was positively correlated with fruit size where larger fruit were slightly firmer than smaller fruit at harvest but not after storage. The softening profiles of different sized fruit were similar except for a class of extremely small fruit, which appeared to soften more rapidly during the second slow softening phase of storage. Both at-harvest and post-harvest fruit firmness were influenced by fruit DMC. Fruit firmness at harvest increased significantly as fruit DMC increased from 13% to above 16%. Despite having significantly different initial firmness, all fruit classes with DMC higher than 13% softened at a similar rate during both the initial rapid and second slow softening phases and the transition between the two phases occurred after the same time in storage. In contrast, fruit with very low DMC, less than 13%, had a greater rate of softening in the second phase. These results indicate that variation in fruit firmness at harvest and after storage is influenced by processes that affect and alter fruit DMC during fruit development. In this respect crop load control, which is used to improve fruit size, was also an important factor in altering fruit DMC, thereby affecting firmness at harvest and after storage. Furthermore, the effects of DMC on fruit firmness were independent of fruit size.     

The influence of sucrose,ethanol and calcium nitrate on the freezing-point and long-term low-temperature storage of carnation flowers

Both tight bud and open carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers survived ?4°C for 5 days without injury if flowers were pulsed with 20% sucrose at 25°C for 24 hours prior to storage. Between the 8th and 10th day of storage, both stem and floral tissue froze. Flowers pulsed with 10 or 20% ethanol for 24 hours at 25°C survived ?2°C for 5 days, while those pulsed in water failed to open normally or were frozen when stored at 0°C for 5 days. Flowers stressed (wilted) for 24 hours at 25°C survived for only 5 days at ?4°C. After pulsing, tight buds were more resistant to freezing than open flowers and stem tissue was more resistant than petal tissue. However, during storage stem tissue froze before petal tissue. Using exotherm analysis, petal tissue froze at ?2.3 or ?4.7°C when first pulsed with water or sucrose and at ?3.0 and ?3.8°C after 7 days.     

套袋黄冠梨黑点病与钙素营养和果实衰老的关系

为探明套袋黄冠梨果实黑点病发病原因,从采后生理、矿质营养水平、酚类物质酶促褐变和果实衰老等方面对套袋黄冠梨果实黑点病进行了研究。结果表明:套袋果呼吸强度显著高于不套袋果;套袋果Ca含量仅为不套袋果的49%-63%,果皮钙素含量未套袋果>套袋健康果>套袋病果,套袋病果与不套袋果果皮N/Ca比值分别为9.8和6.1,K/Ca比值分别为17.6和8.8;果皮和果心酚类物质含量及多酚氧化酶活性(PPO)呈套袋病果>套袋健康果>未套袋果的趋势;套袋病果果皮丙二醛(MDA)含量及电导率显著高于未套袋果;果皮钙素含量与其PPO活性、多酚及丙二醛含量、电导率呈高度负相关。初步分析黄冠梨果实黑点病病因为缺钙性生理衰老。     

Relationships between sap flow,hydraulic conductivity,and the anatomical characteristics of stems and roots in apple rootstocks of different vigour

Summary

To find a useful parameter that could be related to the degree of rootstock vigour, for rootstock breeding programmes, sap flow, hydraulic conductivity, and the anatomical characteristics of stems and roots were measured in 1-year-old trees of apple rootstocks of different vigour. Sap flow was less active in dwarfing rootstocks than in invigorating rootstocks, when taking leaf area into account, under a controlled temperature of 20ºC with the root zone at 15ºC. The hydraulic conductivities of stems and roots were not consistent with the degree of dwarfing.The hydraulic conductivity of the stem appeared to be related to the diameter and density of the large vessels in the xylem. On the other hand, the phloem-to-xylem ratio in roots with diameters of 1.5 – 2.0 mm, was closely-related to sap flow and the degree of dwarfing. The phloem-to-xylem ratio decreased as the degree of vigour increased. Moreover, the phloem-to-xylem ratio was considered to be related to the ability of roots to absorb and transport water, which was expressed as the root-specific sap flow. Therefore, the phloem-to-xylem ratio could be a useful index for evaluating the potential of apple trees as dwarfing rootstocks.     

柑橘小实蝇生物学特性与温度的关系

为有效控制柑橘小实蝇的发生、蔓延和危害,通过对其2009～2010年室外饲养观察,结果表明:柑橘小实蝇生物学特性与温度有着十分密切的关系,温度不仅对雌虫产卵前期长短和产卵所需时间有明显影响,而且当平均温度在20.3～29.9℃之间时,成虫交配初见至终见期随温度升高而延长;在不同的温度时段成虫产卵期和每只产卵粒不同;幼虫历期随着温度升高而天数缩短;成虫对低温敏感度不高;在本市不能越冬;随着温度的升高羽化率降低等结论。这将对柑橘小实蝇防控技术研究、预测预报提供科学依据,从而确保衢州市柑橘安全生产和农村稳定。     

改良高干开心形富士苹果树冠不同层次相对光照强度分布与枝叶的关系

以12 a生富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh cv.Red Fuji)为试材,研究了改良高干开心形树冠不同层次相对光照强度的分布、季节动态变化与枝叶数量间的关系。结果表明,树冠相对光照强度从上部到下部逐渐降低,同一冠层内相对光照强度从内膛到外围逐步增加;树冠最上层5—10月呈平稳趋势,而中下部5—7月呈下降趋势,7月份后趋于稳定;小于30%的相对光照强度的树冠体积在年生长周期内逐渐增加:5—6月份为15%,7—8月27%,9—10月30%。新梢的空间分布研究表明,>30 cm的长枝(梢)、15～30 cm的中长枝(梢)、5～15 cm中枝(梢)和小于5 cm的短枝(梢)分别集中分布在冠层高度2.0m以上、1.5～2.5m、1.0～2.0m和1.0～2.5m冠层内;生长季总枝量100.39万条/hm2,长、中长、中和短梢占总枝量的比例分别为6.44%、5.52%、14.40%、73.64%,多于6片叶的短梢占总短枝量的42.08%。应用多元统计分析的方法建立了树冠相对光照强度与枝(梢)叶量关系的回归方程,相对光照强度值与累计枝梢数量和叶面积系数呈负指数关系,苹果优质生产和最佳利用光能的群体结构参数为总枝(梢)量小于96万条/hm2,叶面积系数控制在3.9以下,长、中、短梢比例分别为10.91%、13.70%和75.39%。     

红富士苹果不同树形冠层光照参数与果实品质产量关系的研究

以红富士苹果为试材,研究了高干开心形、小冠疏层形和纺锤形树冠外层、中层和内层光照强度以及光合特性的季节变化动态和日变化规律及其与果实品质产量的关系。结果表明,高干开心形红富士树冠外层、中层和内层的光强、光合速率、蒸腾速率显著高于小冠疏层形和纺锤形,且冠层光照分布均匀。不同树形的单株产量和品质也存在显著差异,高干开心形树形果实与其他2种树形相比,着色较好,可溶性固形物含量较高,收获时平均单果重显著高于小冠疏层形和纺锤形,且冠层内、中、外果实个体差异较小,但高干开心形树体产量低于传统树形。     

梨每花序花朵数量与植物激素的关系

为探明影响梨每花序花朵数量的因素,调查了230个梨品种每花序花朵数量,简析了每花序平均花朵数量的梨品种数量频度分布。并从中选取每花序花朵数量极端差异的2个品种‘黄金’梨和‘金星’梨,采用液相串联质谱法(LC-MS)测定其花芽ZT、IAA、ABA含量,分析其每花芽分化花朵数量与植物激素的关系。结果表明:在常见梨品种中每花序有5~9朵花,‘黄金’梨的最多,平均为11.5朵,‘金星’梨的最少,平均为3.6朵。在花芽分化中后期,‘黄金’梨花芽的ZT含量极显著高于‘金星’梨;花芽分化过程中,‘金星’梨花芽IAA含量始终极显著高于‘黄金’梨;2个梨品种花芽ABA含量差异不显著。综上,花芽分化中后期花芽内高含量的细胞分裂素有利于促迚花朵的分化。     

Study of the relationship between blood glucose fluctuation and type 2 diabetes mellitus with macroangiopathy

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the fluctuation of blood glucose and the macrovascular complication of atherosclerosis (AS) in diabetic patients. METHODS: The individuals with different glucose tolerance were observed by continuous glucose monitoring for 3 days including the mean blood glucose (MBG) and its standard deviation (SD), mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) and absolute means of daily differences (MODD). In addition, the intima-media thickness (IMT), intima smoothness as well as AS scores were measured respectively in bilateral common carotid arteries by means of high resolution B mode ultrasonography. RESULTS: The incidence of macrovascular complications in the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was significantly higher than those in the subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and a significantly difference between group IGT and T2DM was observed. The indexes detected by B mode ultrasonography were all increased gradually from NGT to IGT, then to newly diagnosed T2DM. The values of glycemic excursion were higher in IGT and T2DM group, especially in the subjects with diabetes than those in NGT group. In addition, multiple regression analysis showed that MAGE was significantly correlated with mean IMT and AS scores. CONCLUSION: Blood glucose fluctuation is associated with atherosclerosis. The patients with a larger range of blood glucose excursion have higher risks for developing atherosclerotic complications. The impaired glucose stability is a possible risk factor for atherosclerotic macroangiopathy in diabetes.     

石榴开花期叶面积指数与坐果率的关系

石榴为石榴科石榴属植物。在我国栽培已有2000年以上的历史,是我国古老的栽培果树之一。其作为栽培的只有一个种,即石榴（Punica granarum L．）。石榴树适应性强,易栽培,易管理。它集食用、药用和观赏于一身,在国内外有着广阔的消费市场。石榴在我国有六个生产区,即陕西临潼产区、山东枣庄产区、安徽怀远产区、四川会理产区、云南产区和新疆叶城产区。在西昌,石榴也是果树主栽品种,为西昌果农创造了丰厚的收入。     

Dynamic relationship between macrophage and extra cellular matrix in the kidney of rats with experimental nephritis

AIM: To observe the changes in infiltrating macrophages (Mф)and extracellular matrix (ECM) in the kidney in the progressive course of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN). METHODS: NTN model was established with rabbit-anti-rat nephrotoxic serum. On day 3, 7, 15, 30 and 90, renal biopsies were performed. Renal histology was checked under light microscopy with HE and Masson's trichrome staining sections. Mф, fibronectin (FN), type Ⅲ and Ⅳ collagen were examined with immunohistochemistry ABC method. RESULTS: Infiltration of Mф appeared on day 3 of NTN and preceded changes of FN and collagen. On day 15 of NTN, all nephritic animals had significant proteinuria, increased serum creatinine, infiltration of Mф and deposit of entracellular matrix. On day 90 of NTN, seven nephritic animals improved significantly, while other five developed renal scarring with diffuse infiltration of Mф which positively paralleled to renal function and deposit of FN, type Ⅲ and Ⅳ collagen. CONCLUSION: Mф infiltrating into renal tissue enhances deposit of ECM and therefore plays important roles in progression or improvement of NTN.     

The relationship between the activity of phospholipase A2 and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension

AIM:To study the relationship between the activity of phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. METHODS:29 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, chronic hypoxic group and hypoxia plus Polidatin (PD) group. The model of rat chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension was made by method of intermittent isobaric hypoxia for 21 days. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) was measured by inserting a microcatheter into the pulmonary artery. RESULTS:After exposing hypoxia for 21 days, the mPAP, R/L+S, the PLA₂ activity, TXB₂, MDA in plasma and lung homogenate increased significantly, while 6-k-PGF_1α, SOD decreased significantly. Pretreatment with PD could relieve the changes mentioned above.CONCLUSION:PLA₂ plays an important inducing role through its metabolic products and the interactional radicals in the formation of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.     

香蕉组培苗的生产技术与变异株率关系的研究总结

我国的香蕉组培苗推广应用已有20多年的历史,现已成为国内以组培苗形式推广、种植面积最大也是最成功的农作物之一。