Field control of strawberry fruit-rot (Botrytis cinerea Fr.) by fungicides

Dichlofluanid effectively controlled strawberry fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea Fr.) in a series of field experiments from 1965 to 1967. Less than 1 % of fruits were infected where 6 lb./acre/year was applied in three sprays (0·1 % a.i. w./w.) at early flower, main flower and late flower stages. Less mildew (Sphaerotheca alchemillae (Grev.) Junnell) developed on fruits of cv. Royal Sovereign after sprays of dichlofluanid than after thiram or difolatan.

Yield of sound fruit was increased by all three fungicides; on cv. Talisman the yield was greatest with dichlofluanid and on cv. Royal Sovereign with thiram. Fruits of Royal Sovereign were damaged by dichlofluanid and to a lesser extent by thiram; the fruits were smaller and more of them were malformed, relative to the unsprayed plants. The fruits of Talisman were undamaged by the standard rates of thiram and dichlofluanid.     

葡萄灰霉病菌对3种杀菌剂的多重抗药性检测

【目的】为检测葡萄灰霉病菌对多菌灵、腐霉利和乙霉威3种杀菌剂的多重抗药性,指导生产上葡萄灰霉病的药剂防治。【方法】从甘肃、山东、北京等14个省、市、自治区采集葡萄灰霉病样分离纯化得到109个灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)单孢系菌株,采用最低抑制浓度法(MIC)测定了葡萄灰霉病菌对苯并咪唑类(多菌灵)、二甲酰亚胺类(腐霉利)和氨基甲酸酯类(乙霉威)杀菌剂的多重抗药性。【结果】结果表明,葡萄灰霉病菌对多菌灵、腐霉利和乙霉威的抗药性菌株率分别达到了83.5%、14.7%和17.4%;抗药性类型有BenRDicSNPCS、BenRDicRNPCS、BenRDicRNPCR和BenSDicSNPCR4种,所占比例分别为68.8%、13.8%、0.9%和16.5%。【结论】我国不同地区的葡萄灰霉病菌对苯并咪唑类、二甲酰亚胺类和氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂普遍存在抗药性问题,对多菌灵的抗药性较为严重,因此,在生产上,应选择一些替代的新型杀菌剂和生物农药。     

Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in pistillate genotypes of the cultivated strawberry Fragaria ananassa

Four strawberry families which segregated for pistillate and hermaphrodite flowers were assessed for their susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea (grey mould). Clonally propagated plants were grown in a glasshouse and the flowers sprayed with a conidial suspension of the fungus. In extreme cases the disease resulted in necrosis of the flowers and pedicels before fruit development had begun. This occurred in a significantly higher proportion of hermaphrodite than pistillate flowers. Necrosis due to B. cinerea in unripe and ripe berries was also significantly greater in plants with hermaphrodite flowers. Differences in susceptibility between families were also observed, but there was no interaction with flower sex. It is proposed that the reduced incidence of necrosis on the flowers and fruit of pistillate plants is due primarily to the absence of anthers, which in hermaphrodite flowers.provide a major route for B. cinerea to enter the developing receptable.     

浙江两地区草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)对扑海因的抗药性及其分子机制

采用菌丝生长速率法测定来自浙江省建德市和杭州下沙区2个草莓主产区的98个灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.)菌株对杀菌剂扑海因(iprodione)的抗性。结果表明建德下涯和庙头张2地区已存在抗扑海因的菌系,抗性频率达17.5%,最高抗性菌株的抗性倍数为12.32。而下沙和建德的杨村桥地区则尚未发现抗性菌系。扩增、测序和比较扑海因敏感和抗性菌株BcOS1基因N-端氨基酸重复区段的526bp序列,发现抗性菌株存在2种分子变异类型,即BcOS1的365位氨基酸从异亮氨酸(Ile)变为丝氨酸(Ser),369和373位同时从谷氨酸(Gln)和天门冬氨酸(Asn)变成脯氨酸(Pro)和丝氨酸(Ser),以前一个类型为主,占8个抗性菌株中的7个。     

杀菌剂对草莓灰霉病菌的毒力测定及田间防效

以"甜查理"草莓为试材,草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)为供试菌,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了12种杀菌剂对草莓灰霉病菌的影响。结果表明:室内毒力试验中,50g·L~(-1)己唑醇SC的毒力最强,EC_(50)值为0.051 9mg·L~(-1);500g·L~(-1)异菌脲SC、430g·L~(-1)戊唑醇SC和400g·L~(-1)氟硅唑EC对草莓灰霉病菌也有很好的抑制作用。田间试验中,50g·L~(-1)己唑醇SC对草莓灰霉病的防治效果最好,防治效果达81.57%~85.42%;500g·L~(-1)异菌脲SC、430g·L~(-1)戊唑醇SC和400g·L~(-1)氟硅唑EC对草莓灰霉病也具有较好的防治效果,防治效果均在74%以上;10%多抗霉素WP和3%中生菌素WP对草莓灰霉病也有一定的防治效果,防效均能达到65%以上。     

几种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力及田间防效

以番茄灰霉病菌田间发病叶片为试材,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了11种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的影响,选择其中较好的8种药剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明:室内毒力测定中25%咪酰胺EC对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力最强,其EC50值为0.0397μg/mL;40%嘧霉胺SC、40%百菌清SC和80%代森锰锌WP对番茄灰霉病菌也具有较好的抑制效果。田间试验结果中25%咪酰胺EC、28%烯肟·多菌灵WP、50%啶酰菌胺WG和50%异菌脲SC对番茄灰霉病表现较高的防效,防效分别为85.57%、82.68%、80.92%和73.34%。该试验筛选出了对番茄灰霉病具有较好防效的药剂,对番茄灰霉病的药剂防治具有重要的指导意义。     

江苏丘陵地区草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)对QoIs类杀菌剂的抗药性研究

【目的】明确江苏丘陵地区草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)对甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂(QoIs)的抗药性区域分布和抗药性分子机制,为抗药性治理提供依据。【方法】区分计量法和抑制中浓度法测定草莓灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯的抗药性区域分布和对药剂的敏感性表型,采用草莓果实离体测定法评估药剂对不同药剂敏感性菌株的防效,通过药剂靶标基因的序列分析确定抗药性分子机制。【结果】236株草莓灰霉病菌中对嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯呈抗性的菌株有192株,2个药剂呈正交互抗性。嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯敏感菌株的平均抑菌中质量浓度(EC50值)分别为0.269 8和0.055 9 mg·L~(-1)。77个嘧菌酯抗性菌株的EC50值全部大于100 mg·L~(-1),而吡唑醚菌酯抗性菌株的EC50平均值为67.680 7mg·L~(-1)。接种抗性菌株后再防治的试验证明,嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯在推荐剂量(a.i 166.67 mg·L~(-1))下失去防效;所有抗性菌株的cyt b基因上都只含有G143A点突变,且第143位氨基酸后均不含有内元(Bcbi-143/144);敏感菌株cyt b基因分为2种,47.4%的敏感菌株不含有Bcbi-143/144,而52.6%的敏感菌株含有Bcbi-143/144。【结论】江苏丘陵地区田间草莓灰霉病菌群体中,对QoIs类药剂产生高水平抗药性的种群已成为主导种群,生产中不宜再用该类药剂防治草莓灰霉病。所有田间采集灰霉病菌抗性菌株的抗性分子机制均为cyt b基因G143A点突变,未发现其他位点突变类型。     

杧果蒂腐病菌对多菌灵的抗药性测定及其杀菌剂筛选

对来自海南3个地区的86个杧果蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)菌株进行了对多菌灵的抗药性测定,结果表明,杧果蒂腐病菌群体中存在着对多菌灵抗性的群体。采用生长速率法进行了23种杀菌剂对4株杧果蒂腐病菌的室内毒力测定,通过EC50值、EC90值及与多菌灵的交互抗性等的综合分析,结果表明,作为防治杧果蒂腐病的首选药剂有咪鲜胺锰盐、丙环唑、氟硅唑、咪鲜胺、异菌脲、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、腈菌唑、吡唑醚菌酯和井冈霉素10种杀菌剂,可选杀菌剂还有百菌清和代森锰锌。杧果蒂腐病菌除对多菌灵产生抗性外,还对甲基硫菌灵、醚菌酯和烯唑醇3种杀菌剂产生了抗药性。通过交互抗性分析,多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵和烯唑醇3种杀菌剂之间存在交互抗性,而醚菌酯与井冈霉素之间存在负交互抗性。为了避免杧果蒂腐病菌对某种杀菌剂产生抗药性,建议上述可选用杀菌剂交替使用。     

Eradicant action of fungicides applied to dormant peach trees for control of brown rot (Monilinia fructicola)

There is evidence to suggest that the eradication of Monilinia fructicola in infected peach peduncles in winter may reduce brown rot during the subsequent season. In a series of experiments, in which treatments were applied in the field and the results assessed in the laboratory, benomyl and arsenic or mercury compounds were more effective in suppressing sporulation from overwintering infections than any of the other materials tested. Benomyl effectively suppressed sporulation from infected peach peduncles and mummified peach fruits and was not phytotoxic. Sodium arsenite was an effective eradicant of M. fructicola in peach peduncles and mummified peach fruit at 0·1% and 0·3%, but it was phytotoxic to both peach and apricot trees at rates as low as 0·01% whether applied in mid-winter or at early bud-swell. Phenylmercury chloride (PMC), mercury acetimide at 0·06% Hg and phenylmercury dimethyldithiocarbamate at 0·015% Hg were effective eradicants. At lower rates the mercurials were unsatisfactory. No phytotoxicity was observed following dormant applications of the mercury compounds.

Lime-sulphur plus oil was the best of the remaining materials. DNOC performed about as well as lime-sulphur on peduncles but failed to suppress sporulation on mummified fruits and was occasionally phytotoxic.

Sodium pentachlorophenate was superior to pentachlorophenyl acetate at the same rate, and, in contrast with some overseas experience with peaches and apricots, was not phytotoxic in these tests.

Bordeaux mixture, fentin acetate, N.C.I584, captan, captafol and dichlone, although not phytotoxic, did not show significant eradicant or antisporulant action.

There was some evidence that PMC acted both as an eradicant and an antisporulant.     

苹果轮纹病药剂筛选与药剂配方

为解决苹果枝干轮纹病有效防治药剂缺乏的问题,1998—1999年在富士苹果枝干轮纹病树上开展其病害的药剂配方、浓度、防治次数、时期筛选及病斑不同刮治程度试验,2000—2002年在富士苹果枝干轮纹病树上开展果实轮纹病防治试验,结果表明,5波美度石硫合剂∶硅石粉剂=100∶4或100∶6对苹果枝干轮纹病具有显著的增效作用;1年2次施药效果显著;第1次施药前应采取轻刮,以后防治直接用药;多菌灵与波尔多液交替、多菌灵与石硫合剂∶硅石粉剂交替使用采收期与贮藏期防治果实轮纹病效果均突出;套袋果实轮纹病防效达100%。     

Das Platzen von Weinbeeren (Vitis vinifera) bei Befall mit Grauschimmel (Botrytis cinerea)

Rain-cracking of post-veraison grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.) reduces yield and quality of must and wine. Under vineyard conditions, cracking is often associated with bunch rots. The objective of the present study was to identify the role of Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. as the dominant bunch rot fungus in cracking of Riesling berries. For these experiments grape berries with characteristic symptoms of Botrytis infections were selected in the vineyard. Berries infected by Botrytis always cracked in those regions of the berry where symptoms of the infections (brownish purple colour of the fruit skin) were present. In 55 % of these berries, cracks were orientated perpendicularly to the pedicel/stylar scar axis. Microscopic cracks referred to as microcracks were often present in the stylar scar region and occasionally in the vicinity of lenticels. These cracks allowed penetration of the fluorescent tracer acridine orange. The area infiltrated by the dye was positively related to crack length (r²?=#x003D;?0.43*). Water uptake of detached berries increased with time. Rates of uptake were highly variable and higher for infected berries as compared to berries without infections. Rates of water uptake into infected berries were positively related to cumulative crack length (number of cracks multiplied with average crack length) per berry (r²?=#x003D;?0.45*). Exposing the outer surface of the strained grape berry exocarp to water increased the frequency of microcracks. The increase was larger in infected berries than in those without symptoms. Our data demonstrate that Botrytis infections increase the cracking susceptibility of Riesling grape berries by weakening the grape berry exocarp, increasing crack length per berry which in turn resulted in increased water uptake.     

Biological control of post-harvest anthracnose rot of loquat fruit by Pichia membranefaciens

Summary

The effect of Pichia membranefaciens on reducing post-harvest anthracnose rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in loquat fruit was investigated. Fruit were treated with different suspensions of P. membranefaciens before challenge with 1.0 10⁵ spores ml^–1 of C. acutatum, then incubated at 20°C for 6 d. The results showed that 1 10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU) ml^–1 of washed cell suspensions of the yeast provided better control of anthracnose rot than yeast in culture broth at the same concentration. Treatment with autoclaved cell cultures or culture filtrates did not prevent the incidence of disease. The concentration of a washed cell suspension of P. membranefaciens had a significant effect on the efficacy of controlling anthracnose rot in loquat fruit. At a concentration range from 1 10⁶ to 1 10⁹ CFU ml^–1, the higher the concentration of the antagonist, the lower the incidence of the disease and the smaller the diameter of the lesions. In inoculated wounds of loquat fruit, populations of P. membranefaciens increased approx. 34-fold after 6 d of incubation at 20°C.Washed cell suspensions of P. membranefaciens also significantly inhibited spore germination and germ-tube growth of C. acutatum, in vitro. These results suggest that P. membranefaciens has potential as a biocontrol agent to reduce post-harvest decay caused by C. acutatum in loquat fruit.     

枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜灰霉病药效试验

采用室内生物活性测定及田间药效试验,以40 %嘧霉胺悬浮剂为对照药剂,评价了生物杀菌剂枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂（活 芽孢数为1 000亿·g^-1）对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果。试验结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对黄瓜灰霉病的抑制效果较好,与对照 药剂相当,其EC₅₀为5.89×10⁶ cfu·mL^-1。田间试验中枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂0.08 g·m^-2施药后的防效为70.81 %,对照药剂 0.11 g·m^-2的防效为77.40 %。室内生物活性测定结果与田间试验结果一致。     

红枣浆烂果病发生原因调查

<正>红枣浆烂果病发病率有逐年上升的趋势,尤其在枣果生产后期,遇连阴雨天,湿度较大时,浆烂果病发生较重年份可以减产15%～50%,大发生年份可减产60%～85%,个别年份甚至绝收,极大地挫伤了枣农生产的积极性。为解决这一难题,我们从2012-2017年通过6年调查分析,基本摸清了其发病规律,并筛选出了抗病优良品种以及合理有效的预防及防治方法。     

啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈复配对草莓灰霉病菌的室内毒力测定及田间防效

采用生长速率法测定了啶酰菌胺、咯菌腈及其复配物对草莓灰霉病菌的室内毒力,通过Wadley法进行增效作用评价,并验证了复配物对草莓灰霉病的田间防效。结果表明:啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈以质量比1∶1、5∶1、3∶1、2:1、3∶2复配对草莓灰霉病菌表现增效作用,以质量比1∶3、1∶4、1∶5、4∶1复配则表现相加作用。其中3∶1复配的增效作用最明显,增效系数为4.47,田间对草莓灰霉病的最佳防效可达74.40%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病的作用研究

以枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2为供试菌,黄瓜品种"津春4号"为试材,采用生理生化方法,研究了BSD-2发酵液、抗菌肽及芽孢稀释溶液对叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响;采用电泳法测定POD同工酶和叶片胞间隙蛋白质的变化。结果表明:处理后的酶活均在第5天达到高峰,发酵液处理对酶活性的提高作用明显。POD同工酶的变化不仅表现在同种同工酶表达量的改变,同工酶种类也相应地增加,叶片胞间隙蛋白电泳中出现大小约为27kDa的新增蛋白条带,并且发酵液处理第11天时新增蛋白出现表达量的积累。表明枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2及其抗菌物质可以通过提高防御酶活性,促进POD同工酶和胞间隙相关蛋白质的表达,从而诱导黄瓜产生对灰霉病的抗性作用。     

板栗烂果病的生物防治研究

室内测定枯草芽孢杆菌〔 Bacillus subtilis ( Ehrenberg) Cohn〕 XM16菌株制剂对Glomerella sp.、Alternaria alternata、Trichotheciumroseum、Pestalotiasp.和 Fusariumsp. 5种板栗烂果病菌的抑制作用均为 10 0 % ,而 XM16菌株 50倍培养液 ,对上述 5种病菌的抑制效果分别为 96.3 %～ 99.5%。其抑菌机理主要是使病菌孢子和菌丝畸变 ,细胞壁溶解 ,原生质泄漏。 1999年和 2 0 0 0年连续两年对板栗烂果病进行小区防治试验 ,防治效果分别为 83 .5%和 85.3 % ,明显高于多菌灵处理的3 6.6%和 3 4 .0 %的效果     

20%寡聚酸碘水剂对黄瓜灰霉病的药效试验

20%寡聚酸碘水剂（AS）的有效成分为氨基寡糖素与碘的络合物,采用室内生物活性测定及田间药效试验,以50%乙烯菌核利可湿性粉剂（WP）1 000倍液为对照药剂,评价了20%寡聚酸碘AS对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果。室内抑菌试验结果表明：20%寡聚酸碘AS 1 000倍液、1 500倍液、2 000倍液的抑菌率分别为97.30%、45.90%、14.00%,均低于50%乙烯菌核利WP 1 000倍液（100.00%）。田间药效试验结果表明：20%寡聚酸碘AS 1 000倍液、1 500倍液的田间防效分别为81.66%、74.80%,均高于50%乙烯菌核利WP 1 000倍液（73.87%）。     

Field spray trials for control of the strawberry mite,Tarsonemus fragariae (Zimm.)

Results are given of field trials in which various chemical sprays were tested for control of the strawberry mite Tarsonemus fragariae. Activity of most compounds was poor, although promising results were obtained with Bayer 5024 (methiocarb), Boots BTS 27419, Du Pont 1642 and Shell WL 21959 (‘Talcord’). None gave as good control as a standard endosulfan spray, but some results were better than those achieved with a standard application of dicofol.