桃幼树光合年变化及落叶期早晚与营养生长的关系

试验以2个桃品种(南方早红和大久保)1 a生幼树为试材,研究了光合年变化和落叶期早晚与营养生长的关系。结果表明,2个品种桃6月份光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,最高峰在11:00,次峰在14:00—15:00;8月份光合速率曲线呈单峰,最高峰在13:00。日光合总量的季节变化也呈双峰,分别在5月和8月。4—8月南方早红单位面积月光合总量占年总量的94.15%,大于大久保同时期的比值。南方早红落叶晚于大久保,且抽生新梢能力强于大久保。因而,南方早红9—10月光合面积的增大对单株年光合总量增加的贡献略高于大久保。实验认为,南方早红4—8月高的光合能力和9—10月落叶期晚对其旺盛的营养生长都具有重要的促进作用。     

果梅对秋施15N-硫铵的吸收与利用

 以细叶青梅/ 桃砧为试材, 研究了秋施¹⁵N-硫铵条件下氮的吸收、分配、贮藏和利用。休眠期果梅各器官均有贮氮能力,¹⁵N浓度根系大于多年生枝。秋施氮肥后, 冬季花中¹⁵N浓度显著高于同期其它器官; 春季果仁> 新梢> 果核> 果肉, 说明此期果仁争夺氮素营养的能力最强。新梢停长后, 当年生枝和叶中¹⁵N浓度显著下降, 而多年生器官在4～6 月均有所上升, 而6～9 月又都大幅度下降, 表明此期为多年生器官加粗和新根大量生长之际; 当年生枝¹⁵N浓度虽有所下降, 但始终高于同期多年生器官, 表明贮氮对当年生枝的花芽分化有持续作用。秋季落叶后, 衰老器官中回撤的氮素营养就近运输, 就近贮藏。次年春, 局部贮藏的氮素营养仍能重新为建造新生器官所使用。所以果梅体内氮素营养有随生长中心转移而转移, 且可较长时期重复利用的特性。     

Determination of grafting compatibility of grapevine with electrophoretic methods

This study was carried out to determine the efficiency of electrophoretic methods in predicting graft incompatibility of grape cultivars with American rootstocks. Three isoenzyme systems (peroxidase, PER; esterase, EST; acid phosphatase, AcPH) and total protein profiles were obtained in 15 grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) and 12 American rootstocks. Compatibility levels were determined by the band similarities. Field compatibilities were also calculated. Results showed that incompatibility exists between different cultivar–rootstock combinations. AcPH and total protein profiles of the cultivar–rootstock combinations could be suggested to use for forecasting graft incompatibility.     

桃种质亲缘演化关系的RAPD分析

利用 ＲＡＰＤ技术对 ４８个桃品种类型的遗传变异进行了研究，筛选出的 ２０个引物共扩增出 １６５条带，其中多态性带８３条，占５０．３％。经聚类分析，４８个供试材料共分为五类。其中甘肃桃，山桃，部分古老的以北方蜜桃、硬肉桃为代表的北方品种，以美国油桃为代表的油桃品种，以及以南方水蜜桃为代表的品种各自聚为一类。据此对桃种质的演化及分类地位进行了尝试性的探讨。传统的古老品种具明显的地域特色，而现代品种间遗传背景相近，地域差异不显著。美国油桃单独聚为一类，可能存在一条古老的进化途径。新疆桃与北方古老品种亲缘关系相近，可能共同起源于硬肉桃。     

应用RAPD技术对、李、桃亲缘关系的探讨

利用RAPD技术对、桃、李部分南方品种进行鉴定 ,并探讨了与桃李之间的亲缘关系。聚类分析结果显示 ,不是桃和李的杂交种 ,或李的变种 ,应当是李属的一个种或亚种。RAPD技术能很好地用于桃、李、种间和品种之间的鉴定     

Investigations into inconsistent and low bud-grafting success in Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King’

Causes of variable and inconsistent bud-grafting success in chip-budded Norway maple (Acer platanoides) were investigated using the red-leaved scion ‘Crimson King’. Large differences in bud-take were associated with the year of budding, which over a 14 year period ranged from 22 to 94%. The ‘year effect’ could not be explained by weather, or by differences in budding success found between commercial sources of red-leaved scions. Neither was incompatibility between the ‘Crimson King’ scion and individual genotypes among the seedling rootstocks implicated, although there were reasons why at first sight incompatibility was thought to be present. The size of rootstock when planted was not correlated with subsequent budding success, although large differences in the quality of rootstock growth at budding were associated with large differences in bud-take, but these were confounded with year and with the fields used for the experiments. The ‘year effect’ was best explained by the field in which budding took place. One field gave consistently poor results, associated with a readily compacting soil, pointing to the strong possibility that bud-take is determined by conditions which affect shoot and/or root growth during the budding season or specifically while the union is forming in late summer. It was shown also that the presence of the scion bud on the chip-graft contributed to union formation, and that infection of the rootstock with the soil-borne verticillium wilt disease depressed bud-take, but this did not explain the ‘field effect’.     

应用RAPD技术对、李、桃亲缘关系的探讨

 利用RAPD 技术对、桃、李部分南方品种进行鉴定, 并探讨了与桃李之间的亲缘关系。聚类分析结果显示, 不是桃和李的杂交种, 或李的变种, 应当是李属的一个种或亚种。RAPD 技术能很好地用于桃、李、种间和品种之间的鉴定。     

Screening wild Eriobotrya species as rootstocks for loquat

Summary

Six wild species of Eriobotrya were evaluated as rootstocks for domesticated loquat. Twelve-month-old seedlings of Oak leaf loquat (an Oak Leaf loquat ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ hybrid) and wild Fragrant loquat (E. fragrans Champ) had higher root-to-shoot fresh weight (FW) ratios than other wild species. When the domesticated loquat, ‘Zaozhong No. 6’, was grafted onto seedlings of six different wild loquat species, differences in compatibility were observed. Graft compatibility was lower for all combinations compared to ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ grafted onto domesticated loquat seedlings. When wild Henry loquat was used as a rootstock, delayed incompatibility was observed. Differences in soluble sugar contents (SSC) between scion and rootstock were observed, and there was a significant negative correlation between graft compatibility and the difference in SSC values. The influence of the rootstock on anatomical changes at the graft union were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wild rootstocks also influenced scion growth, fruit bearing, and fruit quality. Graft combinations which used wild Fragrant loquat as the rootstock had increased cold tolerance and improved scion growth. Wild Fragrant loquat therefore appears to have value as a rootstock for domesticated loquat.     

不同需冷量桃品种营养生长和光合特性研究

为了探明温带地区低需冷量桃早期丰产性的生理机制,以不同需冷量桃植株为试材,对其在郑州地区下半年生长季节的光合特性进行了研究。结果表明,在相同的生长期,低需冷量桃表现出较中、长需冷量种质更高的营养产物积累。分析其营养生长的影响因子认为,光合叶面积与植株营养生长相关性不明显,单叶净光合日总量才是低需冷量种质营养旺盛积累的主要原因,而单叶净光合日总量是植株较低的暗呼吸速率、光补偿点和较高的10:00光合速率、水分利用效率的综合表现。低需冷量桃在温带地区的这些光合特性可能是由它固有的遗传基础和植株对温带地区环境调节共同作用的结果。     

Cross-(in)compatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Summary

Eight apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars and selections were self- and cross-pollinated in order to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Overall, 40 pollination combinations were examined. Pollen-tube growth in pistils pollinated in the laboratory was analysed using fluorescence microscopy. Three inter-incompatiblity groups of cultivars were found, of which two had not been described previously, while an existing group was expanded with one additional cultivar. The first group consisted of three Hungarian cultivars (‘Ligeti Orias’, ‘Cegledi Orias’, and ‘Szegedi Mammut’) and a Moldavian cultivar (‘Kostjuzhenskyi’). The second group consisted of two American cultivars (‘Stark Early Orange’ and ‘Nugget’). The third group consisted of two Serbian selections (‘Novi Sad Early’ and ‘Frushka Gora Early’). In the incompatible cultivar combinations, pollen-tube growth stopped in the style with the formation of the characteristic swelling. In the compatible combinations, the pollen tubes reached the ovary in the majority of the pistils examined.     

A leaf-blotch disorder of tayberry associated with the leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracilis) and some effects of three aphid-borne viruses

Tayberry plants showing conspicuous chlorotic blotches, ringspots, leaf distortion and lacking vigour were found at two sites in Scotland. The severity of the symptoms and the number of plants affected increased annually and reached 100% incidence at one site. No mechanically transmissible virus was detected in affected plants, but many such plants and some symptomless ones contained viruses indistinguishable in Rubus indicator plants from black raspberry necrosis, raspberry leaf mottle and raspberry leaf spot viruses. Propagants from healthy tayberry plants graft-inoculated either with these three viruses, singly and in combinations, or with scions from symptom-bearing tayberry, showed a faint chlorotic mottle when grown outdoors or in an unheated glasshouse but none developed the severe symptoms observed in the field. Leaves and buds of field-affected plants were found to be infested with large numbers of eriophyid mites at both sites. A single application of vamidothion to affected plants at one site resulted in significantly fewer mites and less severe symptoms on fruiting canes and primocanes than on unsprayed plants in the year of spraying and a further decrease in symptoms in the following year. The symptomatology, occurrence in Scotland and the decrease in symptoms following the application of vamidothion indicate that the disorder is caused by infestations by the leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracilis).     

砧木对葡萄树体生长和内源激素的影响

以5种砧木分别嫁接‘瑞都红玉’和‘瑞都香玉’葡萄为试验材料,以接穗自根苗为对照,比较不同砧穗组合的树体生长特性、品质特性和内源激素动态变化规律,为葡萄适宜砧穗组合的筛选提供理论基础和参考依据。结果表明(1)以SO4、5BB和110R为砧木的接穗品种生长量大于以3309M和1103P为砧木的,但是110R小脚现象严重。(2)以SO4和5BB为砧木提高了‘瑞都香玉’的果实成熟度,5种砧木均显著提高了‘瑞都红玉’的可滴定酸含量,降低了固酸比,提高了‘瑞都红玉’的口感酸甜平衡性。(3)新梢生长期和转色期是促生长类激素分泌的高峰期,以110R和SO4为砧木的组合叶片和新梢中激素含量水平较高,以5BB为砧木的组合新梢中含量较高,且其叶片和新梢的ZR/GA3在新梢生长期处于高水平。‘瑞都红玉’/SO4在新梢生长期的ABA含量最低,与其长势强相吻合。以SO4为砧木的组合ABA含量从转色期到果实成熟期不升反降,有利于新梢的二次生长。110R、SO4和5BB组合的ZR/GA₃在新梢生长期和转色期高于3309M和1103P组合,ABA/ZR+IAA+GA₃低于33...     

‘美人’梅与其近缘种亲缘关系的AFLP研究

 以美人梅型的4 个品种以及部分近缘种为试材, 运用AFLP 银染法, 采用引物组合E-ACT/M-CAT, E-GA/M-CTC , E-ACT/M-CCA , E-ACT/M-CAC , 扩增得到420 个位点的6 300 条带数据。使用NTSYSpc 2. 1 t 软件, 分别采用DICE , SM和Jaccard 匹配系数, SAHN Clustering 进行不加权成对算术平均法(UPGMA) 聚类分析, 得到了‘美人’梅与近缘种的亲缘关系依次为梅、紫叶李、李、山桃、桃花、山杏和杏的结果, 与形态学、遗传育种学的相关结论相符。     

蟠桃种质SSR标记的遗传多样性分析

以38个蟠桃品种和9个其他类型桃品种为试材,利用24对位于桃参考图谱上8个连锁群的SSR引物进行了蟠桃种质资源遗传多样性研究。24对SSR引物共获得179个扩增位点,其中多态性位点171个,多态率达95.53%。蟠桃资源平均Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0.242 5,平均Shannon信息指数(I)为0.379 8;南方蟠桃品种群多态性位点百分率为74.30%,Nei’s遗传多样性指数为0.203 8,Shannon信息指数为0.316 3;北方蟠桃品种群的遗传多样性相对较高,多态性位点百分率为91.06%,Nei’s遗传多样性为0.244 9,Shannon信息指数为0.382 4。群体间存在较小的基因分化系数(Gst=0.065 9),遗传变异有很大一部分是来自群体内,可能与其较大的基因流Nm=7.086 1有关。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,相似系数为0.66～0.95,在相似系数为0.67时,所有南方品种聚于同一类群,北方品种除新疆蟠桃、黄肉蟠桃及香金蟠外也聚于同一类群,聚类结果支持蟠桃多起源假说。     

Susceptibility to peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans Berk.) Tul. in a peach germ plasm collection

Summary

The susceptibility of 1103 peach genotypes (738 dessert peach, 168 clingstone, 197 nectarines) and 152 unselected seedlings to leaf curl (Taphrina deformans) was assessed. No cultivars rated zero, which is equivalent to immunity, only six rated 1, while 62% had the highest susceptibility rating 5. Presence or absence of leaf glands and fruit type were not correlated to resistance or susceptibility. The distribution of the different fruit type and the unselected seedlings over the various susceptibility categories indicates a loss of resistance to leaf curl during selection for improved agronomic characters.     

观食两用桃品种(系)花观赏期的研究

从北京市农林科学院农业综合发展研究所顺义科技示范园桃育种基地选取20个两用桃品种或品系作为研究对象,观察记录其花芽从萌动到落瓣期间的变化,确定了观赏期的划分标准.根据观赏期起始时间的早晚,拟定4月8日前开始有观赏价值的为早花品种或品系,4月9～10日的为中花品种或品系, 4月11日以后的为晚花品种.结果表明:在所调查的品种或品系中,中花品种为多数,早、晚花品种较少.     

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation of micropropagated fruit trees

Micropropagated plantlets of OH x F 51 and GF 677, respectively pear (Pyrus communis L.) and peach (Prunus persica x Prunus amygdalus) clonal rootstocks were inoculated during an early weaning stage of acclimatization with Glomus sp. Both rootstocks were well colonized, although the infection of OH x F 51 spread more slowly. At the end of initial vegetative growth, mycorrhizal plants of both rootstocks showed a three-fold increase in shoot length over control plants. Mycorrhizal plants also had longer internode and greater fresh mass. The root/shoot ratio was especially altered by arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in OH x F 51 plants, which showed a greater increase in shoot rather than in root biomass. The growth-promoting ability of endomycorrhizal fungus persisted throughout the experimental period: Glomus sp. induced a greater development of both rootstocks in the second growing year, after overwintering. Colonization of micropropagated plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus appears to alter the carbohydrate status in stems and roots. Mycorrhizal plants always had a higher content of total soluble sugar, although there were no differences in soluble carbohydrate concentration between inoculated and uninoculated plants. Starch accumulation was found only in mycorrhizal plants of the peach rootstock.     

Reaction of 25 Apomictic Apple Rootstock Selections to Inoculation with Mixtures of ’latent’ Viruses

Malus sieboldii, M. sargenti and most hybrids showed sensitivity to inoculation with mixtures of ‘latent’ viruses from apple cultivars. The main symptoms were chlorotic leaf spots and leaf distortions combined with severe stunting in many seedlings. There was no reaction in the M. hupehensis group and Bittenfelder Seedling except for stem pitting or stem grooving symptoms in two hybrids. It is suggested that the same sensitivity reaction to apple ’latent’ viruses which leads to incompatibility when apple rootstocks are budded may also cause virus symptoms in apomictic species rootstocks. This would seem to apply especially to the M. sieboldii and M. sargenti groups, but probably not to the M. hupehensis group.