Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.     

Effects of dose and time of application of GA4+7 on russeting,fruit set and shape of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples

GA₄₊₇ concentrations, treatment date, number and frequency of treatments were factorially combined to determine their effects in preventing russeting of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples.The greatest reduction of russet was obtained by treating fruitlets 8 or 15 days after full bloom.Optimum timing and number of treatments provided better control of russet than high concentrations of gibberellins, although in some cases, higher doses improved russet control.Length of pedicel and ratio of longitudinal to transversal diameter were greater where russeting was reduced, and significant correlations were observed between fruit and pedicel length, and russeting. GA₄₊₇ treatments also affected setting, and in many cases caused parthenocarpy.     

Periderm morphology of mature ‘Golden Delicious’ apple with special reference to russeting

Periderm morphology of ‘Golden Delicious’ in relation to russet development revealed that injury occurring at anthesis persisted at fruit maturation. Uninjured fruit had uniformity in cuticle, epidermal and cortical cell development in contrast to injured fruit which had a broken disrupted cuticle with extensive phellem development. Sloughing of phellem continued until outer hypodermal tissues were exposed.     

翠冠与玉冠梨果实发育过程中色素、糖、酸累积特性研究

为进一步明确不同皮色梨品种果实色素、内在品质成分的变化特性,以褐皮梨新品系玉冠与绿皮梨品种翠冠为试材,测定了果实发育进程中纵横径、果皮与果肉色素含量的动态变化,以及在成熟至采收期间,可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、糖含量的变化特性。结果显示,2品种果实发育均呈"S"型曲线动态变化,果皮与果肉总叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量及在测定期间的动态变化规律亦无显著差异。在成熟前14d至采收,果实生长趋缓,糖、酸含量急剧变化,2品种表现出各自特点,生产上应针对不同品种的内在品质形成特性,适期采收。     

中晚熟苹果新品种‘华苹’

‘华苹’是以‘金冠’与‘惠’杂交育成的优良中晚熟苹果新品种。平均单果质量177 g。果实长圆形,果皮鲜红色,果面光洁,外观美丽,果肉黄白色,肉质松脆,汁液多,风味酸甜、微香,品质好。果实硬度7.1 kg · cm^-2,可溶性固形物含量12.84%,可溶性糖9.60%,可滴定酸0.64%,维生素C 0.056 mg · g^-1。在辽宁省辽西地区4月上中旬萌芽,5月上旬开花,9月下旬果实成熟,果实发育期140 d左右。较抗寒和抗枝干轮纹病,适宜在‘金冠’种植区发展。     

Varietal Reactions to Viruses Causing Star Crack and Russet Rings on Apple Fruits

English sources of viruses causing star crack and russet ring were grafted to nine apple varieties. Only Golden Delicious reacted to all virus sources. This variety differentiated most clearly between different sources of star crack inoculum. Cox’s Orange Pippin and Spartan reacted to all star crack sources; Belle de Boskoop, Weisser Winterglocken, Lord Lambourne, Laxton’s Fortune and Worcester Pearmain reacted when inoculated with some sources but not others, while Granny Smith reacted to none. Golden Delicious developed leaf and fruit symptoms when inoculated with russet ring viruses, but Cox’s Orange Pippin, Spartan, Belle de Boskoop, Weisser Winterglocken and Granny Smith did not. Mailing II rootstocks developed characteristic leaf symptoms when infected with russet ring viruses. One inoculation source caused leaf mottling and necrosis and russeted warts on the fruits of Golden Delicious and Cox’s Orange Pippin. A rough-skin condition of Belle de Boskoop was perpetuated by buds and grafts but not transmitted. Some of the English viruses caused symptoms, in certain varieties, indistinguishable from diseases reported from Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and North America.     

10个新疆梨品种开花生物学及果实品质特征研究

了解新疆梨品种的开花生物学及果实品质特征,为其合理利用提供数据参考。在10个新疆梨品种的生殖生长期,对开花物候期、花部特性、花粉特性及果实品质特性等进行测定对比分析。结果表明:除‘艾温切克’‘库尔勒黄酸梨’外,其他8个品种花期一致,但果实成熟期有明显差异;‘库尔勒香梨’与其他品种的花器官特征无明显差异;‘绿梨’‘阿克苏句句梨’的花粉活力较强、单花药花粉量较多;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’等4个品种的单果重较大,显著大于‘库尔勒香梨’;‘艾温切克’的果实硬度最小,与‘库尔勒香梨’无显著差异;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’的可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C含量均较高,与‘库尔勒香梨’无显著差异或显著高于‘库尔勒香梨’。综上,‘绿梨’‘阿克苏句句梨’的花期与‘库尔勒香梨’重叠,花粉量较多、萌发率最高,花器官特征与‘库尔勒香梨’接近,可作‘库尔勒香梨’的备选授粉树;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’的果实品质及口感好、果实成熟期早,且果皮颜色与其他品种有明显差异,可作为优良育种材料。     

论我国苹果品种的更新问题

‘国光’、‘金冠’、‘红星’、‘倭巾’、‘青香蕉’、‘大国光’等是我国主要栽培的苹果品种:其中‘国光’在辽宁省占比重60%—70%,在山东及黄河故道地区占30%—40%,虽然‘国光’在辽东半岛和胶东半岛适应性强、产量高、耐贮藏,但果个小,着色差在国际市场上缺乏竞争力,而且在黄河故道地区裂果严重,急需进行更新,‘金冠’、‘红星’贮藏性差、‘倭巾’、‘青香蕉’、‘大国光’品质不良,作者根据苹果发展趋势和我国具体条件提出一套更新品种组合.认为‘红富士’、‘华冠’(‘金冠’ב富士’)和‘华帅’(‘富士’ב新红星’)应是我国今后主要更新的品种,三者在生产中所占比重应在80%—90%,后两个品种,一个可代替‘金冠’,一个则代替‘红星’.     

The Growth of Apple Central Fruits as Affected by Thinning with NAA,BA and Naphthenic Acids

Plant growth regulators such as α?naphthylacetic acid (NAA) or 6?benzyladenine (BA) are commonly used for thinning apple fruits. NAs exhibits an auxin- and gibberellin-type biological activity, stimulate the uptake and translocation of auxins in plant tissue, as well as IAA synthesis and act as surfactants. It was assumed that NAs applied at the stadium of early fruit growth might cause fruit abscission in apple, similarly to NAA. The goal of the research was to test the presumed thinning effect of naphthenic acids on apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’. Three treatments were applied on both apple cultivars including 16.5?μL L^?1 NAA, 200?μL L^?1?BA and 2.63?mg L^?1?potassium salts of NAs. Cortical cell size and the number of cell layers were measured in order to determine the contribution of cell size and cell division in early fruit growth, as affected by chemical thinning treatments. The effects of plant growth regulators NAA, BA and NAs on fruit set, fruit size and the anatomy of the fruit cortex highly depend on varietal differences. In ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit set reduction by chemical thinning increases both the number of cell layers and cell size of apple fruit, while in ‘Red Delicious’ NAA inhibits fruit growth, while BA is ineffective. Cell growth promoting activity of NAA and NAs, accompanied by the decrease in fruit set and reduced competition among fruits within the canopy, results in a significant fruit weight increase at harvest. The research confirms the auxinic properties of NAs, and their assumed thinning activity.     

Relationships among mineral nutrition,ethylene and post-harvest physiology in apples on six rootstocks

The relationships among several mineral elements of August-sampled leaf October-harvested fruit, maturity and post-harvest quality factors of ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’ apple trees grown on Seedling, Malling (M) 1, Malling Merton (MM) 106, M 7, Oregon Apple Rootstock (OAR 1) or M 26 in a high-density orchard during 1980–1982 were evaluated. Positive correlations were found between leaf N, K and P and fruit N, K and P, respectively, in most rootstocks. Leaf Ca did not correlate with fruit Ca; thus leaf analysis cannot be recommended for estimates of fruit Ca. Both leaf and fruit N positively correlated with fruit green color and negatively with fruit soluble solids in all rootstocks. Fruit Ca and fruit P were both negatively correlated with fruit soluble solids at harvest and after 6 months of 0°C storage for all rootstocks. The ratio of fruit $\text{N}\text{Ca}$ was positively correlated with internal ethylene in MM 106, M 7 and OAR 1, while fruit $\text{K}\text{Ca}$ ratio was positively correlated with titratable acidity in all rootstocks. Fruit Ca showed negative correlations with bitterpit, storage rot and field internal ethylene, but positive correlation with firmness. Yield was positively correlated with leaf and fruit N, Ca and Cu but slightly negatively correlated with B of those tissues. Higher yield was associated with lower leaf K concentrations. Fruit green color was negatively correlated with soluble solids and titratable acidity. Fruit dry matter was highly positively correlated with soluble solids and titratable acidity in MM 106, OAR 1 and M 26. Soluble solids at harvest were strongly predicted by pre-harvest dry matter.     

The King Fruit versus Lateral Fruit Thinning Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality in Apple

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to determine the king versus lateral fruit thinning effects on yield and fruit quality of ‘Elstar’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Ultra Red’, ‘Topred’, and ‘Jonagold’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 rootstock in 2002-2003. Removal of the king fruit (KFR) treatment partially increased the yield in ‘Jonagold’, ‘Elstar’, and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars while the effects were different by years in “Starkrimson Delicious”. Leaving of the king fruit (KFL) treatment gave better results in the ‘Topred’ cultivar, and similar effects were obtained from both treatments in ‘Ultra Red’ cultivar. Non-significant differences were obtained from both treatments with respect to fruit weight in the ‘Topred’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars. Leaving of the king fruit treatment increased the fruit weight significantly in ‘Elstar’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars in 2002. The values of fruit flesh firmness (lb), total soluble solids content (%), pH, titratable acidity (%), total and invert sugar quantity (g/100 g^?1) were not found to be significantly different between the treatments with a few exceptions. The ‘KFR’ treatment that removed the dominant effect of the king fruit can be recommended for the ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold’ cultivars because this treatment increased the yield and did not decreased the fruit weight significantly in these cultivars except for ‘Elstar’ in 2002. On the other hand ‘KFL’ treatment can be recommended for the ‘Granny Smith’, Topred’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars. Although this treatment decreased the yield of ‘Granny Smith’ it increased the mean fruit weight 45.6-62.7 g in the two experiment years. ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ did not show clear response to the treatments.     

The influence of fungicides and gibberellin (A4+7) applications on russet control of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit

Summary

Various fungicides, gibberellins (A₄₁₇) and their mixtures were tested for the control of russet of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit in the major apple-growing area in Israel. Four foliar applications of captan, metiram, the strobilurins kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin, azoxystrobin, or the polyoxin B compound Polar from the green tip stage to the end of the petal fall stage gave similar reductions in russeting, compared with the controls, but none eliminated it. Tank mixtures of the gibberellins (A₄₁₇) Regulex and Perlan with captan, each at full rate, did not improve russet control, compared with each component alone at the same rate. Similarly, both captan and trifioxystrobin, and the gibberellin (A₄₁₇) Cytolin or their mixtures at full rates provided similar significant level of control of russet on fruit. Fruit in the upper part of the tree had significantly more russet than fruit in the lower part of the tree, regardless of treatment applied. In addition, russet was more severe on fruits of trees grown in the west side of the row, than those of trees grown on the east side. Data suggest that factors other than fungicides, which may act by reducing russet-inducing microorganisms, may be involved in russet development.     

苹果果实β-Gal和LOX活性变化特性及其与果实软化的关系

 以‘富士’和‘金冠’苹果果实为试材, 研究了β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal) 和脂氧合酶(LOX) 在果实发育、成熟和软化过程中的变化规律及采后乙烯调控对其活性的影响。结果表明: 在果实发育后熟过程中, 金冠果实β-Gal活性显著高于富士, 在果实后熟软化期间这种差异尤为突出; 而富士和金冠果实LOX活性呈相似的变化规律, 虽然花后富士的活性高峰显著高于金冠, 但之后其活性下降迅速,并一直低于金冠。采后苹果果实β-Gal和LOX均受乙烯调控, 乙烯抑制剂1-MCP极显著地抑制β-Gal和LOX的活性, 而乙烯利对二者活性起促进作用, 但因品种耐藏性不同其促进效应不同。综合来看, 苹果果实β-Gal和LOX活性表现相似的变化规律, 并且β-Gal在果实贮藏初期受乙烯的调控作用较LOX显著, 因此认为在苹果果实软化早期β-Gal的作用可能大于LOX。     

Low leaf to fruit ratio delays fruit maturity of ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry on Gisela 5

Canopy leaf to fruit ratio (L:F) of 6-year-old ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry trees on Gisela 5 rootstock was manipulated at the end of stage II (38 DAFB) of fruit development. While control trees showed a L:F ratio of 0.7:1 without alteration, on other trees young fruit were manually removed to yield L:F ratios of 2:1 and 3:1, respectively. All leaves and young fruit on trees were counted 30 DAFB. The effect of altering the source–sink ratio of whole trees on sweet cherry fruit quality parameters (fruit increment, fruit mass, color, total soluble solids content, contents of individual sugars and organic acids) was evaluated in the study. High leaf area to fruit (LA:F) ratios influenced significantly darkest fruit color, higher fruit mass, higher total soluble solids content and higher ratio between sugars and acids, which corresponded to better ripening stage. Contents of glucose, fructose and sorbitol, but not sucrose, sum of individual sugars, and the content of malic acid differed significantly among fruit of the different treatments. Fruit of the most advanced maturity stage (treatment 3:1) had the highest quality. Each day of improved L:F ratio counts towards better sweet cherry fruit quality. The results show that low L:F ratio influenced prolonged ripening process and delayed fruit maturity of ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry.     

金冠苹果树冠内光质构成及其与果实品质的相关性

应用CI-700AB/HR2000光纤光谱仪,研究了田间自然光照条件下金冠苹果树冠内的光质分布及其与果实品质的相关性。结果表明,UV-A、可见光、总辐射、紫光和蓝光,在树冠内分布从上到下、由外到内依次减弱,并与果肉总糖、抗坏血酸、果皮花青苷和类胡萝卜素的分布呈极显著正相关,与果肉可滴定酸和果皮叶绿素呈极显著负相关;UV-B与此相近,但与抗坏血酸呈不显著负相关;红外线则与可见光相反。     

苹果新品种-绿帅的选育

通过17年的系统调查和观察,果实理化性状分析,综合性状评定,区域试验.抗寒能力鉴定等试验研究,从金冠实生后代中选育出中早熟苹果新品种一绿帅(初选系代号7-8,复选系编号384-8,决选系编号384-8)。其果实单果重245g,果面黄绿色,可溶性固形物含量12.78%,酸含量0.34%,果实生育期为90d,室温可存放15d,对苹果腐烂病、粗皮轮纹病抗性较强,可在金冠品种适栽区栽培。     

Effects of water deficit during stage II of peach fruit development and postharvest on fruit quality and ethylene production

Summary

This study examined the hypothesis that enhancement of peach quality resulting from Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) is caused primarily by changes in fruit physiology during development. Water deficit was applied during either stage II of fruit development (RDI-SII) or during stage II and postharvest (RDI-SII-PH), as compared with non-droughted (control) and postharvest (RDI-PH) treatments. Fruit from the various RDI treatments had significantly higher soluble solids concentrations and red colour at harvest than control fruit. While fruit respiration was not altered by any RDI treatment, ethylene production indicated sooner the onset of climacteric phase for fruit from RDI-SII and RDI-SII-PH than for control or RDI-PH fruit. Accordingly, greater ethylene production in detached fruit was related to their having experienced water stress during development. Ethylene production by RDI-PH fruit did not change, but their quality did in terms of increased soluble solids concentration and improved skin colour similar to the RDI-SII treatment. This observation suggests that water-stress related changes occurring during fruit development are not the only factors involved in enhancing quality in RDI fruit.     

套袋对翠冠梨果皮特征及品质的影响

翠冠为南方主栽梨品种之一,自然生长状况下果面极易形成锈斑,严重影响其外观品质。通过对翠冠梨进行不同类型果袋的套袋处理,系统定量研究了套袋条件下果皮的形态特征、果实外观和内在品质的变化。结果表明,套袋处理显著提高了无绣果和少绣果的比率,增加了果面亮度,改善了果实外观色泽,减小了果点直径,减淡了果点色泽。在电子显微镜下可清晰看到套袋使果面光洁平滑,龟裂程度远小于未套袋果面。套袋处理普遍降低了果实可溶性固形物含量;不透光袋显著提高了果肉石细胞含量。在外观品质改善上以双层透光蜡纸袋效果最好。研究结果将有助于今后对翠冠梨果实袋的正确选择和使用。     

果园地面覆盖对苹果果实品质和矿质营养的影响

以‘华红’苹果为试材,研究了果园地面覆盖方式对果实品质和矿质营养含量的影响。结果表明,覆盖能降低果实可滴定酸含量,提高单果重、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量,改善果实质地,增加果实磷、钙、镁、硼、铁、铜含量。稻壳炭覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生草覆盖可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量分别比清耕(对照)高2.69%和4.77%以上。稻壳炭覆盖果皮穿刺强度最大,地布覆盖果肉坚实度和果肉纤维指数最大。果实钾、钙、镁含量以稻壳炭覆盖最高,氮、磷、铁含量以生草覆盖最高,钙、硼含量以秸秆覆盖最高。