Girdling of early season ‘Mayfire’ nectarine trees

The effect of four times of limb girdling on fruit and tree response was examined on ‘Mayfire’ nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Girdling prior to Stage II of fruit growth reduced the lag phase associated with Stage II, and caused peak fruit growth rates to occur earlier in the season than on later girdled or ungirdled trees. Optimum response was obtained by girdling prior to Stage II, when fruit seed length was approximately 10 mm. Girdling at this time increased fruit weight by 22.5% and more than doubled the percentage of fruit in the largest three size categories. Maturity, measured as soluble solids concentration, was increased by 42%. Shoot extension growth was reduced only by early girdling. Leaf weight per unit area was increased, and leaf nutrient concentrations were decreased by all girdling treatments. Leaf conductance to water vapour (g,) was not affected when measured 8 days prior to and 78 days after harvest. Fifteen days after harvest, g, was decreased in all girdling treatments.     

葡萄果实组织结构与耐贮性的关系

 通过对‘巨峰’、‘红地球’、‘秋红’、‘秋黑’葡萄果实解剖结构和超微结构的比较, 探讨葡萄果实品种间耐贮性差异的生理学原因。结果表明: 葡萄的耐贮性与果皮和果肉的组织结构有密切关系。耐贮性好的品种其角质层及表皮组织均比较厚, 表皮细胞排列整齐而致密, 且与亚表皮细胞的结合紧密,其果肉组织排列也比较紧密, 且果肉细胞大小均匀。不同葡萄品种之间, 表面蜡质超微结构相差很大, 蜡质层较厚、蜡质分布均匀而致密的品种对SO₂ 抗性较强; 相反, 蜡质层薄、蜡质排列疏松、蜡层之间空隙较大的品种对SO₂ 较为敏感。     

水分胁迫下柑桔果皮的生化变化与复水后补偿生长的关系

比较了控水与正常浇水处理的盆栽柑桔（CitrusreticulataBlanco.ev.Zhuju）果实的果皮中过氧化物酶（POD）、SDS-不可溶性（共价键壁结合）蛋白氨基酸组成、羟脯氨酸（Hpro）含量及SDS-可溶性成分中氨基酸组成与含量。结果表明,柑桔砂囊膨大早期,水分胁迫并未引起果皮中POD活性提高及共价键壁结合结构蛋白在质与量上的明显改变,显示POD介导的细胞壁硬化未被激活,而氨基酸组成中最明显的变化是脯氨酸（Pro）比率大幅提高,这暗示渗透调节已经启动,这些均有利于胁迫果复水后迅速恢复膨大生长。     

哈姆林甜橙砧木比较试验——Ⅱ.宜昌橙不同选系的比较

经15年试验,比较了以宜昌橙6个不同选系作砧木,对哈姆林甜橙树体生长、果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明,树冠最高大的是以1号选系作砧者,最矮小的是以6号选系作砧者,其树冠体积分别为枳砧对照的31.8％和4.7％;单位树冠体积产量以6号选系为砧者最高,而单株产量和单位树冠投影面积产量则以1号选系为砧者最高;不同选系宜昌橙砧对哈姆林甜橙果实大小、果皮厚薄也有明显影响。认为宜昌橙1号选系为此较有希望的矮化砧木,6号选系宜作超密植栽培的砧木材料。     

西瓜新品种—郑果5506的选育

郑果5506是以具有后绿标记性状的自选单系96B90为母本、正常绿自选单系96B72为父本杂交育成的西瓜新品种,苗期能鉴定出杂交种子纯度,最早鉴定时间为播种后7～10d。该品种平均666.7m2产量4090.5kg,比对照增产16.5%。全生育期100d,果实发育期32d,单瓜质量5kg左右,最大可达10kg。果实椭圆形、皮色墨绿、果肉红色、中心可溶性固形物含量为11.0%左右。果皮硬,耐贮运,较抗病毒病(ZYMV)。     

适宜早春冷凉地区种植的无籽西瓜品种唐山2号的选育

唐山2号无籽西瓜系河北省唐山市农业科学研究院瓜类室以多代自交选育的自交系扩野201-6F为母本,以9807-9-57为父本配制的无籽西瓜新品种,该品种中早熟,果实圆形、花皮且覆有蜡粉,单瓜质量6.5kg,果肉鲜红,中心可溶性固形物含量12.5%,皮坚硬,耐贮运,抗病性强。     

夏橙果皮天然蜡和人工涂蜡表面的观察

 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 观察了有天然蜡和商业涂覆蜡存在的夏橙果实表面,并研究了天然蜡、洗果、脱蜡和商业涂覆蜡对果实失重的影响。结果表明: 夏橙果实表面的蜡片形状和大小均不规则, 大部分可用氯仿- 甲醇溶液去除; 除蜡极易加大果实失水; 涂蜡可部分和全部堵塞果实表面气孔。     

Leaf waxes and postharvest quality of Eucalyptus foliage

Foliage characteristics and wax structure were examined in nine eucalypt species E. baueriana, E. brachyphylla, E. cinerea, E. crucis, E. gunnii, E. kruseana, E. socialis, E. tetragona and E. websteriana, in relation to consumer acceptance, production temperature and postharvest treatments. A consumer survey indicated that E. gunnii, E. cinerea, E. tetragona and E. kruseana were the most popular as cut foliage, with only E. baueriana considered unacceptable. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that all species had rod-shaped waxes, except for E. baueriana which had both rods and plates. There were significant differences between species in the length of the wax rods of mature leaves. Wax rod length increased from the youngest leaf to the tenth leaf for E. cinerea, whereas in E. brachyphylla an increase from leaf one to five was followed by a decrease from leaf five to ten. There were no significant differences between production temperatures of 24/16°C and 16/9°C on wax rod length of E. gunnii, E. kruseana, E. socialis and E. tetragona, but there were significant effects on plant height. The effects of postharvest treatments of water, 5% sucrose and 20% sucrose on wax regeneration were tested on E. brachyphylla and E. cinerea. Wax regenerated in water on E. brachyphylla but not on E. cinerea leaves, and sucrose treatments caused leaf necrosis in both species. It was concluded that careful postharvest handling and water treatment are essential for the maintenance and regeneration of the wax surface of cut eucalypt foliage.     

单株留芽量及结果母枝剪留长度对猕猴桃结果性能的影响

对栽植株行距3m×4m的美味猕猴桃秦美品种连续进行了3年试验,单株分别剪留250、300、350、400个芽处理后,平均单株新梢数、叶面积指数、落叶率与留芽数量呈正相关,叶幕下层的光强度、净光合率与留芽数量呈负相关;单株果枝数、果实数及单位面积产量均以留400芽处理最高,但平均单果重最小,88g以上的优质果产量最低。综合评价以单株剪留350个有效芽的效果最佳,优级果产量达到2102.7kg/666.7m2。结果母枝分别剪留7、12、17个有效芽处理后,平均每母枝的结果枝数、果实数、产量与留芽数量呈正相关,均以17芽处理最高,分别达到9.5个、30.4个和3.09kg,各处理间的单果重差异不显著。     

Nicht-destruktive Bestimmung der Beduftung bzw. des Duftfilmes bei Pflaumen

During their ontogeny, a range of fruits develop a semi-transparent white coating on their surface, designated as wax bloom. This wax bloom was examined non-destructively on plums of different colour i.e. blue mature European plum, yellow mirabelle and greengage using a colourimeter and an industrial luster sensor at 15 mm distance from the fruit surface; the results are displayed as ‘luster levels’. European plums contained 175–205 µg epicuticular wax cm^?2 fruit surface with linoleic and ursolic acid as predominant fatty acids. The microscopic examination identified the epicuticular fine structure of the fruit surface as platelets viz with natural wax. Polishing with a soft tissue disturbed this fine structure and doubled the luster levels relative to the natural surface from 120–170 to 300–500 arbitrary units. This is related to wax re-distribution and restructuring rather than loss of epicuticular wax. Polishing increased the a value marginally from 2.35 to 2.85, whereas the b values almost tripled from ? 14 to ? 5, representing a more intense blue impression after polishing. This luster or glossiness measurement enables a clear identification of the natural wax coating versus a polished fruit surface irrespective of the respective fruit colour, i.e. blue plum, yellow mirabelle or greengage and hence seems more suitable than colour measurement. It hence seems plausible that fruit with a similar natural wax bloom like grape berry or blueberry etc. might respond similarly and could be used as a hand-hand device or on a sorting line for fast, online and affordable detection of the glossiness of a commodity.     

Thinning apples via shading: an appraisal under field conditions

Summary

Fruit development and the fate of fruits was followed on ‘Imperial Gala’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees thinned chemically or using shading. The percentage fruit drop, fruit growth rates using callipers and electronic gauges, and whole tree gas exchange rates were measured before, during, and after covering with a shading cloth that blocked 90% of solar radiation, applied for 1 week starting 30 d after full bloom (DAFB). While fruits were thinned to similar crop loads and all reached a similar size at harvest, their growth patterns reflected the treatments applied, with fruit growth slowing down and fruit dropping sooner in chemically-thinned trees which were treated earlier, than in the shading treatment, which took place later. Daily fruit growth patterns changed and were greatly reduced under shading, as were the net carbon exchange rates (NCER), both in total per tree and per unit of light intercepted by the trees. Regression analysis of the NCER per unit of light intercepted revealed no difference between the two treatments before and after shading, but a significantly lower relationship during shading. This work supports the hypothesis that C-starvation may induce fruit abscission at approx. 30 DAFB. Fruit growth patterns, and their changes during shading, were consistent with this hypothesis. This method of thinning, may be of interest to reduce the use of chemicals, and in organic fruit growing. However, before it can be adopted, a method to estimate the length of the period of shading is required.     

无籽西瓜新品种‘暑宝8号’的选育

‘暑宝8号’是以‘M4’为母本、‘C17×F6’为父本选育而成的大果型、红瓤三倍体无籽西瓜新品种。该品种植株长势强,无籽性好,丰产性好。春季露地栽培全生育期109 d,果实发育期35 d;果实高圆形,果形指数1.06,果皮墨绿色,果表蜡粉浓厚,外形美观,果皮厚度1.4 cm,果皮韧,耐贮运;单瓜质量6.16 kg,667 m^2产量4105.4 kg;中心可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)11.6%,边部8.1%,果实剖面好,白色瘪籽少、小,口感脆甜爽口。适宜北京、河北、河南、安徽、湖北、吉林、陕西等地区露地、保护地栽培。2012年5月通过北京市农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

小型西瓜新品种红小帅2号的选育

红小帅2号是北京市农业技术推广站新育成的花皮红瓤小型西瓜新品种。极早熟,全生育期85d左右。植株生长势中等,抗病、抗逆性强,极易坐果。果实椭圆形,绿皮覆墨绿窄条带,果皮韧性强,较耐贮运;红瓤,瓤质细脆,纤维少,中心可溶固形物11.5%以上,口感好;单果质量1.5～2.5kg。易连茬坐果,产量稳定,立架栽培667m2产量可达3500kg。适应性广,适宜各地早春及夏秋季保护地栽培。     

桃果实蒸腾强度对源叶净光合效率及相关生理反应的影响

在果核硬化期和果实最后迅速生长期,对艳丰一号桃果实浸涂10倍和100倍的液体石蜡溶液,与果实未浸涂液体石蜡的对照相比,果实蒸腾强度分别降低了57.9%和41.4%,且源叶净光合效率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)降低而叶表面温度(Tl)升高,并在果实迅速生长期间,果实浸涂液体石蜡处理和对照之间存在显著性差异。进一步研究表明,无论是在果核硬化期还是在果实最后迅速生长期,当Gs小于0.2mol/m2·s时,Pn和Gs呈极显著直线正相关关系,且果实浸涂液体石蜡处理的源叶的Tl随Gs减小急剧升高。源叶Pn对Tl的响应均呈极显著抛物线相关关系,但同一Tl条件下,果实浸涂液体石蜡处理的Pn低于对照。因此认为,果实蒸腾强度可能通过作用叶片的Gs调节Tl进而对源叶的Pn进行调控,气孔开张度减小、Tl升高,可能是果实蒸腾强度减弱时调控Pn重要机制之一。     

中果型西瓜新品种‘越欣’的选育

‘越欣’是以自交系‘H-11-09’为母本、‘R-10-08’为父本杂交育成的圆形中果型绿皮桃红瓤西瓜新品种。该品种中熟,早春大棚栽培全生育期101~103 d,果实发育期28~30 d。植株长势中强,叶片半直立,缺刻深,第1雌花节位6~7片叶,间隔4~5片叶,易坐果,果脐极小。果实圆形,果皮绿色覆墨绿色锯齿状花条纹,蜡粉重,果皮厚度0.6 cm,皮硬,不裂果。桃红瓤,瓤质脆,纤维少,中心可溶性固形物质量分数12.1%左右,边部9.5%左右。平均单果质量4.5 kg,667 m²产量3200 kg左右,品质优,耐贮运,中抗枯萎病,较耐低温弱光。适宜在北京、山西、山东等地区春夏保护地及露地种植。2019年10月通过国家非主要农作物品种登记。     

茌梨套PE袋和无纺布袋对果点及贮藏失水的影响机理

观察茌梨套绿色聚乙烯(PE)薄膜袋和无纺布袋栽培的果实果点及果皮亚显微结构,并测定相关生理指标、基因表达量等,探究不同套袋处理对茌梨果点及果实贮藏失水的影响机理。结果表明:套绿色PE薄膜袋的果实,果面粗糙,果点大;而套无纺布袋的果实果面光洁,果点小。果实发育后期,套绿色PE薄膜袋的果实果皮中PbPAL2基因的表达量高于套无纺布袋果实,其贮藏期间质量损失率显著高于对照,果皮较薄,表面蜡质少且龟裂翘起;而套无纺布袋果实质量损失率较低,果皮厚且表面蜡质多,蜡质晶体形态多样。采前套袋通过调控PbPAL2的表达进而影响果点的木栓化,并改变了果皮角蜡层结构影响其贮藏失水。采前套无纺布袋有利于提高茌梨果实的外观品质,延缓其贮藏失水。     

黑皮大果型西瓜新品种汴杂9号的选育

汴杂9号是开封市蔬菜科学研究所以KS165为母本、KS28为父本选育的中熟、黑皮大果型西瓜新品种。植株根系发达,生长健壮,抗逆性强。全生育期约103d,果实发育期33d;主蔓第1雌花着生节位8～10节,雌花间隔5～6节。果实椭圆形,果皮纯黑有果粉,商品性好;瓜瓤鲜红色,中心可溶性固形物10.0%以上,边部8.0%左右,质脆爽口;皮厚1.1～1.2cm,韧性大,耐贮运;单果质量6～8kg,667m2产量3500kg左右。田间表现对枯萎病抗性强,较少发生病毒病。适宜河南、山东、河北、安徽、广西等省区种植。     

采前喷钙和套袋对华盛顿脐橙果皮病变的影响

以华盛顿脐橙为试验材料,研究了采前喷钙和套袋对果皮病变的影响。结果表明,华盛顿脐橙果皮油胞凹陷和油胞破裂等田间果皮病变高达30%以上;果皮病变与果园管理水平、植株和果皮钙含量密切相关,采前喷钙和套袋处理提高了果实硬度,增加果皮钙含量,降低采后果皮病变率40%～50%,达显著和极显著水平;同时钙处理促进果实着色,显著增加果皮红色度和光泽度。采前喷钙和套袋对提高华脐果实的外观品质和商品性具有很好的作用。     

Effect of part-tree flower thinning on fruiting,vegetative growth and leaf photosynthesis in ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple

Flower clusters were removed at full bloom from ten year old ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ trees on M.9 rootstocks, over the whole tree, on alternate branches or on whole sides. Mean fruit weight per tree at harvest was linearly dependent on leaf area per fruit and on light interception per fruit, both relationships accounting for over 90% of the variance. These relationships did not differ between treatments, implying either a mobile pool of carbohydrate or photosynthetic adjustment within the tree to crop load. Measurements of leaf photosynthesis in July and September showed no statistically significant differences in photosynthetic rate of spur or extension shoot leaves on bearing or non-bearing branches. Although the treatments caused no overall effects on shoot growth or leaf area per tree, sides of trees without fruit had greater leaf area and shoot growth than did sides bearing fruit. Fruit mineral composition and percentage dry weight were not affected by treatment except where the treatments significantly altered fruit size. In the following spring, although the treatments did not affect the total number of flower buds produced, branches that were deflowered in the previous spring carried significantly more flower buds than did branches which had cropped.     

化肥减量配施鱼蛋白有机液肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

为探讨增施鱼蛋白有机液肥替代化肥的效果,以每667m²施用高钾水溶肥5.0kg为对照,设置每667 m²施用高钾水溶肥3.5 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L、高钾水溶肥2.0 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L、高钾水溶肥0.5kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0L这3个化肥减量处理,比较分析化肥减量增施鱼蛋白有机液肥对番茄生长、产量和果实性状及可溶性固形物含量的影响。结果表明：在每667m²施用5.0L鱼蛋白有机液肥的情况下,减少水溶肥用量会降低番茄的株高、叶长和叶宽,但促进了茎粗、果实纵横径的生长,其中不同处理的果实纵径差异不显著,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量随水溶肥用量的减少先升高再降低,以每667 m²每次追施高钾水溶肥3.5 kg和2.0 kg的果形指数最大,但与其他处理没有显著差异。不同处理的平均单穗坐果数没有显著差异,单果质量和果实纵横径的变化趋势一致,每667 m²每次追施高钾水溶肥0.5 kg的小区产量最大。因此,在追求产量的情况下,果实膨大至采收前以每667 m^2...