Investigating the relationship between various measuring methods for determination of establishment success of urban trees

Establishment is a key concept in urban forestry but it is currently inconsistently defined and measured. Thus, several different methods are being used to determine establishment success but their consequences and applications are rarely discussed. With this paper we would like to stimulate an increased discussion regarding these concepts both in relation to a theoretical definition but also to their practical use. The problem was approached through an experiment using sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees and the most common methods used for determination of establishment success. The trees were studied during the first three years after transplant and the association between the different measuring methods was examined. A Principal Component Analysis showed that terminal and lateral shoot length were strongly correlated, and that midday- and pre-dawn shoot water potential, and stomatal conductance were strongly correlated. We developed an index for nightly recovery of water status, which showed that terminal shoot growth was not related to nightly recovery until the third year after transplanting. Our results suggest that successful tree establishment is determined differently depending on which method is used for determination but that the differences might decrease with time. The lack of a firm definition of the term establishment may complicate communication, both within the scientific community and in practice.     

基于主成分分析法的加工辣椒品种筛选与 品质指标分析

摘要：为筛选适宜河北省露地栽培的加工辣椒品种，从不同地区引进10个品种进行筛选试验，对各品 种辣椒的生长、果实、产量相关指标进行主成分分析，并对综合评价较高和田间表现较优的品种进行品 质指标测定。主成分分析结果表明：前3个主成分特征值均大于1，并且累计方差贡献率达到83.81%，能 综合辣椒生长和产量的大部分指标，且云辣素1号、天宇、艳红等综合得分较高。综合主成分分析以及单 株结果数、红绿果比和667 m2 产量等田间表现，选取综合指标较优的深红8号、美红9号、天宇、内黄新一 代和湘辣702共5个品种进行品质指标分析；其中，天宇的可溶性蛋白、二氢辣椒素和降二氢辣椒素含量 均高于其他品种，且产量也存在优势。因此，初步筛选出天宇作为河北省加工辣椒的推广品种。     

Genetic diversity for mineral accumulation in the foliage of Chenopodium spp.

Chenopodium spp. is being used as a leafy vegetable and subsidiary grain crop in different parts of the world due to its rich nutritional quality and its ability to grow in stress conditions. A field experiment was conducted in Lucknow (India) to assess the genetic diversity in 40 accessions of Chenopodium spp. based on mineral composition of the leaves. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the first 4 PCs (Principal Component) accounted for 74.70% of the total variance among the accessions. The first PC (PC1) accounted for 41.96% of the total qualitative variation and had nickel, zinc and chromium with high positive and copper with high negative coefficients. The most important loadings for PC2 were calcium and potassium. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into 4 major clusters. The first cluster, which showed maximum diversity, had 17 accessions, all of C. quinoa having high content of most of the heavy metals viz. zinc, chromium, nickel and cadmium. Cluster II was the largest consisting of 18 accessions which had low content of nickel, cadmium and chromium. Cluster III contained 3 accessions that had lowest amount of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc, while accessions in cluster IV were characterized by high levels of calcium, sodium, magnesium, nickel, chromium and cadmium. Significant genotypic differences existed in the heavy metal uptake by plants. Mineral uptake and concentration in Chenopodium spp. corresponds to the taxonomic categorization in the genus and could also be utilized as a supplementary taxonomic tool for grouping together of closely related taxa. Conclusively the diversity can be exploited in plant breeding programs for increasing nutritional value and for bioremediation purposes.     

Chemometric Multivariate Analyses of Kernel Biometric Techniques and Shell Morphological Attributes for Analyzing Pistacia vera L. Genotypes Variability

In this study, the corresponding correlations, interdependencies, and relationships of nine traits of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) kernels were established. Here, the percentage of dehiscent shells, shell homogeneity, shell apex, position of suture opening, suture opening, number of pistachio kernels/100?g, (length/width) pistachio kernel ratio, pistachio kernel flavour and fat content of pistachio kernel were studied.

The evaluation of experimental data was performed by applying a chemometric approach: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Bayesian Networks method and Network Meta-Analysis. In this regard, based on PCA the first principal component of shell and kernel had high loadings for shell homogeneity. By using Bayesian Networks method, dendrogram of selected pistachio varieties demonstrate a high similitude existing between varieties. Furthermore, the of shell and kernel dendrogram of studied pistachio varieties demonstrated that all studied accessions could be separated into four distinct groups. Based on cluster analysis, a detailed comparison between the varieties demonstrated that the accession named ‘KERMAN’ showed a significant similarity with the Tunisian genotype ‘ELGUETAR’. In this line, Network Meta-Analysis exhibited the different interdependencies between morphological parameters, and the hierarchical clustering via heat maps displayed relationships between studied factors.

These results showed a potential use of desired characteristics at least in some infra-specific studies in Pistacia vera L. The findings of this study will help plant growers by highlighting hidden and eventual relationships between Pistacia vera L. varieties.

     

硒硫配合喷施对大蒜营养品质的影响

 在叶面喷施一定量硫的条件下，配合喷施不同水平的硒，研究大蒜的硒(se)营养及硒硫(se—s)交互作用。分析测试了大蒜蒜头11种营养元素和4种品质组分，并对试验结果进行了主成分提取(PCA)和因子分析(FA)。结果表明，矿质主因子模型解释了试验总方差的83．527％，通过对蒜头营养品质与矿质主因子间的线性关系模拟，发现11种营养元素可划分为与品质密切相关的公因子——蒜素因子(x。)、硒因子(x：)、维生素c因子(x，)。硒、硫及其配合喷施通过对大蒜相应矿质营养的促进而改善了大蒜的有机硒、硒有机化率、维生素c和大蒜素营养品质状况。在土壤有效硒、硫供应比较充足的条件下，喷施中低量的硒(Na：SeO，20～40 mg·L^-1 )配合一定量的硫肥[(NH )：SO 2500 mg·L^-1效果最好，即硒硫比例大致为1：125～62．5时最佳。     

The effect of temperature on sensory quality,chemical composition and growth of carrots (Daucus carota L.). III. Different diurnal temperature amplitudes

Summary

Data from experiments with carrots grown in phytotrons under different day and night temperatures at two locations in Norway and three harvesting dates were treated by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). No effect of the single temperature amplitudes were found, the significant main effects were due to the mean temperature levels of 12 and 188C, location and harvest date. The PCA visualized the effect of mean temperature level on sensory, chemical and physical variables. Differences between the two groups were mainly caused by variation in sensory variables, the first group being characterized by high score for whiteness, sweetness, acidic taste, crispness, juiciness, glucose, fructose and root length. The other group had a high score for colour, odour, overall taste and flavour parameters, firmness, dry matter, sucrose, a and b-carotene, root weight and root diameters.     

Behavior as a tool for assessing a managed landscape: a case study of the Karner blue butterfly

In an increasingly human-dominated landscape, effective management of disturbance-maintained ecosystems, such as grasslands and savannas, is critical to the conservation of biodiversity. Yet, the response of individual organisms to landscapes created by disturbances and management is rarely studied. In this study, we examined the endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, in a heterogeneous oak savanna. Our objective was to quantify the butterfly’s habitat use and behavior to assess the effects of prescribed burning. The oak savanna management in Ohio, USA divides each Karner blue site (n = 4) into three units. Each one-third unit is then burned, mowed, or unmanaged in an annual rotation within each site, and the result is a fire return interval of ~3 years. Our surveys measured habitat use, while behavior observations quantified reproduction and foraging for the two annual broods. Our habitat use results showed burned treatments were recolonized quickly, but there was not a clear selection for burned treatments. Foraging rates were similar in all treatments; however, females oviposited significantly less in unmanaged treatments (only 5 of 127 ovipositions). This oviposition preference was likely due to habitat degradation and the availability of recently burned, early successional habitat. Since Karner blues avoided reproduction in units unburned for ≥4 years, these units could be burned to create high quality early successional habitat. These results demonstrate how behavioral decisions can be pivotal forces driving spatial population dynamics. Our case study demonstrates how a fine-scale landscape perspective combined with measurements of behavioral processes can assist with management decision-making.     

Landscape context affects honeyeater communities and their foraging behaviour in Australia: implications for plant pollination

We investigated the species richness and composition of bird communities in mallee woodland remnants in a highly fragmented landscape, focusing specifically on honeyeaters and their foraging behaviour. We observed birds around flowering Eremophila glabra ssp. glabra plants in three replicated contexts: (1) the interior of large remnants, (2) linear remnants within ~3 km of a large remnant, and (3) linear remnants 5–7 km from a large remnant. We found species richness differed among elements, with an increase in the number of species that tolerate disturbed, open habitat and a decrease in the number of woodland-dependent species in linear elements. Honeyeater assemblages were similar in species richness and abundance among the elements, but differed in composition due to a higher number of large-sized honeyeater species in distant elements. Honeyeater movement patterns into a site and within a site were similar among the elements. Floral visitation varied among honeyeater species and was positively correlated with their abundance in the far element. Our results demonstrate that bird species respond differently to the spatial context of remnants in a fragmented landscape; however, the degree of isolation of linear remnants was not important. Linear remnants appear to be frequently used by honeyeaters, but the changes in community composition among the elements may influence the quality of pollination, which could have implications for plant reproduction.     

肉桂酸加剧蚕豆枯萎病发生的根际微生物效应

通过盆栽和室内试验研究了肉桂酸处理对蚕豆种子萌发,幼苗生长及尖孢镰孢菌菌丝生长,蚕豆枯萎病发生,根际微生物的活性、多样性和群落结构的影响。结果表明：肉桂酸处理抑制了蚕豆种子萌发及幼苗生长,并随处理浓度增加,抑制效应加强,对叶片数和根系的抑制效应最为显著。肉桂酸低浓度处理时显著促进尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长,而高浓度处理则抑制菌丝生长。肉桂酸在100和200 mg · L^-1处理时显著提高了蚕豆枯萎病的病情指数,显著增加了根际土壤中镰刀菌的数量,降低了微生物的活性（AWCD值）、多样性和丰富度指数。主成分分析表明,肉桂酸处理明显改变了蚕豆根际微生物群落结构,糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类是区分肉桂酸处理导致土壤微生物群落变化的敏感碳源。肉桂酸处理降低了根际微生物多样性,促进病原菌的增殖,加剧了蚕豆枯萎病的发生,证实肉桂酸是蚕豆连作障碍中的自毒物质。     

基于主成分分析法的 不同品种黄瓜综合品质分析与评价

摘要：为探究综合评价黄瓜品质的方法,以10个不同外形、营养、风味的黄瓜品种为研究对象,测定其 风味和营养品质,并对各品质指标进行差异性和相关性分析,对风味品质指标进行主成分分析。结果表明： 除柠檬酸之外,品种间各品质指标均存在一定差异。可溶性固形物、单宁和维生素C含量最高的品种是维纳 斯,最低的分别是德瑞特975、金童和传奇778;可溶性糖、葡萄糖、果糖、苹果酸、氨基酸含量最高的均为绿 宝,可溶性糖含量最低的是德瑞特975,其余4个指标最低的均为甘脆1号;蔗糖含量最高的是玉女,最低的是金 童;总酸含量最高的是金童,最低的是德瑞特975;蛋白质含量最高的是优美,最低的是甘脆1号。相关性分析 显示,可溶性固形物含量与果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均呈显著正相关,可溶性糖含量与果糖、葡萄 糖含量均呈极显著正相关,与蔗糖含量呈显著正相关;苹果酸含量与果糖、葡萄糖、可溶性糖含量均呈极显著 正相关,与蔗糖含量显著正相关;维生素C含量与可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、蔗糖含量均呈显著正相关;氨基酸 含量与可溶性糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量均呈极显著正相关,与苹果酸含量呈显著正相关。黄瓜风味品质指标主成 分分析综合排名前3的是维纳斯、绿宝和托尼102。结合黄瓜品质评价差异性分析结果,认为主成分分析综合排 名能在一定程度上反映黄瓜的综合品质。     

The effects of alternatives to soil residual herbicides on weed control,yield and quality of hops

Summary

Several non-chemical methods of weed control in hops (Humulus lupulus) were evaluated in a three-year study. The results show that the use of cultivation, grass and winter rye cover crops, straw and plastic mulches all gave satisfactory weed control in both alleyways and hop rows. Data are presented on the effects of the main treatment groups, on the yield, alpha-acid content and alpha yield of hops. The effects on other hop cone quality criteria are also reported. Cultivation to control weeds had to be timely, and by the end of the study, numbers of weeds germinating in the spring were increasing. The use of a winter rye cover crop was successful in reducing over-wintering weed populations in cultivated plots. Grass reduced yield but raised the alpha-acid content of the cones, resulting in no overall loss in yield of alpha-acid. Yield reductions were overcome by adding extra nitrogen as an early spring top dressing, but this tended to reduce alpha-acid content to give similar alpha yields. Analysis of soil mineral nitrogen contents of soils to 90 cm depth in spring and autumn indicated that extra spring nitrogen was readily taken up by grass swards, helping to overcome its competitive effect on the hop plants. Winter rye reduced soil mineral nitrogen levels although this failed to reach statistical significance (P>0.05) but this nitrogen was returned to the soil when the cover was cultivated out in spring. Straw mulches tended to raise alpha-acid levels enough to raise alpha yield one year by 5% compared with conventional residual herbicide, although this failed to reach statistical significance (P>0.05). The implications of the results to growers of hops are discussed.     

Urban plant species patterns are highly driven by density and function of built-up areas

This paper aims to assess the relative importance of the type of built-up area in structuring plant species composition and richness in urbanised environments. The study was carried out in the city of Brussels where all vascular plant species were recorded in 189 grid cells of 1 km² each. The effect of urban land use type on species composition was investigated using first Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Densely built-up area was the most powerful predictor for species composition, followed by industrial built-up areas, half open or open built-up areas with plantations, and open built-up areas with much natural vegetation in the surroundings. Indicator species were found for each type of built-up area and a response curve to the amount of built land was produced using Generalised Additive Modelling. Various types of built-up areas had different effects on environmental conditions as inferred by Ellenberg’s indicator values, as well as on the species richness, species rarity, number of exotic species and proportion of extinction-prone species. It is concluded that future ecological studies should not treat urban areas as homogeneous areas by combining all anthropogenic factors into one aggregated variable. Instead, the urban matrix should be categorised in subsystems as it is multidimensional and highly variable across space.     

Response of young clementine citrus trees to drip irrigation,I, Irrigation amount and number of drippers

Summary

Growth, évapotranspiration, water relations and yield components of clementine trees (Citrus clementine, Hort ex Tan) subjected to differential drip-irrigation treatments were investigated during two seasons (1990–1992), Irrigation treatments were applied in a factorial design of two or four emitters per tree and four amounts of water (50,80,110 and 140% of tree évapotranspiration measured by a large weighing lysimeter located in the same plot), Seasonal water use in the lysimeter was 290 and 397 mm per year for 1990 and 1991, respectively, and the corresponding crop coefficient values were 0, 25 and 0, 31, Soil evaporation during selected periods of 1991 ranged from about 50% of évapotranspira tion in months with frequent rainfall to 8-30% in rainless months, The number of emitters per tree did not significantly affect soil matric tension, tree water status or tree growth, nor flowering, fruit-set or yield, Irrigation amount, however, significantly affected all these variates, Irrigation with 50% ET was insufficient in both seasons, producing high water stress and reducing tree growth, Yield was also reduced by a reduction in fruit number per tree, Optimum growth of the trees was obtained with irrigation at 110% ET which did not differ from that at 140%.     

Prognosis and correction of iron chlorosis in peach trees and relationship between iron concentration and Brown Rot

This study investigates the possible correlations between bark, floral, and leaf iron (Fe) concentrations and SPAD measures to be used as early methods for prognosis of iron chlorosis in peach trees. The results showed that there were significant correlations between bark, floral and leaf Fe concentrations and SPAD measurements. This study shows for the first time the possibility of using bark analysis as an early predictive method of iron chlorosis in peach trees.Differences in mineral composition of leaves of peach trees, in relation to rootstocks were also found.This study also investigated the distribution of mineral elements in different parts of peach leaves. Tissue analysis of different leaf parts showed that the peripheral and petiole of leaves had the highest P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, B and Cu concentrations. In contrast, the highest K concentration was found in the internal parts of leaves. High Mn concentration was found in the laminar of leaves, but was lower in the petioles.In other experiments, the effect of different sources of Fe application on the leaf Fe concentrations and development of Brown Rot in the year of application and one and 2 years later was also examined. No application increased significantly the leaf Fe concentrations in the year of application and 1 year later. Leaf Fe concentrations were significant higher in trees treated with FeSO₄·7H₂O + S 2 years after application.The possible effect of flesh Fe concentration to susceptibility of peach (cv. Sun Crest) to Monilinia laxa was also evaluated. The results showed no correlation between flesh Fe concentration and susceptibility of peach to M. laxa. Besides, no statistical difference was found in the susceptibility of peach to M. laxa collected from the cultivar Sun Crest grafted on different rootstocks.     

The effects of cultural factors on yield and curd quality of autumn cauliflower

The effects of six cultural treatments on (a) marketable yield, (b) percentage marketable plants and (c) percentage perfect quality curds produced, were studied on representative varieties of three groups of autumn cauliflower in experiments carried out over a period of five years. The treatments included a comparison of the use of graded and ungraded seed, transplanting and direct-drilling of the crop, different transplant ages, selection for uniformity at planting or thinning time, and plant density and nitrogen levels during the early seedling stage of growth.

In general the yields and quality of drilled and transplanted crops were similar with all varieties each year and neither the use of graded seed nor the nitrogen treatments had any significant effect on yield or curd quality. Both increasing plant density in the seedbed and increasing age of transplant caused a reduction in yield on most occasions. The effects of the treatments on yield and quality are discussed in relation to their effects on the maturity characteristics of the crops.     

Effects of air and soil temperatures on flower development and morphology of satsuma mandarin

Three experiments were conducted in growth chambers to observe effects of air and soil temperatures in early and mid-winter on flower development and morphology of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Okitsu Wase) budded on trifoliate orange. Four year old trees were used in Experiments I and III, and one year old ones in Experiment II. In Experiments I and II, air and soil temperature treatments of 15/15, 15/30, 30/15 and 30/ 30°C were started on 16 December, 1988. The trees sprouted flowers within seven days at 30/30°C, 11 days at 30/15°C, 21 days at 15/30°C, and 33 days at 15/15°C, respectively. There were few flowers at 30/30°C, extremely few at 30/15°C and many at both 15/15°C and 15/30°C. The days required to flowering and the flowering period were longer at the low air temperature. The number of flowers per tree, the number of flowers per node and the sprouting rate were greater at the low air temperature. A combination temperature of 30/15°C greatly decreased sprouting rate, the number of flowers per node and the number of flowers per tree. It seems likely that the chilling requirement might not be satisfied by mid-December. The trees might continue to accumulate chilling temperature at 15°C in the growth chamber. The trees at the high air temperature developed smaller flowers and ovaries. At an air temperature of 15°C, higher soil temperature resulted in bigger flowers and ovaries. In Experiment III, temperature treatments of 25/15,25/25 and 25/30°C were imposed on 6 January, 1989. The trees at 25/15°C required longer days to sprout and to blossom than at 25/25 and 25/30°C. The last two treatments did not differ in their effects. Soil temperature treatments did not result in significant effects on flower morphology, when they were applied after the chilling requirement was satisfied.     

通过调配培养基优化葡萄试管苗的培养质量

通过分析田间植株营养成分调配了葡萄的生根培养基H配方.比较了H,1/2 MS,以及1/2B53种培养基对试管苗的培养效果.一元方差分析表明,H和1/2 MS生根率显著大于1/2B5配方,H配方的株高和比叶面积显著高于另外2种配方.主成分分析表明,H的综合培养状况优于另外2种培养基.总结认为,基于植株营养成分分析进行培养基优化的方法可以在藤本植物上得到运用,主成分分析方法在评价试管苗综合生长状况上有独特的优势.     

大白菜品种鉴定的SSR核心引物筛选及其应用

为筛选出一套大白菜（Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis）简单重复序列（Simple sequence repeat,SSR）的核心引物,以54份大白菜骨干自交系为材料,从已发表的2 129对白菜SSR引物中,初步筛选出分布于白菜整个基因组、具有唯一扩增位点、扩增稳定性及重复性好的多态性SSR引物51对。进一步根据引物的多态性信息量（PIC）、等位基因数量、位点的物理位置和主成分分析（PCA）等分析结果,确定了一套包含28对SSR引物的核心引物组合。比较核心引物组合、51对多态性SSR引物和123个标记（72个SNP标记与51对多态性SSR引物）对54份大白菜骨干自交系的聚类分析结果,三者具有较高的一致性;该套引物可将262份大白菜高代自交系区分开,具有较好的鉴别能力。利用这套核心引物构建了242份大白菜品种的指纹图谱。该研究获得的28对SSR引物可以用于大白菜的遗传多样性分析和品种核酸指纹库构建等研究,可为大白菜新品种的特异性、一致性、稳定性检测体系的建立和新品种保护提供技术支持。     

外施赤霉素对休眠百合生理指标的影响

用不同浓度的GA3溶液分别对东方百合种球进行浸泡,并结合冷藏处理,研究外施GA3对种球碳水化合物代谢和内源激素平衡的影响。结果表明:在解除休眠的过程中,GA3始终保持着高浓度,ZR则相反;可溶性总糖、IAA、GA3、ZR均比冷藏初始期浓度增高,淀粉、ABA则下降。经相关分析得到各种处理的GA3与GA3/IAA比值存在极显著相关;与其它激素和激素比值之间无显著相关性。初步判定百合解除休眠与外界条件变化有关,如低温刺激,而与增加GA3浓度无关。