苹果开心形树冠不同部位光合与蒸腾能力的研究

 以18年生开心形富士苹果(Malus pumila Mill. ‘Red Fuji’) 为试材, 定点测定了冠层不同部位晴天时的光照分布、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率。结果表明, 树冠外围的光照强度、单叶光合能力比较高, 内膛、中部和外围叶片最大光合速率分别为13.46、14.69和15.98μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化呈双峰曲线, 而蒸腾速率呈单峰曲线, 在中午外围叶片的蒸腾速率略有降低。内膛、中部和外围叶片在晴天的平均光合速率分别为4.53、6.63和6.54μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 平均蒸腾速率分别为3.36、4.06和4.40μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。这说明苹果在冠层不同部位的光合与蒸腾能力存在一定的差别, 冠层中部的光合速率和水分利用效率最大, 外围的蒸腾能力最强, 内膛最差。     

日光温室草莓光合特性及对CO2浓度升高的响应

 运用美国LI-COR 公司制造的LI-6400 便携式光合作用测定系统, 研究了日光温室草莓盛果期的光合特性及对CO₂ 浓度升高的响应。结果表明, 叶片净光合速率(Pn) 日变化呈双峰型, 有明显的“光合午休”现象, 第1 个峰值出现在10 时左右, Pn 达到CO2 13. 1μmol·m^-2·s^-1; 第2个峰值出现在16 时,Pn 为CO₂ 9. 5μmol·m^-2·s^-1。造成光合午休的主要原因为气孔因素, 中午光照强度最大, 叶片与空气之间的水蒸气压差、气孔限制值达到最大值, 空气相对湿度、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度达到最小值, 出现光合午休。在CO₂浓度低于600μmol·mol^-1, 光照强度为1 000μmol·m^-2·s^-1时, 草莓CO₂饱和点为943. 3μmol·mol^-1, CO₂补偿点为91. 7μmol·mol^-1, Pn 高于光强更高者。     

Growth,allocation of N and carbohydrates,and stomatal conductance of greenhouse grown apple treated with prohexadione-Ca and gibberellins

Summary

Potted M.26 apple (Mahis domestica) liners were treated with the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor prohexadione-Ca (Apogee®) at 0 to 500 mg l”¹ as a foliar spray. Apogee inhibited stem elongation, leaf formation, total leaf area and shoot dry weight, while significantly increasing specific leaf weight, root dry weight and root: shoot ratio, regardless of rate. Foliar application of gibberellin A4₊₇ (GA4₊₇) at 200 mg l”¹ to Apogee-treated plants one day later reversed these effects, especially stem elongation, root dry-matter production and root: shoot ratio. Apogee increased N concentration in stems but not in leaves and roots. There was no effect on the pattern of N allocation amongst organs. GA4+7 increased leaf N concentration but decreased stem and root N concentrations compared with untreated controls, with N allocation shifting from roots to stem. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), expressed either on a concentration or content basis, increased in all parts of the Apogee-treated plants, due to increased levels of starch rather than soluble sugars, without altering allocation pattern. Conversely, GA4₊₇ reduced TNC levels (mainly starch levels) in all parts, with the pattern of allocation slightly shifted from roots to stem. The afternoon decline in stomatal conductance occurred earlier in the Apogee treated plants, measured 10 d after stem elongation had ceased. Starch buildup in the Apogee-treated plants appeared to be associated with this effect, suggesting an involvement of a feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in the Apogee-induced stomatal control.     

冷凉气候区‘寒富’苹果及其亲本光合特性的研究

 以‘寒富’苹果及其亲本‘东光’和‘富士’为试材,应用CIRAS-1型便携式光合系统,研究了天气、季节和叶位对其光合特性的影响。结果表明：‘寒富’苹果及其亲本叶片净光合速率（P_n）的日变化晴天呈典型的双峰曲线,最高峰均出现在10:00左右（13.47μmol·m^-2·s^-1,12.46 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和11.21 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）,次高峰出现在14:00左右（11.92 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,9.84 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和10.94 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,中午有明显的“午休”现象,阴天P_n日变化为单峰曲线,峰值出现在12:00左右（11.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,10.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和10.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）,日平均P_n分别比晴天低2.28 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,2.73 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和2.86 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;P_n的季节变化呈不对称双峰曲线,主峰出现在7月上旬,次峰出现在9月上旬;新梢不同节位叶片的Pn呈抛物线型变化,枝条中上部的叶片P_n较大。‘寒富’苹果及其亲本的光补偿点（LCP）分别为5.9±1.8 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,21.1±1.4 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和9.05±2.1μmol·m^-2·s^-1;饱和光强（SL）分别为1 665±20 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,1 418±131 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和1300±56.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;CO₂补偿点（CCP）分别为87.5±1.4 μmol·mol^-1,84.2±5.9 μmol·mol^-1和59.5±7.5 μmol·mol^-1;饱和CO₂（SC）分别为2 961±41 μmol·mol^-1,1 572±166 μmol·mol^-1和1 381±23 μmol·mol^-1。‘寒富’苹果利用强光和弱光的能力均强于其亲本,表现出喜光耐荫的特性。     

Reaction of 25 Apomictic Apple Rootstock Selections to Inoculation with Mixtures of ’latent’ Viruses

Malus sieboldii, M. sargenti and most hybrids showed sensitivity to inoculation with mixtures of ‘latent’ viruses from apple cultivars. The main symptoms were chlorotic leaf spots and leaf distortions combined with severe stunting in many seedlings. There was no reaction in the M. hupehensis group and Bittenfelder Seedling except for stem pitting or stem grooving symptoms in two hybrids. It is suggested that the same sensitivity reaction to apple ’latent’ viruses which leads to incompatibility when apple rootstocks are budded may also cause virus symptoms in apomictic species rootstocks. This would seem to apply especially to the M. sieboldii and M. sargenti groups, but probably not to the M. hupehensis group.     

Comparative studies on the postharvest physiology of fruit from different species of Annona (custard apple)

Summary

Fruit of three Annona species, viz. cherimoya (A. cherimola Mill), sugar apple (A. squamosa L.) and custard apple (atemoya, Annona X) were ripened in ethylene-free air and under propylene. Differences were found in patterns of respiration, ethylene production and fruit firmness changes during ripening. Cherimoya and custard apple fruits showed two successive rises in respiration rate whereas sugar apple fruits showed only one. Ethylene production showed one main peak but the onset of rapid ethylene production occurred after the beginning of the respiration climacteric in all three species. Custard apple fruit had acceptable eating quality (as judged by sensory assessments and chemical analyses of pulp) for up to four days after first detectable softening, when ripened at 20°C in ethylene-free air or under propylene. Fruit ripened in ethylene-free air had better ripe fruit quality than fruit ripened under propylene.     

贵州中部地区苹果的光合特性及其对产量和品质的影响

以贵州中部地区4年生‘红富士’和‘皇家嘎啦’苹果品种为试材,探索了树冠不同层次、部位叶片的光合特性、影响光合速率（Pn）的主要环境因子及Pn与产量和品质的关系。结果表明,‘红富士’的光合能力（14.87 μmol · m-2 · s-1）强于‘皇家嘎啦’（13.57 μmol · m-2 · s-1）;两品种的Pn日变化曲线均呈双峰型,出现午休现象,其主要成因为中午的高光强（PAR）及气孔导度（Gs）下降;Pn受PAR影响最大,叶温（Tl）次之,而大气相对湿度（RH）和空气CO2浓度影响不大;树冠的PAR及Pn对果实产量及外观有重大影响,单果质量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比等品质指标与PAR及Pn呈显著正相关,而PAR及Pn对维生素C含量的作用不明显。     

Development of hypo-allergenic apples: silencing of the major allergen Mal d 1 gene in ‘Elstar’ apple and the effect of grafting

Summary

Many people who are allergic to birch pollen are also allergic to apple fruit, due to cross- allergenicity. Since apples are the most extensively consumed fruit in Europe, it is highly relevant to develop a hypo-allergenic apple.Apples with significantly reduced levels of the allergen, Mal d 1, may allow many apple allergics to eat them without an allergic reaction. We are currently collaborating to develop a hypo-allergenic apple within the European Integrated Research Project, ISAFRUIT (www.isafruit.org). Hypo-allergenic apple plants (Malus × domestica Borkh., ‘Elstar’) with decreased levels of Mal d 1 mRNA were produced by RNA interference (RNAi) technology. Ten genetically modified (GM) apple lines were selected. In vitro plantlets were first transferred to a greenhouse, then grafted onto wild-type M.9 rootstock to promote the development of fruit-producing trees. Levels of Mal d 1 gene silencing were measured repeatedly by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared to leaf samples from wild-type ‘Elstar’, two GM lines showed modest levels of gene silencing (up to 250-fold), whereas the other eight GM lines were significantly silenced (up to10,000-fold) in Mal d 1 gene expression. These levels of silencing were unaffected by grafting, and have been stable over more than 3 years, and throughout all developmental stages.     

Field resistance of apple rootstocks to Phytophthora cactorum infection

Summary

Six different two year old apple rootstocks with ‘Spur Mcintosh’ scions were inoculated with Phytophthora cactorum and evaluated for susceptibility to this pathogen at the Summerland Research Station from 1982–92. In addition the effect of nursery source on the susceptibility of three rootstocks was compared. The rootstock MM.Ill remained healthy for ten years while MM.106 was very susceptible to P. cactorum crown rot. No significant difference in resistance to P. cactorum was observed between MM.lll and M.4, and M.7a. Fruit yield was significantly lower for MM.106 than with MM.lll, M.4, M.7a, and M.7 in 1990 and 1992. The susceptibility of M.26 from both nurseries to P. cactorum was similar to that of MM.106 from Traas Nursery. A significant difference in susceptibility to P. cactorum was observed between the two sources of MM.106 rootstock from 1984–1990; the MM.106 rootstock from Budwood Orchard was more susceptible to P. cactorum than that from Traas Nursery. However, in 1991 and 1992 (final observation) no significant difference was observed between them for susceptibility to P. cactorum infection. This study indicates that the observed variability in field resistance to P. cactorum crown rot infection should be explored for breeding for P. cactorum resistance.     

The Effect of ‘Latent’ Virus Infections on the Yield of Maiden Trees on 20 Apomictic Apple Seedling Rootstocks

Five years’ experiments with apomictic apple seedling rootstock selections budded with apple cultivars have shown that incompatibility in Malus sieboldii, M. sargenti, M. hupehensis and their derivatives is mainly due to high sensitivity of the species rootstocks to viruses latent in commercial apple cultivars. The yields of maiden trees from rootstocks which were budded with material that was virus-free, infected with ‘latent’ viruses and infected with ‘latent’ viruses plus rubbery wood virus were 67%, 28% and 16%, respectively. There were, however, differences in the sensitivity reaction between the rootstocks tested. Fairly good compatibility with scions infected with ‘latent’ viruses was observed in the M. sieboldii root- stock selections 4542, 4556 and 4608 and in M. hupehensis.     

In vitro germination of apple pollens

In order to characterize pollen viability and germinability by biochemical parameters, an introductory investigation was made of the germinability in vitro of pollen of 2 apple cultivars, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson’, partially self-incompatible and totally self-incompatible, respectively. Best results of percent germination were obtained for both cultivars after 120 min incubation in Petri dishes at 30°C in a medium containing 0.2 M sucrose, 20 μg/ml H₃BO₃, 300 μg/ml Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O. Optimum pH was 6.0 for ‘Starkrimson’ and 7.0 for ‘Golden Delicious’.     

锌铜处理对苹果属植物叶内碳酸酐酶活性的影响

通过室内外试验,观测了锌、铜处理对苹果属植物叶内碳酸酐酶(CA酶)活性的效应和锌处理对叶内锌、铜、磷、钙、铁含量韵影响。结果表明:在甜茶实生苗和苹果幼苗水培中,锌0.5mg·1~(-1)处理的CA酶活性最高;加入到苹果幼苗酶提取液中的波尔多液(1:2:160)明显抑制CA酶活性,而硫酸铜溶液(160倍)只有微弱的抑制作用,在幼苗叶上喷波尔多液对CA酶活性有一定的抑制作用;在红星苹果大树上喷施锌肥对叶内的CA酶活性无显著影响;梯度锌水培和新梢速长期叶面喷锌的处理都显著或极显着改变和提高了叶内含锌量,但对铁、铜、钙含量影响较小。对叶内锌含量与CA酶活性的关系和波尔多液对CA酶活性的抑制原因进行了讨论。     

Abscisic acid alleviates the deleterious effects of cold stress on ‘Sultana’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) plants by improving the anti-oxidant activity and photosynthetic capacity of leaves

The effects of exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) on anti-oxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic capacity in ‘Sultana’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated under cold stress. When vines had an average of 15 leaves, 0 (control), 50, 100, or 200 µM ABA was sprayed to run-off on all leaves of each plant. Twenty-four hours after foliar spraying with ABA, half (n = 5) of the water-only control vines and half (n = 5) of each group of ABA-treated plants were subjected to 4°C for 12 h, followed by a recovery period of 3 d under greenhouse conditions (25°/18°C day/night). The remaining plants in each treatment group were kept at 24°C. Cold stress increased H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in vine leaves, whereas all foliar ABA treatments significantly reduced their levels. Chilled plants showed marked increases in their total soluble protein contents in response to each ABA treatment. ABA significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in cold-stressed grapevine leaves. In contrast, cold stress markedly decreased the rates of leaf photosynthesis (A) and evaporation (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves, but increased intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C_i) in leaves. Treatment with all concentrations of ABA resulted in lower leaf A, E, and g_s values, but higher C_i values at 24°C. However, following cold stress, ABA-treated vines showed higher leaf A, E, and g_s values, but lower C_i values compared to control vines without ABA treatment. The application of 50–200 µM ABA allowed chilled vines to recover more quickly when re-exposed to normal temperatures, enabling the vines to resume their photosynthetic capacity more efficiently following cold stress. These results showed that, by stimulating anti-oxidant enzyme systems and alleviating cold-induced stomatal limitations, ABA reduced the inhibitory effect of cold stress on the rate of CO₂ fixation in ‘Sultana’ grapevine plants.     

The Response of Magnesium-Deficient Edward VII Apple Trees to Variations in the Timing and Composition of Foliar Sprays

Magnesium-deficient Edward VII apple trees were used to study the effect of pre-blossom sprays of magnesium sulphate and urea, and to compare the efficiency of post-blossom sprays of magnesium sulphate and chloride.

Two pre-blossom sprays of 2% Epsom salt (MgSO_4·7H,O) prevented the development of early-season magnesium deficiency symptoms but did not increase fruit set. Similar sprays of 0· 5%urea had no effect on symptoms but increased the set of fruit.

Five post-blossom sprays of 2% Epsom salt largely eliminated both early and late symptoms and produced consistent increases in the magnesium content of the leaves (% dry wt.). There was also a large increase in crop, due mainly to a greater fruit set which could be detected after the second spray application. Growth responses also were associated with this treatment.

Five post-blossom sprays of 0·83% magnesium chloride, i.e. containing only half the amount of magnesium, produced similar responses, except that growth was not affected. Reducing the number of magnesium chloride sprays to three, but applying them over the same time interval, resulted in similar' crop responses even though less magnesium was taken up and symptoms were slightly less effectively controlled.     

A Long-Term Manurial Trial on Dessert Apple Trees

A factorial NPK fertilizer trial was started in 1931 with newly planted dessert apple trees. Two varieties (Cox’s Orange Pippin and Beauty of Bath) and four rootstocks (M.I, M.V, M.IX and M.XII) were represented. By 1953. after the orchard was thinned in two stages, only one experimental tree, of Cox’s Orange Pippin on M.XII, remained in each plot; at this time a fourth factor was added by establishing a sward (S) in half the plots and continuing to cultivate the remainder during each spring and summer.

Severe deficiency symptoms developed early in the trial on plots receiving no potash. Recovery followed the overall annual application from 1937 of 2 cwt. per acre sulphate of potash, additional to the treatment comparison of nil v. 2 cwt. per acre, but large differences in tree size and cropping persisted. These differences were not greatest with the variety or the rootstock showing the most severe leaf scorch symptoms.

The overall potash application was discontinued in 1953, but the levels of “ available” potassium in the soil had by then been raised, and the trees of Cox on M.XII did not develop potassium deficiency over the next ten years. On the contrary, there was evidence that the higher level was now harmful, perhaps because of induced incipient magnesium deficiency.

Superphosphate (18% P₂O₅, 5 cwt. per acre per annum) did not affect the performance of the trees and only slightly increased the phosphorus concentration in the leaves. Much greater increases in leaf phosphorus were brought about by grassing down, particularly in the absence of nitrogen applications.

In the nitrogen treatment sulphate of ammonia was applied initially at 1½ cwt. per acre per annum, but this rate was increased to 3 cwt. per acre in 1941 and then to 6 cwt. per acre in 1953 ; from 1958 Nitrochalk at an equivalent rate was applied instead of sulphate of ammonia. This nitrogen treatment increased the total crop per plot over the first I7 years by 15%, and the total crop of the Cox on M.XII over the period 1953-62 by 25*#x0025;. The response was especi~lly marked in the last few years when the trees with and without nitrogen were still virtually indistinguishable in leaf colour ; values for nitrogen concentration on a dry-weight basis in mid-shoot leaves for August 1962 were 2·9% and 2·8% respectively.

Trees receiving nitrogen were grassed down in 1953 without reduction in total crop over the next ten years, though nitrogen status was depressed in the first few seasons. This depression was much more severe and persistent with the trees not receiving nitrogen, despite the abundance of clover in the swards on those plots.

The advantages of grassing down on fruit quality may be largely due to the restriction of nitrogen supply to the tree.     

外源多胺对富士苹果花和幼果内源多胺与激素的影响

 红富士苹果花和幼果内均含有腐胺(Put) 、亚精胺(Spd) 和精胺(Spm) , 其中以Spd 含量最高。盛花期喷施1 ×10^-5mol·L^-1的Spd , 可提高花和幼果内GA₃ 、ZR 的含量, 但IAA、ABA 含量下降; 喷施多胺合成抑制剂MGBG降低了喷后10 d 幼果内GA₃ 含量, 却提高了花和幼果内IAA 含量; 对内源多胺的测定结果表明, 盛花期喷施Spd 提高了喷后20 d 幼果内源Put 、Spd 及Spm含量, 降低了花内的含量; 喷施MGBG提高花和幼果内Put 含量, 降低Spd及Spm含量。田间试验结果表明, 盛花期喷施1 ×10^-5mol ·L^-1的Spd , 坐果率为对照的144. 1 % , 而喷施1 ×10^-5mol ·L^-1的MGBG, 坐果率为对照的86. 2 %。     

S-allele genotypes of apple pollenizers,cultivars and lineages including those resistant to scab

Summary

We examined S-allele genotypes of ten apple cultivars and species to determine their possible usefulness as pollenizers for all apple cultivars. ‘Dolgo’ did not contain any known S-RNases encoded at the S-locus, suggesting its possible usefulness as a pollenizer for almost all apple cultivars. We also identified and confirmed the S-allele genotypes of 18 apple cultivars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-digestion analysis. The S-genotype of ‘Kiou’ (S₁S₇), ‘Korei’ (S₃S₂₈), ‘Korin’ (S₁S₉), ‘Kotoku’ (S₁S₂₈), ‘Kyokkou (S₇S₂₅), ‘Lobo’ (S₁S₇), ’Mahe 7’ (S₂S₇), ‘Mellow’ (S₂S₃), ‘Takahara’ (S₃S₉) and ‘Warabi’ (S₉S₂₈) were confirmed by pollination results. These cultivars seemed not to have originated from the expected seed or pollen parents or, in the case of ‘Lobo’, might have been mislabelled. Finally, we identified the S-allele genotypes of ‘Prima’ (S₂S₁₀), ‘Querina’ (S₃S₉) and ‘Yoko’ × ‘Prima’ (S₃S₁₀), which are resistant to scab.     

Endogenous hormone concentrations and bud-break response to exogenous benzyl adenine in shoots of apple trees with two growth habits grown on three rootstocks

Summary

Scions from two siblings of a ‘Goldspur Delicious’ × ‘Redspur Delicious’ cross were budded to three rootstocks with different levels of vigour [M.9, M.7, and Malus domestica ‘Antanovka’ seedling] and planted in the field in 1997. The scions had two contrasting growth habits: one with narrow crotch angles, numerous short branches and an upright narrow (UN) canopy; and the other with wide crotch angles, few short branches, and a spreading round (SR) canopy. Shoot tips were collected at the time of bud-break in April 2004 and analysed for auxin (AUX), cytokinins (CK), and abscisic acid (ABA) to determine relationships between scion growth habit, size-controlling rootstock, and shoot tip hormone concentrations. Although not statistically different, the UN growth habit had numerically higher AUX, lower ABA, and equivalent CK levels as the SR growth habit. These differences resulted in statistically higher AUX:CK ratios (ACR). It is possible that the higher ACR contributed to the UN growth habit, which had more anti-gravitrophic shoot growth and appeared to have greater apical dominance than the SR growth habit. Either growth habit, grown on seedling rootstock, had nearly twice the ACR than on M.7 or M.9 rootstocks. The synthetic CK, 6-benzyl adenine (BA), was applied to 30 cm shoot explants of both growth habits in a greenhouse in March 2006. An 8.7 mM BA concentration stimulated bud-break in both growth habits, compared with controls, and bud-break was increased more in the UN than the SR growth habit. The results indicate that the ACR may be a factor regulating bud-break and the development of growth habit in apple scions, and that rootstock modified the hormone concentrations in shoot tips.     

Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid on the rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs and on fruit abscission in apple

Summary

1-Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) was applied to apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees or to individual fruiting spurs between full bloom (FB) and 31 d after full bloom (DAFB; mean fruit diameter of 20 mm) to determine the effects of ACC on the ethylene released from detached spurs and on fruit abscission. The rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs increased 1 d after applying 50 mg l^–1 ACC at full bloom or 16 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 10 mm), but ACC had a reduced effect on the rate of ethylene release when it was applied 31 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 20 mm). ACC reduced fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple in a concentration-dependent manner in 2009 and in 2010, but had no thinning activity on ‘Pink Lady’ in 2010. ACC at 200 mg l^–1 resulted in the yellowing and abscission of ‘GoldRush’ spur leaves in 2009, but not in 2010. The effects of combining ACC and 5 mg l^–1 naphthaleneacetic acid on fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple were additive. The application of 200 mg l^–1 ACC when fruit are ca. 10 mm in diameter may therefore be a useful chemical thinning treatment for apple fruit.     

苹果柱型基因的ISSR分子标记研究

 以普通型苹果品种‘富士’和柱型苹果‘舞姿’以及其杂交后代的柱型与非柱型实生苗为试材, 建立了苹果的ISSR ( Inter-Simple Squence Repeat polymorphic DNA) 分子标记体系, 并将ISSR 标记用于苹果柱型基因Co 的遗传分析。结果表明, 在20μL 反应体系中各组分的用量为Taq DNA 聚合酶1U、Mg²⁺ 的浓度为2.5 mmol·L^-1 、模板DNA 用量20 ng、引物浓度0.2μmol·L - 1及退火温度52 ℃, 80 %引物具有良好的扩增能力。调整模板DNA 的用量、引物浓度及退火温度能够优化苹果ISSR-PCR 扩增体系。从所筛选的65 个引物中获得了35 个ISSR 标记, 其中33 个标记呈现1∶1 分离, 可用于苹果柱型基因的遗传分析。