Translocation properties of carbaryl in relation to its use as an apple fruitlet thinner

Localized treatment of either fruitlets, pedicels or bourse shoot leaves of cv Discovery apple trees with 2 100 ppm carbaryl caused significant fruitlet abscission. Whereas carbaryl applied to a pedicel moved in significant amounts into the fruitlet, carbaryl applied to the fruitlet itself or to the bourse shoot leaves was not translocated. Carbaryl applied to a fruitlet did not enter the seeds. A possible mode of action is discussed and some practical implications considered.     

CPPU在西瓜上的应用研究进展

CPPU是一种人工合成的细胞分裂素类物质,具有促进果实膨大和提高坐果率等功能,在园艺作物上有着广泛的应用。本文介绍了CPPU的推广历程,总结了CPPU在促进西瓜坐果和诱导单性结实、解决三倍体无籽西瓜授粉问题及CPPU对西瓜品质的影响等方面的研究进展,分析了其残留的安全性,最后提出了加强植物生长调节剂的生产管理和加快蜜蜂授粉技术研发的建议,以期增强公众对CPPU的科学认识,促进CPPU在西瓜生产中的正确使用。     

疏果剂敌百虫在‘金冠’苹果短果枝内的分布和对光合强度及产物分配的影响

‘金冠’苹果盛花后14天喷施1200ppm敌百虫可以引发落果,在短期内抑制幼果的生长。根据幼果在短果枝上的发育与坐果特征的不同,可分为三类:中心果、初生边果和次生边果。~(14)C-敌百虫示踪实验表明,敌百虫在维管束和幼果中含量高。敌百虫喷施48小时后,短果枝莲座叶的光合作用显著地受抑制,同时运向幼果的~(14)C-同化物显著减少,光合作用在8至18天内恢复正常。作者认为,敌百虫疏果的机制是减弱“源”、“库”的强度,加剧短果枝内碳水化合物短暂缺乏,使较小的幼果因碳水化合物缺乏而减缓生长,直至脱落,达到疏果的目的。     

添加佐剂对CPPU处理的翠冠梨果实生长与品质的影响

为了减少CPPU引起的不良效应,探讨了在CPPU溶液中添加不同佐剂对翠冠梨果实生长及品质的影响。结果表明,盛花后第2周用20mg/L CPPU处理可以促进果实膨大,提高单果质量,并延迟果实成熟。CPPU单独处理增加畸形果比率,而添加0.1% Triton或者PVAC作为佐剂则可减少畸形果的发生,并增强CPPU处理效应,因此,在CPPU使用过程中不应忽视佐剂的作用。     

Have the Flowers,Fruitlets, Ripe Fruit and Leaves of Apples Cultivars Similar Compositions of Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity?

Total and specific phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were quantified over two seasons in flowers, leaves, fruitlets, and ripe fruit at harvest of the apple cultivars ‘Brookfield’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’, as well the crabapple cultivars ‘Hillary’ and ‘Manchurian’. The results showed that leaves had the highest phenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic and antioxidant content was progressively lower from flowers, fruitlets, and ripe harvested fruit. There were high concentrations of phloridzin in flowers and leaves, while concentrations were lower in fruitlets, peel, and entire fruit at harvest. The phenolic compound with the highest concentration in peel was quercetin glycoside, while in the entire fruit it was flavanols. The studied crabapple cultivars did not present differences between them in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

     

CPPU对促进猕猴桃果实增大的研究Ⅲ．CPPU对果实发育的影响和适宜的使用时期

通过多年、多点的试验，研究了ＣＰＰＵ对猕猴桃果实生长发育的影响和ＣＰＰＵ促进猕猴桃果实增大的最适使用时期。结果表明：从花后５ｄ到６０ｄ，所有处理都明显地增大了果实，增长的幅度随处理时间的推迟而减弱。猕猴桃果实的增长基本上呈Ｓ曲线：在花后３周内，果实增长缓慢；此后的一个月内，果实增长加快；再往后，增长的速度下降，保持相对同等的速度继续增长，直至采收。与对照比较，处理果实的快速增长更加明显，ＣＰＰＵ对促进猕猴桃果实增大的作用能持续很长的时期。最有效的使用时期是在花后１０—３０ｄ，正值果实的快速生长时期。     

Effects of CPPU on fruit set and fruit growth in Japanese persimmon

The effects of hand-pollination and spraying with N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) on fruit set and fruit growth of ‘Matsumoto-Wase-Fuyu’, which is a member of the pollination-constant, non-astringent group of persimmons (PCNA) were investigated. Staminate flowers of pollinizers in the orchard were eliminated before anthesis. Hand-pollination was carried out at full bloom (FB). Without prior hand-pollination, CPPU at 5 or 10 mg 1⁻¹ was sprayed 11 days after FB. Hand-pollination and spraying with CPPU increased fruit set before thinning of fruits by hand. The number of fruits after thinning did not differ among treatments. The yield of marketable fruits after hand-pollination was similar to that after treatment at 5 mg 1⁻¹, but was higher than that for untreated trees. Formation of a sunken fruit apex, which was observed in about 30% of fruits from untreated trees, was suppressed by application of CPPU. CPPU also delayed coloration of fruit. There were no differences among treatments in firmness or soluble solids concentrations of marketable fruits.     

CPPU在果树上的应用研究进展

CPPU是一种新型的细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂,其生理活性极高.近年来对其进行了广泛的应用研究.该文综述了CPPU在各种果树上具有促进叶绿素的合成、促进坐果和细胞分裂、增加细胞体积使果实膨大、延长果实生长发育期;诱导单性结实等广泛的生理作用.     

Partitioning of C-photosynthates from different current shoots neighboring with fruiting spur in later-maturing Japanese pear during the period of rapid fruit growth

To elucidate the fate of photosynthates from different current shoots and their influence on fruit growth and bud differentiation in neighboring spur complex during the period of rapid fruit growth in two late-maturing Japanese pear cultivars: ‘Atago’ and ‘Shinkou’ with contrasting fruit size, ¹³C labeling of single shoot was done to investigate of C-relations in fruit branches of eight shoot-combinations. The results showed that all of the current shoots investigated (bourse shoots of nonfruiting spur, bourse shoots of fruiting spur, extension shoot, nonfruiting spur, vegetative shoot, and water sprout) could export photosynthates to the neighboring fruit and buds. Water sprouts together with vegetative shoots, bourse shoots, and extension shoots are important source for fruit growth after shoot growth termination during the period of rapid fruit growth in production of late-maturing pears. The carbon transfer rate from the neighboring to the fruit bearing spur is depent (i) on the types of shoot which acts as C source, (ii) on the position of the fruiting spur and (iii) on the source-sink distance. Furthermore, the cultivar difference in carbon partitioning from different current shoot-combinations confirmed that the movement of photosynthates into the fruit was determined by sink strength of the fruit, and ‘Atago’ exhibited a greater relative sink strength of fruit than ‘Shinkou’. In addition, vegetative shoots are very important C sources for fruit growth in ‘Atago’ and the growth pattern of bourse shoot seriously affects C allocated to fruit in ‘Shinkou’.     

CPPU对葡萄果实生长发育促进效应的解剖学观察

对CPPU处理的全球红葡萄果实进行组织形态动态生长研究,结果表明:CPPU处理能促进早期子房膨大生长,子房壁的加厚生长和输导组织的生长.经CPPU处理比对照能提早使幼果进入迅速细胞分裂期,细胞层数增多.10 mg/L的CPPU处理不仅显著增加细胞层数,而且增大了细胞体积,刺激果实膨大的效果较好;15 mg/L的CPPU处理则抑制果实的细胞分裂和体积增大,其主要差异存在于中果皮,在外果皮上差异不明显.在幼果生长期,CPPU处理的细胞体积膨大幅度小于对照;在果实生长中、后期,其膨大幅度则大于对照.     

The Strawberry Aphid,Pentatrichopus Fragariae (Theob.), in North Wales,with Special Reference to the Maintenance of Healthy Strawberry Stocks in Non-Fruit-Growing Areas

Summary

Excessive premature abscission of developing fruitlets in UK cherry orchards often results in low fruit yields. An improvement in our understanding of the underlying causes of embryo abortion and fruitlet abscission will help rationalize effective remedies to this problem. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of limiting the availability of leaf-derived assimilates, during critical stages of fruitlet development, on the severity of fruitlet abscission. Experimentally, this was achieved by isolating individual “spur units” (short shoots (<10 cm) with leaves and fruit) from the tree by girdling (severing the phloem connections) branches on either side of the unit. In this way, the developing fruitlets within the associated spur would be able to derive their assimilates only from the associated spur leaves. Spur units with different total leaf areas and variable numbers of developing fruitlets were chosen to achieve a wide range of potential source and sink strengths. The spurs analysed varied in leaf number from 4–9 leaves as spur leaf area increased. The largest variability in the spur leaf area number relationship occurred in spurs with 6–7 leaves. When initially determining the total leaf area per spur in May, there was no obvious relationship with fruit number per spur. Subsequent analysis of the relationship between spur leaf area and fruit number per cluster showed that fruit had been lost from spurs with the smallest leaf areas. Spurs girdled later in the season in June also showed no obvious relationship between spur leaf area and fruit number. As with spurs girdled in May, those manipulated in June lost fruit from spurs with small leaf areas. By July, there was a positive curvilinear relationship between spur leaf area and fruit number for girdled spurs. Neither total nor average fruit fresh weight per spur, at harvest, could be related to spur leaf area. The average individual fresh weight of fruit in a spur was, however, limited by the number of fruit within that spur. When spurs were girdled, fruit loss was shown to take place preferentially where the spur leaf area per fruit was low. From this analysis, it was possible to predict which girdled spurs would lose fruit, using the calculated ratio of spur leaf area per fruit. It is concluded that fruit retention, not size, appears to be limited by the availability of leaf-derived assimilates.     

WGD-2叶面肥与植物生长调节剂对澳洲坚果的保果效应

WGD-2是南亚热带作物研究所研制的用于澳洲坚果的保果叶面肥。以澳洲坚果品种Hinde(H2)为试材,研究了6个处理对澳洲坚果在幼果期和谢花至幼果形成期的保果效果。6个处理分别为清水对照(CK)、120mg·L-1WGD-2(T1)、120mg·L-1WGD-2+1mg·L-1NAA(萘乙酸)(T2)、120mg·L-1WGD-2+10mg·L-12,4-D(2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)(T3)、120mg·L-1WGD-2+20mg·L-1CPPU(N-(2-氯-4-吡啶基)N'-苯基脲)(T4)、120mg·L-1WGD-2+40mg·L-1GA3(赤霉酸)(T5)。结果表明各处理在幼果期(果实直径0.5cm左右)施用均有不同程度的保果效果,2次施用效果具有累加效应,即重复施用可加强保果效果,以T1、T4处理效果最好。谢花至幼果形成期施用,T1和T4处理仍然具有累加效应;T2处理没有效果;T3处理重复施用刺激幼果脱落;T5处理具有刺激幼果脱落效应。在澳洲坚果生产中推荐WGD-2单独使用或与CPPU搭配使用,并严格控制WGD-2与植物生长调节剂搭配使用的质量浓度和处理时期。     

CPPU对猕猴桃果实发育过程中糖、酸含量变化的影响

以秦美猕猴桃为试材,对果实生长发育过程中糖、酸含量的变化进行了观察。初步认定果实的生长曲线为双S型,果实重量的增加主要发生在花后30~60d。花后20d用CPPU处理幼果,生长很快得到促进,但对第Ⅲ期的生长没有影响。在果实快速生长期(第I期),可溶性糖含量下降,淀粉、可滴定酸累积缓慢。CPPU处理不改变糖、酸含量的变化趋势,但提高糖的水平。实验结果表明,果实中碳水化合物水平是形成双S曲线的主要原因。     

The Effect of Partial Defoliation at Different Times in the Season on Fruit Drop and Shoot Growth in Lord Lambourne Apple Trees

Six-branched trees were deblossomed on alternate branches and various defoliation treatments given. For the period of 7 to 30 days from the time of treatment, defoliations increased the compound-interest rates of fruit drop. After this period these rates of drop became equal to those of untreated trees and the relative differences in crop numbers established by this time persisted until harvest though the actual numbers still fell. The earlier in the season that the defoliations were applied the greater were the relative differences. The removal of spur leaves from branches bearing fruit caused greater drop than the removal of spur leaves from neighbouring deblossomed branches. The removal of leaves from extension and bourse shoots of fruiting or deblossomed branches had no significant effect upon fruit drop or shoot growth.

The removal of all flowers from alternate branches at mouse-ear caused more shoots to grow from these branches than from branches allowed to fruit. Removal, at pink bud, of spur leaves from either fruiting or non-fruiting branches increased the number of shoots on both branches, but removal deferred till later in the season had no effect.     

赤霉素和细胞分裂素调控苹果果实早期生长发育机理的研究

采用流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）及酶联免疫法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）从细胞学和激素生理学的角度研究了ＧＡ４／７、ＢＡ及ＣＰＰＵ调节苹果果实早期发育的可能机理。ＧＡ４／７（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）抑制了苹果果肉细胞分裂,未提高果实内源细胞分裂素（ＺＲｓ,ｉＰＡ）含量推测它主要通过促进工而促进果实生长,ＢＡ（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）和ＣＰＰＵ（１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）可以显著促进苹果幼果的细胞分裂,ＣＰＰＵ的细胞分裂素活性较ＢＡ高,ＢＡ和ＣＰＰ     

GA3和CPPU对猕猴桃果实发育及品质的影响

以海沃德猕猴桃为试材,探讨了不同浓度的GA3和CPPU对果实生长发育及果形指数、单果重、可溶性固形物、总糖、有机酸和Vc含量的影响.结果表明,GA3处理的果实生长曲线为双S型,CPPU处理的果实生长曲线为单S型;GA3能提高果实果形指数、可溶性固形物、总糖和有机酸含量,但使Vc含量降低;CPPU能显著增加果实的单果重,但降低果形指数、可溶性固形物、总糖和有机酸含量.     

Carbaryl as a Fruit Thinning Agent

The results are presented of fruit thinning studies carried out over several years with the apple varieties Laxton’s Superb and Worcester Pearmain.

The thinning activity of carbaryl was negligible at 0·0028% a.i. but increased rapidly over the range 0·0083% to 0·075%. Comparatively little additional thinning resulted from a further increase in concentration.

In Worcester Pearmain thinning was stimulated by applications of carbaryl over a 4–5 week period from petal fall, the cessation of thinning activity coinciding with the end of the main period of natural fruitlet shedding. The intensity of thinning was greatest at petal fall and declined with delay in application. This decline was not continuous but showed two intervals of 7 to 13 days duration during which the intensity of thinning remained relatively constant. Up to 12 days elapsed between application and the commencement of induced fruitlet shedding.

Carbaryl was found to thin within, rather than between, fruitlet clusters, and to stimulate the abscission of lateral fruitlets more than terminal ones.

The growth of young fruitlets was retarded for a short period following the application of carbaryl, but as a result of thinning the size of mature fruit was increased. In the year after treatment increased blossoming and cropping was most marked with biennial trees of Laxton’s Superb. With regularly cropping trees of Worcester Pearmain, although thinning induced a moderate increase in subsequent blossoming, no residual effects on cropping were detected.     

基于三维数字化仪的高纺锤形苹果树光截获率测定

利用三维数字化仪,结合Piaf Digit和Vege STAR软件,建立了13a生高纺锤形苹果树数字化模型,并对树体模型进行立方单元分割以及分析总冠层及冠层内各类型枝条的光截获率。结果表明:不同类型的枝条,光截获率(STAR值)有差异。大树的短果台副梢、长果台副梢、短营养枝和长营养枝的STAR值分别小于中树,中树小于小树;每棵果树的短果台副梢和短营养枝的STAR值分别小于长果台副梢和长营养枝;不遮阴枝条的光截获率比遮阴枝条大,并且短果台副梢和短营养枝因其它类型枝条遮阴减少的STAR值分别比长果台副梢和长营养枝大。果树由底部到顶部及由冠层中部到外部,光截获率逐渐增大,与用光量子探头(LS190)测得的透光率递增趋势相符。冠层STAR值越大,果树产量越高。因此,冠层光截获率能够作为冠层内部光分布特征的一个评价指标,并能有效指导果树管理,提高果实产量。     

Wood age and leaf area influence fruit size and mineral composition of apple fruit

Summary

The influence of wood age, fruiting position and leaf area within the tree canopy on fruit mineral content and quality for several apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars was investigated. Size and Ca, Mg and K content of individual fruit on one-year (lateral and terminal positions), two-year and older than three-year wood were compared for cvs Royal Gala, Braeburn, Granny Smith and Fuji. Fruit on two-year spurs and one-year terminals was generally larger at commercial harvest than that on one-year laterals and spurs older than three years. Flower receptacles at full bloom were larger and fruit growth rates were greater from 60 to 100 d after full bloom on two-year spurs than on one-year laterals. Fruit Ca and Mg concentrations and contents at commercial harvest were highest for terminal fruit, but there was no consistent difference between fruit from other positions. One-year terminals had the greatest primary and bourse leaf areas, two-year spurs were intermediate and one-year laterals had the lowest areas of both leaf types. Removal of 50% of primary leaves and/or removal of bourse shoots from clusters at bloom reduced fruit Ca content at commercial harvest for two-year spurs, one-year laterals and one-year terminals. Bourse shoot removal also reduced Mg content for all positions. However there was no effect of leaf removal on fruit size or K content. Ca content of individual fruit increased curvilinearly with increasing total spur leaf area for fruit on two-year spurs and one-year terminals but not for fruit on one-year lateral clusters. Terminal fruit with total spur leaf areas and fruit size similar to those on two-year spur fruit had higher Ca content.     

膨大素对樱桃番茄生长发育的影响

以樱桃番茄品种“冀东216”为试材,研究了不同时期喷施不同浓度膨大素对樱桃番茄生长发育的影响,以确定喷施的最佳时期及喷施浓度.结果表明:开花期喷施膨大素的效果显著好于坐果后喷施;经膨大素处理的番茄,生长速度、单果重、产量明显提高;可溶性固形物含量、坐果率、果穗附近的叶绿素含量及硬度也有不同程度的增大.以1 100倍液浓度的花期喷施膨大素对樱桃番茄的膨大效果最佳.