Molybdenum as a Plant Nutrient: IV. The Interrelationships of Molybdenum and Nitrate Supply in Chlorophyll and Ascorbic Acid Fractions in Cauliflower Plants Grown in Sand Culture

The behaviour of two clones of Williams’ Bon Chretien pear was compared when grafted on to Quince A rootstocks. One clone made strong unions with Quince A ; the other made weak unions and produced smaller trees than the compatible clone. Various graft combinations of the compatible and incompatible clones of Williams’ and of Beurre Hardy pear provided evidence that the structural weakness of the pear/quince unions was not caused by virus infection, and that the unions between the compatible Williams’ and Quince A were as good as those between the compatible pear variety Beurré Hardy and Quince A.

The compatible Williams’ was infected with vein yellows and bark necrosis viruses; these have now been eliminated by a combination of heat treatment and propagation of young shoot tips. This healthy material will be available for distribution to commercial propagators if the crop yields of this clone are satisfactory.     

我国梨腐烂病病原菌的初步鉴定及序列分析

【目的】为了对我国梨腐烂病病原菌进行初步鉴定和序列分析,【方法】从我国15个省(市)梨产区采集腐烂病样品并观察其田间危害症状,通过组织分离法分离获得168份梨腐烂病菌分离株,从中选取72份进行单孢纯化,共获得79份梨腐烂病菌纯化分离株;观察在PDA、25℃黑暗条件下病原菌菌落形态以及产孢体形态,并对其在梨枝条上产生的分生孢子器徒手切片置显微镜下观察其结构特征和分生孢子形态;采用菌丝块接种法测定梨腐烂病菌在‘翠冠’梨离体枝条上的致病力。对部分菌株rDNA-ITS进行PCR扩增、测序,利用BLAST软件与GenBank数据库进行序列相似性分析,并用MEGA 4.1和邻接法构建系统发育树。【结果】根据梨腐烂病菌各分离株在PDA上的菌落形态特征可分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种菌落类型,不同梨腐烂病菌分离株在PDA上产生多种类型的产孢体,不同梨腐烂病菌菌株在离体梨树枝条上的致病力存在差异,我国梨腐烂病菌的rDNA-ITS核苷酸序列一致率为99.98%~100%,与苹果腐烂病菌分别聚在同一亚组的两个分支。【结论】我国梨腐烂病病原菌存在不同的菌落类型,其rDNA-ITS核苷酸序列分析显示均为V.mali var.pyri。     

Determination of Graft Compatibility of Pear Cultivars Grafted on Different Rootstocks by Carbohydrate Analyses

In modern pear cultivation, clonal quince and pear rootstocks are preferred because they are easy to maintain and harvest. Also, they form dwarf plants and improve fruit quality compared to pear seedling rootstocks. However, graft incompatibility can be involved between different species or genera. The aim of the study was to determine the graft compatibility of the ‘Deveci’ and ‘Williams’ pear cultivars with different pear and quince rootstocks by carbohydrate analysis. Carbohydrate accumulation in the graft union was also observed with iodized potassium iodide (KI) staining. In terms of rootstocks, there were no differences in starch and carbohydrate content, but statistically differences were found in sugar contents. Significant differences were also found between cultivars and graft union in terms of the examined traits. Sugar content was highest in OHxF 333 and lowest in seedling rootstocks. There were no statistical differences in the starch content between the graft unions of the ‘Deveci’ cultivar, while starch accumulation was higher above the graft union than below and graft union in the ‘Williams’ cultivar grafted on the quince rootstock. In the study, it was determined that there were higher carbohydrate accumulation in the scion and graft union than below the graft union in ‘Williams’ grafted quince rootstocks, which was also confirmed by staining with KI. As a result of the study, it was concluded that carbohydrate accumulation analysis can be used to determine the graft compatibility of the pear cultivars with the different quince and pear rootstocks.

     

Beschreibung des Feuerbrandbefalls am Institut für Obstzüchtung in Dresden-Pillnitz im Jahr 2003

The orchard of the Institute of Fruit Breeding of the German Federal Centre of Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants in Dresden-Pillnitz was highly affected by fire blight in 2003. Infected pomefruit trees were observed over a period of nearly 3 months. The first symptoms on pear trees were found on May 19th. The pathogen Erwinia amylovora was confirmed officially on May 26, and the last infected apple trees were detected the 11th of August. The infected trees had to be grubbed at the decision of the Phytopathological Authority. In total, 1164 apple and 478 pear trees were grubbed, including the entire pear collection of the gene bank. Of 35 wild species of pear, 49 accessions, eight accessions of six species each, showed infections. The apple collection of the gene bank included 33 wild species, with 365 accessions, and 845 cultivars and clones. Ten accessions of nine wild apple species and 81 cultivars/clones of these collections showed fire blight infection. The source of infection was the pear collection, and the distance from that source was important for the occurrence of infection. Field plots close to the pear collection had tree losses of 10–34%, while more distant plots had losses of 0–6%. Around 80% of the lost apple trees were detected and grubbed from 27th May to 11th June. Some of the cultivars bred in Dresden-Pillnitz, e.g. ‘Pilot’ and ‘Rekarda’, were affected by fire blight in most field plots, whereas most others were affected mainly only in plots adjacent to the infection source. A correlation of r=?0.72 could be calculated for rating in artificial shoot inoculations and percentage of trees of resistant cultivars lost. The cultivars ‘Pirol’, ‘Reanda’, ‘Remo’, ‘Rene’, ‘Renora’, ‘Resi’, and ‘Retina’ showed only a very low numbers of infected trees. No tree of ‘Rewena’ showed symptoms of fire blight. Despite a tendency to postblooming, only 8.9% of ‘Pinova’ trees had to be grubbed.     

Studies on the hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.): III. A potential rootstock for ‘Golden Delicious9 apple and ‘Williams’ pear

Seedlings of the hawthorn Crataegus azarolus L. were budded with ‘Williams’ pear and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple and followed for compatibility, growth control, precocity and suckering. Four years of observations indicated that the hawthorn is compatible with ‘Williams’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, conferring growth control and precocity; and producing suckers profusely. On the other hand, bud break in ‘Williams’ started 10 d earlier and gave longer shoots than ‘Golden Delicious’. Delayed symptoms of incompatibility and long-term reciprocal influences require further study.     

中国果树类病毒的发生及其研究进展(英文)

概述了在中国发生且己鉴定明确的5种果树类病毒,即苹果绣果类病毒(Apple scar skin viroid,ASSVd)、梨泡状溃疡类病毒(Pear blister canker viroid,PBCVd)、葡萄黄斑类病毒-1(Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1,GYSVd-1)、柑橘裂皮类病毒(Citrus exocortis viroid,CEVd)和桃潜隐花叶类病毒(Peachlatent mosaic viroid,PLMVd)的研究进展,包括病害的首次发现、症状特征、发病规律、检测方法与防治对策以及这些类病毒的生物学与分子生物学特性。     

Varietal Reactions to Viruses Causing Star Crack and Russet Rings on Apple Fruits

English sources of viruses causing star crack and russet ring were grafted to nine apple varieties. Only Golden Delicious reacted to all virus sources. This variety differentiated most clearly between different sources of star crack inoculum. Cox’s Orange Pippin and Spartan reacted to all star crack sources; Belle de Boskoop, Weisser Winterglocken, Lord Lambourne, Laxton’s Fortune and Worcester Pearmain reacted when inoculated with some sources but not others, while Granny Smith reacted to none. Golden Delicious developed leaf and fruit symptoms when inoculated with russet ring viruses, but Cox’s Orange Pippin, Spartan, Belle de Boskoop, Weisser Winterglocken and Granny Smith did not. Mailing II rootstocks developed characteristic leaf symptoms when infected with russet ring viruses. One inoculation source caused leaf mottling and necrosis and russeted warts on the fruits of Golden Delicious and Cox’s Orange Pippin. A rough-skin condition of Belle de Boskoop was perpetuated by buds and grafts but not transmitted. Some of the English viruses caused symptoms, in certain varieties, indistinguishable from diseases reported from Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and North America.     

利用RT-PCR检测库尔勒香梨泡状溃疡类病毒

梨疤状溃疡类病毒(PBCVd)是限制香梨产量和品质的一种重要类病毒.本研究从库尔勒沙依东园艺场周边采集香梨样品,提取总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR方法对这些样品进行分析,以杜梨实生苗为无病毒对照.结果显示,在所分析样品中获得了预期大小约为315 bp的目标扩增条带,表明样品中带有PBCVd.     

Subject Index

Prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) is a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor with limited persistence and low toxicity that has recently been registered as a shoot growth retardant for apples in North America (Apogee^®) and Europe (Regalis^®). We investigated the response of six different pear cultivars (‘Rosemarie’, ‘Forelle’, ‘Packham's Triumph’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Early Bon Chretien’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’) to ProCa in the Western Cape, South Africa, over the period 1999–2003. ProCa treatments ranging from 50 to 250 mg l⁻¹ were applied between one and three times per season and were compared with girdling and control treatments. ProCa application reduced shoot growth in all of the cultivars. ‘Forelle’, was least responsive and showed a reduction in 2002/2003 but not 2001/2002. ‘Rosemarie’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Packham's Triumph’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’ were most responsive, with shoot growth being reduced by up to 50% of the control for the latter two cultivars. The response to number of applications and ProCa concentration was not consistent across cultivars. ‘Early Bon Chretien’, for example, only responded to high ProCa concentration, whereas ‘Rosemarie’ was very responsive at the lowest ProCa concentration. ProCa application improved fruit set but decreased final fruit size in some of the cultivars, particularly in ‘Rosemarie’. It also caused a decrease in return bloom in ‘Forelle’ and ‘Packham's Triumph’. The response of different cultivars to girdling, in terms of shoot growth and fruit set was highly variable. Girdling tended to increase final fruit size and return bloom. ProCa shows potential as a shoot growth retardant for the pear cultivars investigated, but the response of reduced fruit size in some cultivars requires mitigation. Future research on combined girdling and ProCa treatments may be instructive.     

Decline and Death of Pear on Quince rootstocks Caused by Virus Infection

Clonal quince rootstocks D, E, F and G were either stunted or killed by three viruses prevalent in pears, viz. sooty ringspot, stunt and chlorotic leaf spot. Conference pear trees grew normally on healthy and virus-infected Quince A and Quince C rootstocks, and on healthy Quince F and G rootstocks, but they grew poorly, and died during the second year, on Quince F and G rootstocks infected with a severe strain of sooty ringstock virus. The previously reported “incompatibility” of pear on Quinces D, E, F and G was probably caused by viruses, latent in pear scionwood, affecting these sensitive quince roots tocks.     

Spacing Experiments on Vegetables III. The Growth and Yield of Shallots in Relation to Spacing,Manuring and Size of Planting Material,in Cheshire, 1948

Three varieties of plum were inoculated with the three viruses, plum line pattern (apple mosaic), prune dwarf and plum bark split, either singly or in combinations of line pattern with each of the others. Bark lesions developed more rapidly on Cambridge Gage trees infected with bark split virus alone than on those infected also with line pattern virus. Symptoms characteristic of line pattern virus on trees of Cambridge Gage, Early Laxton and Italian Prune were not affected by infection with the bark split virus, but were suppressed by the prune dwarf isolate. This suppression was apparently due to the presence of a mild strain of line pattern virus contaminating the prune dwarf inoculum.

The occurrence of antagonistic strains of line pattern virus, differing in virulence, precludes any precise definition of diagnostic symptoms.     

Einfluss von Unterlagen im Vergleich zu selbstbewurzelten Birnenbäumen auf vegetative und generative Parameter unter biologischen Anbaubedingungen in Ostösterreich

In spring 2006, in the research center of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna, the pear cultivars ‘Bosc’s’, ‘Williams’ Christ’ and ‘Uta’ were planted on the rootstocks Kirchensaller Mostbirne (Seedling), Pyrodwarf, Farold 69, Quince Adams (with intercropping ‘Conference’) and own-rooted from in vitro culture, trained as spindles and tested for eight years under organic production rules. The own-rooted ‘Williams’- and ‘Bosc’s’-trees had many tree losses in the first year, they grew medium and started with fruiting later than the grafted trees. The trees on rootstock Quince Adams were growing very weakly in the high lime containing soil at the site, with the consequence of chlorosis, tree losses and small fruits, but also a higher brix-, vitamin C- and apple acid-content in the fruits. ‘Bosc’s’ showed low yields on all rootstocks in the observing period. ‘Williams’ on Farold 69 and Seedling had good yield and fruit quality, while the weakly growing cultivar ‘Uta’ showed low tree losses and high yields on Seedling. Pyrodwarf had very few tree losses and was similar in growth and yield compared to Farold 69 and Seedling, however the fruits of ‘Williams’ and ‘Bosc’s’ were smaller.     

A pear rootstock trial in Israel

The pear cultivars ‘Spadona Estiva’, ‘Coscia’, ‘Beurré Superfin’ and a ‘Bartlett’ clone of South African origin (termed ‘Bartlett Sport’) were tested on 5 quince rootstock types, 5 Pyrus species and on 5 or 30 cm long interstocks of the pear cultivars ‘Bergamotte Esperen’ and ‘Spadona Estiva’ on quince MA, while ‘Dr. Jules Guyot’ was used as an interstock on ‘Bartlett’ seedlings.At the age of 10 years only ‘Spadona Estiva’ showed no signs of decline on quince rootstocks, ‘Coscia’ showed moderate decline, while the remaining cultivars had already declined severely. When the trunk circumference of ‘Beurré Superfin’ trees on the various quince clones was taken as an indicator for the degree of graft incompatibility, a negative correlation was found between this parameter and cyanogenic glycoside content in the stem bark of ungrafted quince plants belonging to the same clones. Pear interstocks on quince MA rootstocks did in some cases increase crops compared to the same quince alone, but did not prevent the decline of ‘Beurré Superfin’ and Bartlett Sport' on quince.The most vigorous and most prolific rootstock was Pyrus betulaefolia. However, with ‘Spadona Estiva’ differences in vigor between the rootstocks were only small and crops on the Israeli quince CI 7 were similar to those on Pyrus betulaefolia, but fruit size was larger on quince. Cropping of this cultivar at the age of 4 years was closely related to the intensity of flowering, whereas with ‘Coscia’ this relation was much less evident.Leaf fall in autumn and the opening of the vegetative buds of ‘Beurré Superfin’ in spring were earlier on quince than on Pyrus rootstocks.     

内蒙古苹果树腐烂病病原菌鉴定

【目的】明确内蒙古地区引起苹果树腐烂病的病原种类。【方法】采用形态学结合分子生物学的方法,对内蒙古呼和浩特市周边果园的苹果腐烂病病菌进行分离、鉴定和致病力测定。【结果】从感病’金红’苹果树上分离到2株苹果腐烂病病菌,命名为QH1和QH2。QH1与QH2的致病力与分离自陕西杨凌的参照菌株YL1相同;菌落、分生孢子及子实体的形态特征均符合Cytospora属的特征;基于内转录间隔区、核糖体大亚基片段、转录延长因子和β微管蛋白4个基因的序列一致性和系统发育的分析证明,QH1属于Cytospora schulzer,QH2属于Cytospora mali。【结论】内蒙古呼和浩特地区苹果腐烂病病菌为C.schulzer和C.mali两种致病菌。     

Rootstock/scion relations in horticultural crop physiology

A preliminary report is made of the results of growth studies on compound trees formed of all combinations, as scion and as rootstock, of three clones, chosen to cover a wide range of vigour, of apple, quince, and cherry.Under the conditions of the orchard experiment and with the clones used, no distinction was found between influence on tree size of any apple clone when present as the scion or when present as the rootstock. Major distinctions in influence as scion or as rootstock were, however, found in the case of certain quince and cherry clones.Evidence as to the precocity of flowering of the scions of compound trees indicates that precocity may occur independently of a dwarfing influence.     

Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in apple, pear and Japanese pear using Apple latent spherical virus vectors

Background

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an effective technology for the analysis of gene functions in plants. Though there are many reports on virus vectors for VIGS in plants, no VIGS vectors available for Rosaceae fruit trees were reported so far. We present an effective VIGS system in apple, pear, and Japanese pear using Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vectors.

Results

Inoculation of ALSV vectors carrying a partial sequence of endogenous genes from apple [ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (rbcS), alpha subunit of chloroplast chaperonin (CPN60a), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1a), or actin] to the cotyledons of seeds by a particle bombardment induced highly uniform knock-down phenotypes of each gene on the true leaves of seedlings from 2~3 weeks after inoculation. These silencing phenotypes continued for several months. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses of leaves infected with ALSV containing a fragment of rbcS gene showed that the levels of rbcS-mRNA drastically decreased in the infected apple and pear leaves, and, in reverse, rbcS-siRNAs were generated in the infected leaves. In addition, some of apple seedlings inoculated with ALSV vector carrying a partial sequence of a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene of apple (MdTFL1) showed precocious flowering which is expected as a knock-down phenotype of the silencing of MdTFL1 gene.

Conclusions

The ALSV-based VIGS system developed have provides a valuable new addition to the tool box for functional genomics in apple, pear, and Japanese pear.     

A Note on the use of Honey-Bees as Pollinating Agents in Cages

Ninety-seven trees of 25 seedling varieties of apple, propagated on Malus sikkimensis seedling rootstocks, were inoculated by bud-grafting from a tree of Emneth Early showing symptoms of bitter pit. A further 97 trees were kept as uninoculated controls. The incidence of bitter pit in the two groups of trees was 67% and 68% respectively, from which it is concluded that bitter pit is very unlikely to be a virus disease.     

Comparing Lignin-Staining Procedures for Detecting Apple Rubbery Wood Virus in Apple cv. Lord Lambourne Trees Under High Summer Temperatures

Stains used to detect incomplete lignification in apple cv. Lord Lambourne when infected with the apple rubbery wood virus (RWV) included gentian violet, methyl red in water or in dilute HC1, and phloroglucinol in concentrated HC1 or in ethanol. Of the five procedures, phloroglucinol in HC1 was preferred. Some staining methods detected RWV infection in Lord Lambourne trees or shoots which did not exhibit the usual weeping symptom; they did not detect virus in other varieties infected with RWV. High summer temperatures did not prevent expression of obvious symptoms in the Lord Lambourne virus indicator with respect to most of the sources or strains of the virus.     

Induction of feathers by growth regulators on maiden trees of apple and pear

The relationship between some physiological and hormonal aspects of the morphogenesis of the lateral shoots (feathers) has been investigated on apple and pear maiden trees.

Bioassays of extracts from the upper part of Jonathan and Rhode Island Greening apple trees showed that the level of endogenous ‘promoters’ decreased in Jonathan (which tends to feather naturally) during the period of spring bud-break, while the level of ‘inhibitors’ appeared to be small but constant. In R. I. Greening (which does not feather easily) the levels of both promoters and inhibitors were higher and constant during the five weeks of the investigation. These data support the view that apical dominance is mainly related to the movement of auxins from the shoot apex to the regions below. Consequently the strong polarity of the shoots can be ascribed to the greater quantity of auxin-like substances and to the balance between these substances and inhibitors.

The application of the anti-auxin TIBA induced feather formation in Starking Delicious apple and Passe Crassane pear (which do not normally branch freely), but its action also involved some negative effects on the anatomical and morphological pattern of the trees.

In Golden Delicious and Starking Delicious apples and Comice and Passe Crassane pears, a large number of feathers without any phytotoxic symptoms was obtained by the use, in the nursery, of diphenylurea (DPU) at 500 and 1000 ppm and maleic hydrazide (MH) at 1300 ppm. These results suggest a possible approach for producing nursery trees that are more suitable for the two modern training systems known as ‘palmetta anticipata’ and ‘slender spindle’.     

梨CRK家族基因及其腐烂病菌侵染响应成员的鉴定

在植物响应逆境过程中,半胱氨酸富集类受体激酶（Cysteine-rich receptor like kinase,CRK）起重要的调控作用。本研究中以结构域Stress-antifung（Pfam：PF01657）和Pkinase（Pfam：PF00069）的保守序列为种子序列,在全基因组范围鉴定了梨（Pryus spp.）CRK家族成员。此外,对其蛋白理化性质、进化特征、基因在染色体上的位置、顺式作用元件（cis-acting regulatory element,cis-element）和表达模式进行了分析。共获得32个CRK家族成员,其氨基酸数、分子量和等电点分别介于440 ~ 1 217、48.90 ~ 137.02 kD和5.31 ~ 8.59,主要位于质膜。根据进化分析,将来自梨、拟南芥、苹果、番茄和水稻的156个CRK分为6个亚组,梨CRK主要分布于亚组Ⅳ,Ⅴ和Ⅵ。梨CRK中存在5个串联重复的基因簇,共包含了20个成员。此外,该基因家族所有成员的启动子区域都存在多个响应激素和逆境信号的cis-element。接种腐烂病菌Valsa pyri（Vp）后,杜梨（Pyrus betulifolia,抗病）和‘早酥’梨（Pyrus bretschneideri,感病）中分别发现8个和10个CRK发生了差异表达,6个基因在两种资源中都发生了差异表达。差异基因中,Pbr001477.1和Pbr000205.4在抗、感病资源中都显著上调,而其他基因的表达量在两种资源中呈现不同的变化趋势。