不同基因型番茄种子萌发期和幼苗期耐盐性评价

试验选用14个番茄品种进行种子萌发期、幼苗期耐盐性评价。对种子萌发期的相对发芽势和相对发芽率进行聚类分 析,14个番茄品种分为耐盐性强的品种5个和耐盐性弱的品种9个;对幼苗期的盐害指数、相对电导率、相对茎粗、相对茎叶 干质量、相对根干质量5项指标进行聚类分析,14个番茄品种分为耐盐性强的品种4个和耐盐性弱的品种10个。结果表明：14 个番茄品种两个发育阶段的耐盐性不完全一致。     

蔬菜盐害生理及其缓解措施的研究进展

综述了近年来蔬菜盐害生理的最新研究进展,包括盐胁迫下蔬菜种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合特性、抗氧化能力、离子分配、果实产量和品质等方面,以及一些缓解盐胁迫的农艺措施,同时分析了目前存在的问题及发展趋势。     

Effects of salinity at two ripening stages on the fruit quality of single-truss tomato grown in hydroponics

Summary

Single-truss tomato plants grown hydroponically (wet-sheet culture) were exposed to a salinity (EC) of 5.0 dS m²¹ or 8.0 dS m²¹ at two fruit ripening stages, the immature green stage and the decolouring stage. These salinities were achieved by adding NaCl to the standard solution, which had an EC of 2.4 dS m²¹. Increased salinity at the immature green stage improved fruit quality more than increased salinity at the decolouring stage but decreased fruit yield more. The reduction in fruit yield was due to a decrease in fruit weight but not in fruit number. Salinity increased the concentration of soluble solids, citrate, ascorbic acid, K, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lycopene, and carotene in the fruit, but the absolute amount of these constituents per fruit was decreased or not affected. These results suggest that the improvement in fruit quality induced by the salinity is caused by the reduction of water import into the fruit. The effectiveness of both salinities was significantly bigger when it was applied at the earlier development stage, suggesting that mature fruit would be less sensitive to strength of the EC.     

营养液EC值对基质栽培番茄 产量和品质的影响

为探索营养液EC值对基质栽培番茄产量和品质的影响,在番茄植株第3穗果坐住后,设置不同的营养液EC值进行灌溉。结果表明:高EC值营养液灌溉抑制植株生长及产量形成,随着EC值的提高,番茄植株株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽、坐果数、单果质量、产量明显降低,4.0、5.0 mS/cm高EC处理667 m~2产量较对照3.0 mS/cm分别降低35.6%和42.2%;番茄果实的VC、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量及糖酸比显著提升,但5.0 mS/cm处理可溶性糖及糖酸比显著低于4.0 mS/cm处理。综合分析,EC值4.0 mS/cm的营养液适合番茄成株期生长,且有利于提高其品质,适用于高品质番茄栽培。     

Deposition of calcium compounds in tomato fruit in relation to calcium transport

The deposition of calcium in tomato fruit grown at a range of salinities (electrical conductivities between 3 and 17 mS cm“1), with or without IAA-transport inhibitor treatment, was investigated. Calcium (Ca) in the flesh and pulp of tomato fruit was sequentially separated into four fractions: FI soluble in water, FII soluble in 2.5 mol dm“3 NaCl, Fill soluble in 2% acetic acid and FIV soluble in 5% HC1. In mature fruit, grown at 3 mS cm“1, more than half the Ca was in FI, and the Ca concentration was higher in the pulp than in the flesh. FII and Fill each contained less than 20% of the Ca, and the Ca concentration was higher in the flesh than in the pulp. In general, salinity reduced the concentration of Ca in all fractions and slightly altered the proportional distribution of Ca in fractions. The deposition of calcium in young fruit, grown at 3 and 8 mS cm“1, was highest in FII in the flesh or in FI in the pulp. When 45Ca was supplied to detached fruit, the patterns of45 Ca distribution in the fractions were similar to that of total Ca. Treatment with an IAA-transport inhibitor, CME, reduced both the uptake and transport of 45Ca. While the amount of 45Ca in all fractions was significantly reduced by CME, the proportional distribution of 45Ca among fractions was not affected substantially. Although the proportional deposition of Ca in different fractions was not significantly affected by either salinity or CME, further reduction of the intrinsically low deposition of Ca in FII of distal pulp caused by these factors may be the cause of blossom-end rot in tomato fruit.     

Salt Tolerance of Lentil (Lens Esculenta)

Lentil plants of the Beladi type were grown at various NaCl levels under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions with the object of determining the salt tolerance limits. Salt tolerance was much higher during germination than during subsequent growth. A 50% reduction in germination occurred at about 20.0 mmhos cm^-1. Seed yield was reduced to 50% at soil salinity of about 3.9 mmhos cm^-1. Plant survival, pod formation and seed quality were adversely affected by higher salt levels. Total nitrogen in the kernel decreased with rising soil NaCl levels while that of the husk increased.     

盐胁迫对番茄生长和果实品质的影响

为探索适宜高品质番茄栽培的盐胁迫浓度,试验通过调节番茄结果期营养液的电导率(EC值分别设为2.5、3.5、4.5、5.5 mS/cm),比较了不同盐胁迫处理对番茄长势、果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明:营养液EC值在3.5～5.5 mS/cm范围内,番茄果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、VC和番茄红素含量均呈上升趋势,可滴定酸依次下降,且在4.5～5.5 mS/cm范围内,667 m~2产量均比对照增加;因此,通过NaCl进行盐胁迫有利于改善番茄口感和营养品质,适宜EC值范围为4.5～5.5 mS/cm。     

微生物菌肥对大棚辣椒生长及产量的影响

摘要：为研究微生物菌肥在辣椒上的应用效果，在大棚辣椒育苗期至生长期施用3种不同微生物菌 剂，研究其对辣椒生长势、产量、品质、抗病性等指标的影响。结果表明：微生物菌肥处理（苗期施用 根际益生生根菌50 g/盘，幼苗出圃前至采收期使用根际益生菌II号1 000～1 200倍液喷雾9次，缓苗期至采 收期每667 m2 每次使用根际益生菌IIII号60 g，随灌溉水灌根10次）可提高辣椒生长势，增强抗病性；与对 照相比，微生物菌肥处理的辣椒开花、结果较早，采收期延长了10 d，单果质量、667 m2 产量和效益及果 实还原性糖含量分别提高16.4%、10.6%、35.37%、57.7%，且均达显著差异水平。     

黄瓜耐弱光性鉴定指标研究及其苗期与成株期的相关分析

以4份黄瓜品系为试验材料,通过测定不同弱光处理下叶片叶绿素含量随时间变化的情况,探索黄瓜苗期耐弱光性鉴定的最适宜光照强度与最佳鉴定时期,同时对黄瓜苗期耐弱光性进行鉴定,并对黄瓜苗期的叶片叶绿素含量降低率与成株期的产量降低率、植株干质量降低率进行相关性分析,探究黄瓜苗期与成株期耐弱光性的相关性。结果表明:20mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)弱光胁迫20d的幼苗叶片叶绿素含量降低率可以作为黄瓜苗期耐弱光筛选的快速鉴定指标。成株期产量的降低率与植株干质量的降低率均能反映成株期品种间耐弱光性的差异。苗期叶片叶绿素含量降低率与成株期的产量降低率呈显著正相关,不同品种在苗期和成株期的耐弱光性表现一致。W_(25)的耐弱光性较强,W_5的耐弱光性较差。     

Hydro-priming increases seed germination and early seedling growth in two cultivars of Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) grown under salt stress

To assess the effects of hydro-priming on enhancing germination and seedling growth in Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) under salt stress, seeds of two Napa cabbage cultivars that differed in salt tolerance, ‘Lainong 50’ (salt-tolerant) and ‘Xiaoza-56’ (salt-sensitive), were soaked in distilled water at 20°C in the dark for 10 h. Hydro-primed and non-primed seeds were then germinated under six levels of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 mM NaCl) under laboratory conditions. Various germination traits (e.g., germination percentages, germination potential, and seedling vigour index), anti-oxidant enzyme [catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] activities, and proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were then measured in 7-d-old seedlings. The results showed that salt-stress decreased seed germination traits and reduced early seedling growth in both Napa cabbage cultivars. Hydro-priming increased the seed germination percentages and early seedling growth in both cultivars grown under salt stress. These effects were significantly positively correlated with the activities of POD and CAT, and the accumulation of proline, which can alleviate oxidative membrane damage and result in decreased MDA concentrations. These findings suggest that hydro-priming is an effective method to increase seed germination percentages, germination potential, and early seedling growth in Napa cabbage grown under salt stress.     

Growth,yield and quality of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) as affected by soil salinity

In a long term experiment on salt tolerance, ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) (cv. Umran) was grown in lysimeters artificially salinized with NaCl, CaCl², MgCl² and MgS0₂. No plants survived the highest salinity of 20 dSm-1 electrical conductivity. Pruning weight and tree canopy area were reduced significantly at 5 dSm^-1 but trunk diameter did not decrease until above 5 dSm^-1 soil ECe. The concentration of Na, Ca, Mg and Cl in leaf tissues increased substantially with increasing salinity whereas that of K decreased. Higher salinity reduced the yield and fruit set but had no adverse effect on fruit quality. The 50% yield decrement was found to be associated with a soil ECe value of 11.30 dSm“'.     

砧用南瓜品种资源抗旱性鉴定

以14份砧用南瓜品种为材料,对发芽期(23%PEG-6000模拟干旱)和幼苗期(控制浇水量)进行干旱胁迫处理,采用非加权算术平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析方法分析各品种资源的抗旱性,并对适宜鉴定砧用南瓜抗旱性的形态指标进行筛选。通过测定发芽势、发芽率、活力指数、发芽指数、茎粗、株高、叶面积、鲜质量、干质量、干旱胁迫指数、壮苗指数等11个发芽期和幼苗期的性状指标,将14份砧用南瓜品种资源分为抗旱品种、较抗旱品种、干旱较敏感品种和干旱敏感品种4类。在发芽期和幼苗期均表现出较强抗旱性的品种为大维10号、佳合台木、金刚1号、昆仑、日本根力神、日本绿霸、日本强力士、神砧和胜利(白)等9个品种。种子相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数以及相对株高可作为砧用南瓜品种抗旱性鉴定的可靠指标,相对干质量可作为砧用南瓜品种资源抗旱性鉴定的有益指标。综合分析14个品种的耐盐性、耐寒性、耐热性和抗旱性,发现日本绿霸和日本强力士的多重抗性较强,可作为黄瓜嫁接的优质砧木。     

多元统计分析方法在辣椒品种耐盐性评价中的应用

根据NaCl溶液处理下辣椒萌芽期和幼苗期农艺性状指标,采用多元统计分析方法评价辣椒品种的耐盐性。结果表明：辣椒不同品种间,相对发芽势、相对胚根长、相对发芽指数、盐害指数、相对株高等12个性状指标表现出显著性差异;采用因子分析将此12个性状指标用4个主因子表示,保留了原始变量95.35%的信息量;基于品种因子得分值进行聚类分析,10个辣椒品种分为3类：中椒4号、8号、7号、12号为盐敏感品种,中椒5号、11号为中度盐敏感品种,中椒6号、13号、16号、10号为盐不敏感品种。因此,辣椒品种的耐盐性可通过测定萌芽期和幼苗期农艺性状指标,采用多元统计分析方法予以快速鉴定。     

Salinity effects on strawberry plants grown in rockwool. II. Fruit quality

Fruit development and quality in strawberry cv. Rapella were influenced by salinity (+NaCl) treatments applied to the roots of plants growing in rockwool under heated glasshouse conditions. As salinity increased from 2.5 to 8.5 mS cm-1, fruit yield decreased. Analysis of the fruit showed that the reduction in yield was due to reduced water content, reflected by increasing dry matter percentage (8.32% at 2.5 to 9.78% at 8.5 mS cm-1). The concentration of reducing sugars and acids remained the same on a dry-weight basis after salinity treatment but, on a fresh weight basis, the decreasing water content increased their relative concentrations. Salinity levels had no significant effect on instrumental texture and colour measurements. Sensory evaluation of the colour, texture and flavour of strawberries showed significant differences in colour and flavour but no difference in texture.     

The susceptibility of modern tomato cultivars to blossom- end rot in relation to salinity

Three cultivars, Counter, Calypso and Spectra, were grown in NFT at a range of salinities (electrical conductivities of 5,10 and 15 mS cm^-1) in two successive crops during the year. The incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in ‘Calypso’ and ‘Spectra’ was substantially higher than in ‘Counter’ at all salinities. In the early crop, ‘Calypso’ had the highest incidence of BER at 10 mS cm^-1, of which the proportion of international BER was greater than in ‘Spectra’. In the late crop, ‘Spectra’ had a higher incidence of BER than ‘Calypso,’ and a higher proportion of external BER. In the early crop, the incidence of BER in both cultivars grown at 10 mS cm"1 was higher than those at 15 mS cm^-1, mainly due to an exceptionally high incidence of internal BER. In the late crop, however, the reverse was true. ‘Counter’, which is not susceptible to BER, had a higher shoot dry weight than the two BER susceptible cultivars. Nevertheless, ‘Calypso’ and ‘Spectra’ set more fruit in the lower and upper trusses respectively. A high incidence of BER was related to a high number of fruit set in the susceptible cultivars. Both the Ca content and the daily rate of Ca accumulation in the fruit were reduced by salinity, but no differences between cultivars were observed. The distal placenta and locular tissues had the lowest Ca content in the whole fruit and appeared to be the site of the earliest symptoms of BER. The interaction between cultivar and salinity affecting the Ca content of these tissues was not significant. The causes of susceptibility to BER in tomato are discussed.     

茄子种质资源耐盐性鉴定及耐盐评价指标筛选

对190份茄子种质资源进行盐胁迫处理,利用盐害指数和叶绿素损失率鉴定茄子种质资源耐盐性。根据耐盐性鉴定结果,选择15份耐盐性不同的材料进一步进行芽期和苗期耐盐性鉴定,通过对芽期种子相对发芽率、相对发芽势,以及苗期盐害指数、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量的测定,筛选适合评价茄子耐盐性强弱的标准。结果显示,刺茄、蒜芥茄、马来亚茄、眉州墨茄和天津二苠茄等5个品种具有较强的耐盐性,除了盐害指数外,相对发芽率、脯氨酸相对增加量和叶绿素损失率也可作为重要的耐盐评价指标。     

Response of eggplants grown in recirculating nutrient solution to salinity imposed prior to the start of harvesting

Summary

The effects of exposing eggplants grown in recirculating nutrient solution to salt stress (6.1 dS m^–1) from planting until the beginning of harvesting, on plant growth, yield and macronutrient status was investigated. The salinity was imposed by adding to a basic nutrient solution either additional nutrients at two cation ratios or NaCl. The results showed that the exposure of plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting reduced both vegetative growth during that time and early fruit yield, but the depression of the latter was more severe. The restriction of the early yield was a result of a reduced mean fruit weight due to a lower fruit water content. The detrimental effects of salinity on the mean fruit weight disappeared 25 d after discontinuing the salinity treatments. As a result, the total yield obtained after five months of harvesting was not influenced by exposing the plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting. The salinity source had no specific effect on plant growth. Moreover, the increase of salinity up to 6.1 dS m^–1 did not cause any specific nutritional imbalance or toxicity to the plants, irrespective of the salts used to achieve it. It is suggested that the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution may be raised to 6.1 dS m^–1 to control excessive vegetative growth in eggplants grown hydroponically. However, salt treatment should be terminated either at the first harvest, if the total yield is more important than the early yield, or three weeks earlier, if the opposite is true.     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下香椿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探究褪黑素对盐胁迫环境下香椿(Toona sinensis)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以香椿为试材,采用清水处理为对照,利用NaCl模拟盐胁迫环境,分别用0、50、100、200、300μmol·L^-1的褪黑素处理香椿种子及幼苗,测定种子萌发后的各项生理指标。结果表明,盐胁迫处理显著抑制了香椿种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和根长,以及幼苗叶片的叶长、叶宽。与盐胁迫处理相比,100μmol·L^-1褪黑素预处理的香椿种子萌发和幼苗生长均得到显著改善,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数分别显著提高了15.56%、18.89%、12.21%,叶长和叶宽提高了9.26、10.10 mm。盐胁迫导致香椿幼苗丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照,而超氧化物歧化酶活性显著低于对照。低浓度褪黑素预处理则显著降低了盐胁迫下丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性,提高了超氧化物酶活性。其中,提高香椿幼苗耐盐性的最适褪黑素浓度为100μmol·L^-1,与盐胁迫相比,丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性分别降低了6.19μmol·g^-1、6292.57 U·g^-1,超氧化物酶活性提高了22.16 U·g^-1。     

转沙冬青锌指蛋白基因AmZFPG 烟草非生物胁迫抗性分析

 分析了沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）锌指蛋白基因AmZFPG 在非生物胁迫下的表达 特性,结果显示AmZFPG 受低温、干旱、高盐胁迫诱导表达,表明该蛋白参与多种胁迫相关的信号转导 和应答反应。为进一步探索AmZFPG 的功能,构建了真核表达载体AmZFPG-pCAMBIA2300,将该基因 转入烟草（Nicotiana tabacum L.）,对转基因烟草T1 代进行非生物胁迫分析,结果显示,转基因烟草的耐 寒性、耐旱性、耐盐性均获得了提高。     

蕹菜和豆瓣菜对NaCl 盐胁迫的响应

在蕹菜和豆瓣菜种子萌发期间,用7种不同浓度的NaCl溶液胁迫处理,分析不同浓度盐胁迫下种子萌发指标和幼苗生长指标的变化,比较蕹菜和豆瓣菜对盐胁迫的响应。试验结果表明,随NaCl浓度增加,蕹菜和豆瓣菜的种子萌发指标均呈下降趋势。蕹菜在1．5％NaCl胁迫下,仍有24％的萌发率,而豆瓣菜在0．9％以上的NaCl胁迫下,种子完全不能萌发：低浓度NaCl促进豆瓣菜幼苗根和芽的生长,而对蕹菜幼苗的影响不显著,＇-3NaCl浓度超过0．6％时．显著抑制蕹菜幼苗生长：NaCl浓度超过013％,显著抑制豆瓣菜幼苗的生长。随盐胁迫程度的增加,降低蕹菜和豆瓣菜种子萌发力．抑制幼苗生长．且豆瓣菜的耐盐性能较蕹菜低。