The Effects of Different Primary Cultivations and Manurial Treatments on the Yield of Early Peas,Spring Cabbage,Leeks and Brussels Sprouts

The effects of different primary cultivations and manurial treatments on the yields of early peas, spring cabbage, leeks and Brussels sprouts grown in rotation on a sandy loam soil are described. The cultivation treatments consisted of deep ploughing, shallow ploughing-with-subsoiling, shallow ploughing, and shallow rotary cultivation, and these were combined fac- torially with three manurial treatments. Each of the crops in the rotation was grown in each year from 1954 to 1959. Special attention was paid to weed control and the experimental area was kept essentially free from weeds.

On average, the differences between the yields from the three ploughing treatments were small but, although the largest mean difference was only about 7%, several of the differences were significant.

The ploughing treatments gave significantly higher yields of all four crops than did shallow rotary cultivation ; the mean difference varied from 11% for peas and Brussels sprouts to almost 40% for spring cabbage.

Farmyard manure (FYM) with NPK fertilizers gave substantially higher yields of leeks/ spring cabbage and Brussels sprouts than nitrogenous fertilizer alone, but a smaller increase of only 18% in the yield of peas.

The following significant interactions are discussed : cultivations X years, manurial treatments X years, cultivations X manurial treatments and, for leeks only, cultivations X manurial treatments X years. It is concluded that the effects of some of the experimental treatments on the water available to the plant roots were, at least in part, responsible for some of the significant differences and interactions.

Certain aspects of experimental technique are also discussed.     

The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on The Yield and Mineral Composition of Red Beet

Red beet was grown in factorial manurial experiments at two sites: at Wellesbourne annually from 1954 to 1964 in a rotation of vegetable crops and at Efford in 1959 only.

At Wellesbourne applications of FYM (20 tons per acre per crop), together with NPK fertilizers, consistently gave much higher yields than mineral fertilizers alone, but the relative effect of FYM did not increase as the experiment proceeded.

In the presence of FYM, yields of red beet increased with increasing rates of application of Nitrochalk (up to 124 lb. N per acre), but applications of phosphate and potash fertilizers did not affect yields.

In the absence of FYM, phosphate fertilizers did not increase yields significantly after 1959; there was an important interaction between the effects of the applications of Nitrochalk and SUlphate of potash. Each fertilizer applied alone produced small increases in yield, but when they were applied together at the highest rates used (186 lb. Nand 192 lb. K₂O per acre) large increases in yield were obtained and there was some indication that an even higher rate of application would have given a further increase in yield. At Efford, nitrogenous fertilizers increased yields significantly.

Applications of FYM increased the potassium and decreased the calcium and magnesium contents of red beet leaves and had only small effects on the nitrogen and phosphorus contents; in the roots, only the potassium content was altered (increased) by the FYM applications.

In general, in the absenc~ of FYM only potash fertilizer applications had large, consistent and significant effects on the mineral composition of the leaves and roots. At both sites, applications of sulphate of potash increased the potassium content of the leaves and had a much smaller depressing effect on the calcium and magnesium contents of the leaves but not, in general, of the roots.

The effects of the nitrogenous fertilizers on the total nitrogen content of the roots were relatively small, but could be important in relation to the processing quality of the beet.

The marked differences between the responses of red beet and early potatoes to the manurial treatments are discussed in relation to the nutrient contents of the plants.     

The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on The Yield and Mineral Composition of Early Potatoes

The effects of different manurial treatments on the yield and mineral composition of early potatoes are described. The crops were grown annually from 1954 to 1964 in a rotation of vegetable crops in a factorial manurial experiment on a sandy loam at Wellesbourne and, in i960 only, on a very fine sandy loam at Efford.

At Wellesbourne, farmyard manure (20 tons per acre per crop) with fertilizers consistently produced much higher yields than mineral fertilizers alone, and the relative effect of FYM increased from 1954 to 1959 but not subsequently. In years when moisture supplies were adequate, the larger part of the increase in yield could be attributed to effects of FYM on the early growth of the plants, and a smaller part to the increased rate of bulking of the tubers on the FYM plots. In dry years, however, growth during the harvest period was much slower on the fertilizer plots than on the FYM plots and the additional relative increase in yield on the latter during this period caused the overall effect of FYM to be larger than in the wetter years.

In the absence of FYM, each of the major nutrients N, P and K gave significant yield increases, but the need for adequate applications of phosphate and potash fertilizers together was emphasized by a marked interaction between their effects on yield. Applications of phosphate fertilizers had a particularly important effect early in the bulking period, whereas the effects of the nitrogenous fertilizers were greater at the later stages. In the presence of FYM, the fertilizer applications had significant effects only at the later stages of bulking, but at this time the amounts needed to give maximum yields were similar to those needed in the absence of FYM (124 lb. N, 36 lb. P₂O₅ 144 lb. K₂O (estimated), each per acre).

At Efford, applications of up to 4 cwt. per acre of sulphate of ammonia and 2 cwt. per acre of superphosphate (18% P₂2O₅) gave significant increases in yield, and higher rates would probably have given still higher yields. Potash fertilizers did not affect yields although they markedly increased the potash contents of the plants. The differences between the responses at the two sites are discussed in relation to soil conditions.

The leaves of plants manured with FYM (Wellesbourne) contained much more potassium and slightly more phosphorus than leaves from unmanured plants and, while the differences in potassium content were larger towards the end of the bulking period than at the beginning, the reverse was true of the phosphorus contents. Thus, to use leaf composition data to indicate possible shortages of nutrients in the soil, the samples of leaves for chemical analysis must be taken at several different times during the growth of the crop. The value, if any, of extra nutrients for FYM-manured plants cannot at present be assessed.

At Efford, applications of sulphate of potash increased the potassium content of the leaves to levels approaching those found in the manured plants at Wellesbourne and higher than those in the unmanured plants. Because of marked interactions between the effects of the phosphate and potash fertilizers at Wellesbourne and indications that phosphate applications at Efford may have been too low to ensure maximum yields, it does not seem possible to combine the data from the two experiments in order to suggest levels of the major nutrients in the potato leaves, at any particular stage or stages, which may be considered adequate for maximal yield production.

At Wellesbourne the standard error per plot was smaller for the manured series (8·1%) than for the unmanured (12·9%), indicating that growth was more uniform on the former.     

The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on the Yield and Mineral Composition of Runner Beans (Phaseolus Multiflorus)

The effects of farmyard manure (FYM), peat, and fertilizers applied in 1957 on the yield and mineral composition of runner beans grown in 1957 and 1958 are described. The residual effects of the organic matter treatments were compared with the effects of further applications of fertilizers in 1959 and i960. No fertilizer was applied in 1958.

In the year of application, FYM produced more than twice the yield of bean pods than did a generous application of fertilizers, but in succeeding years the difference decreased and had disappeared by i960. Peat had a much smaller effect on yield than FYM, both in the presence and in the absence of fertilizers, and by 1959 its residual effect was negligible. Possible reasons for the difference between the yield responses to applications of FYM and peat are discussed.

The results of chemical analyses of whole plants (1957) and of leaves (1958-60) did not indicate any major nutrient deficiency in the plants from the fertilizer-only plots, as compared with those from the FYM-treated plots, such as might account for the observed yield differences.

The manurial treatments had relatively little differential effect on the nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium contents of the bean leaves but had a large effect on their potassium and magnesium contents. In the bean pods, only the concentration of potassium was markedly affected by the manurial treatments. While there was a negative K/Mg interaction in the leaves, this was not found in the pods, in which the concentration of magnesium was virtually constant.

Runner bean leaves were found to contain more magnesium than many other vegetable materials, but the amount in the pods was much lower than that in the leaves, with the result that the amount of magnesium removed by this crop was similar to that removed by other vegetables.     

The Effect of Different Irrigation Treatments on the Growth and Yield of Early Summer Cauliflowers

Lettuce were grown during the winter of 1957–58 on the plots of a long-term manurial experiment in which the treatments had been applied to each crop from 1954 to 1957. Three rates of each of the three nutrients N, P and K were applied either with or without farmyard manure (20 tons per acre per crop) in a 3³ × 2 factorial design.

The mean yield from the plots which received farmyard manure (FYM) together with fertilizers was more than twice that from the plots which received fertilizers alone; the extra yield came from the greater number of lettuces that reached marketable condition on the former plots and not from an increase in the size of the plants. The date by which 50% of the plants that eventually reached marketable condition had been cut was almost 8 days earlier for the FYM plots than for the no-FYM plots. The different rates and combinations of fertilizers, when applied with FYM, did not produce different yield effects.

In the absence of FYM, applications of sulphate of potash and superphosphate each increased yields significantly (P =.0·05); applications of Nitrochalk, however, reduced yields but the reduction just failed to reach significance (P = 0·05). The treatments did not affect the 50% cutting date.

Where FYM had been applied, the fertilizer applications did not have differential effects on the mineral composition of the lettuce plants but, on average, there was twice as much potassium in the dry matter of plants (7·8%) as in plants from the no-FYM plus fertilizer plots (3·9%). In the absence of FYM, the fertilizer applications had marked differential effects on the mineral composition of the plants and these effects are discussed in relation to yield.     

A Note on the Growth-Regulating Activity of 2:6-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

During each of the four years 1957-60 the growth of the carrot crops in a long-term manurial experiment was studied. Significant increases in the yield of roots were produced by the application of farmyard manure and of potassic fertilizer but not by the application of nitrogenous or phosphatic fertilizers. The mean annual yields, and the responses to the applications of FYM and K, varied considerably from year to year.

The applications of FYM resulted in increases of 15-20% in the net assimilation rates and relative growth rates of the plants but these increases persisted for only 4-7 weeks when growth of the leaves on all plots was exponential. Subsequently net assimilation and relative growth rates of the plants on the FYM plots were slightly less than those on the no-FYM plots. It appeared that the initial differences in net assimilation rates were the main cause of the increased leafiness of the plants on the FYM plots, and hence of the increases in yields of roots.

Year-to-year differences in the total weight of leaves produced were related mainly to differences in the amount of rainfall during their growth. Yearly variation in root yields, however, was related both to the amount and to the distribution of the rainfall during growth.

The relative importance of variations in net assimilation rate and in leaf weight ratio are discussed.     

The Effects of Manurial Treatments on The Yield and Quality of Carrot Seed

Seed crops of carrots were grown in 1962, 1963 and 1964, on plots of a 2⁴ N, P, K and farmyard manure factorial experiment. Significant seed yield responses were obtained to each of the fertilizers and to manure, as compared with the yields from the control plot with no manure or fertilizers.

Except when a seed-borne disease caused by Stemphylium radicinum was present, the germination of the ungraded seed was well above the statutory declarable minimum of 60% and there were no significant differences in germination caused by the manurial treatments.

The seed produced in 1963 and 1964 was of similar mean chemical composition to commercial seed and, although its composition was affected by the nitrogen and farmyard manure dressings, these variations in composition did not affect the yield of roots obtained from field sowings of the 1963 seed. The 1962 seed was exceptional in having a lower mean phosphorus concentration than commercial seed. The seed with the lowest phosphorus concentration was obtained from the plots which had received nitrogen but not phosphorus fertilizers, and the root yields from such seed were significantly lower than those from the seed containing higher concentrations of phosphorus.     

钾肥对大白菜和莴苣产量、重金属和硝酸盐含量的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了酸性土壤上两种钾肥不同用量对大白菜和莴苣产量、重金属和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明：施用两种钾肥均明显提高了大白菜和莴苣的产量,分别增产9.0 %～20.0 %和8.7 %～52.0 %,增产作用最大的处理均为高钾处理〔30 kg?（667 m2）-1〕。中量硫酸钾配施泥炭（K2S+M）处理较单施硫酸钾处理使大白菜和莴苣显著增产,分别增产14.6 %和12.1 %。施用钾肥明显降低了大白菜硝酸盐含量,但对莴苣硝酸盐含量以提高作用为主,且随着钾肥施用量的增加呈递减趋势。施用钾肥显著降低了大白菜砷和铅含量,明显降低了莴苣铬含量,对其余重金属的作用不一致。中量硫酸钾配施泥炭处理明显降低了大白菜和莴苣的重金属含量（大白菜汞和莴苣镉除外）,提高了蔬菜的食用安全性。     

Some Effects of Seed Size and Maturity on the Yield of Carrot Crops

Carrot seed was harvested on eight occasions from crops grown at Wellesbourne during 1962–64. Seed from each harvest was separated into four size grades by means of round-holed sieves. In laboratory tests, the percentage germination of the seeds increased with increasing seed size. Late-harvested, mature seed of a given size generally had a higher percentage germination than less mature, but otherwise similar, seed. The numbers of seedlings which emerged per 100 seeds sown in the field were linearly related but not directly proportional to the percentage germination of the seed, regardless of seed size or maturity. At comparable plant densities, large seeds gave bigger seedlings than small seeds, and after 15–18 weeks of growth the yield of roots was 15–20% higher from large than from small seed. However, with older crops (24 weeks) no such yield differences were measurable. Graded seed of all but the smallest size gave crops in which the root size had a lower coefficient of variation than that of crops grown from ungraded seed.

In an experiment carried out in 1966 with small, large and ungraded seed from eight imported samples, the results were similar to those obtained with the seed produced at Wellesbourne.

The results suggested that only with crops intended for harvesting when younger than about 18 weeks would greater yields and more uniform roots be expected if graded seed of larger sizes were used rather than small or ungraded seed.     

不同钾肥种类和施肥时期对叶菜类蔬菜产量和品质的影响

研究了不同钾肥种类(氯化钾和硫酸钾)和施肥方式对莴笋和大白菜产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明,与常规施钾相比,各处理莴笋和大白菜产量均以分期施钾更高,第1茬莴笋氯化钾处理的增产效果显著高于硫酸钾处理,第2茬大白菜硫酸钾处理的增产效果明显高于氯化钾处理;第1茬各处理莴笋可溶性糖含量均降低,第2茬各处理大白菜维生素C含量均不同程度增加、硝酸盐含量均下降,除基施硫酸钾外其余处理均使大白菜氨基酸含量提高;第2茬各处理蔬菜全氮含量变化均不大,第1茬莴笋全磷、全钾和全氯含量均不同程度提高,除K1-3处理外,其余处理莴笋叶全硫含量均提高,硫酸钾各处理(除K2-4处理外)均使莴笋茎全硫含量提高,第2茬K1-4处理使大白菜全磷含量提高15.6%,其余处理均降低,各处理大白菜全钾含量均不同程度地提高,其中硫酸钾各处理的全钾含量明显高于氯化钾各处理;各处理两季钾素利用率以K1-4处理最高。     

The Relation Between the Rate of Respiration of an Apple Fruit and its Content of Protein: I. The Value of this Relation Immediately After Picking

Tomato plants of two varieties (Potentate and Immuna) were grown for four seasons with different combinations of magnesium and potassium sulphate in heated glasshouses. Magnesium sulphate was applied either to the soil or as a foliar spray, with untreated plots as controls ; these treatments were combined factorially with two levels of soil potassium. The effects of the treatments on the magnesium and potassium contents of the soil, as extracted by 0 5N-acetic acid, are recorded.

Chlorosis of the leaves was widespread where magnesium was not applied. Foliar spraying effectively controlled the deficiency symptoms; treatment of the soil with magnesium sulphate was only partially successful in the first season but increasingly satisfactory thereafter.

In only one of the four seasons was there a significant increase in yield J due to the correction of magnesium deficiency. In that year (1959) the yields at the higher level of potassium were increased by 15%and 12%by the soil and spray treatments respectively (P=0·001).

The magnesium treatments slightly improved fruit quality as assessed by visual grading, mainly at the very low level of potassium in the last two seasons. The dominant factor affecting fruit quality was potassium, however, which markedly increased the proportion of uniformly coloured fruit and reduced the incidence of ripening disorders.

It is suggested that magnesium deficiency should be controlled by supplying this nutrient rather than by reducing the application of potassium salts below the quantity necessary for high fruit quality.

Variety Immuna gave higher yields and better quality fruit than Potentate throughout the trial.     

The Effects of Planting Time,Runner Size and Plant Spacing on the Yield of Strawberries

In experiments over the period 1962–64 in southern England the effects of runner size, planting time and in-row spacing were compared with regard to the yield of one-year strawberry plants. Planting time had the greatest effect. Early planting markedly increased yield, though runner size interacted with it. In August, runner size had no effect, very small runners yielding as well as large ones but, from September planting, large runners outyielded smaller runners. Plots with spacing of six inches in the row outyielded those with spacing of twelve inches.

The experimental treatments did not have a marked effect on the yield of large berries in 1962, but in 1963, when growth was less vigorous, treatment effects were similar to those on overall yield. The yield of very early, ripe fruit was greatest from the September-planted runners. Plant spacing had no effect on time of ripening.

The difference in growth and crop between the two years was probably related to the soil and to air-temperature differences each autumn after planting.

In the second season of each trial, plant spacing was doubled, by removal of alternate plants. The original planting treatments had few significant effects on the yield from the spaced, two-year old plants. From both one-and two-year-old plants Cambridge Favourite outyielded Cambridge Rival, but the latter gave more early ripe fruit and less waste fruit.     

The Minimization of Variability in Apples Planted on the Site of a Previous Orchard

Following the grubbing of a mature orchard of Bramley’s Seedling apples an investigation was made into the effects of deep (18 in.) or shallow (9 in.) ploughing immediately after grubbing, and of rich or poor manuring during the ensuing seven-year period of arable cropping, on the restoration of uniformity of the soil and its suitability for further experimentation on apples.

The effects of these treatments were assessed through a study of the variation of an apple indicator crop planted at the end of the period of arable cropping and are discussed in the light of the results previously observed after only three years of arable cropping.

There was some indication of a “distance-from-former-tree-site” gradient in growth which was reduced by either deep ploughing or rich manuring.

The contribution of the residual-pattern effect ot the previous orchard to the total variability of the apple indicator crop was small in comparison with the random component of variability.

Random variation was slightly increased by deep ploughing or rich manuring, offsetting the reduction in intensity of residual pattern so that total variability in size of indicator plants was largely unaffected by cultural treatment.     

不同有机肥对夏秋浅水芹生长和产量的影响

在基肥中化肥用量一致的情况下,验证不同有机肥对夏秋浅水芹生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明,分别用黄豆、豆饼、黄豆+鸡粪作基肥,均有利于夏秋浅水芹出苗,促进浅水芹生长和增产,其中以使用豆饼效果最好;使用鸡粪要充分腐熟;使用商品有机肥应先试验再推广。     

The effects of cultural factors on yield and curd quality of autumn cauliflower

The effects of six cultural treatments on (a) marketable yield, (b) percentage marketable plants and (c) percentage perfect quality curds produced, were studied on representative varieties of three groups of autumn cauliflower in experiments carried out over a period of five years. The treatments included a comparison of the use of graded and ungraded seed, transplanting and direct-drilling of the crop, different transplant ages, selection for uniformity at planting or thinning time, and plant density and nitrogen levels during the early seedling stage of growth.

In general the yields and quality of drilled and transplanted crops were similar with all varieties each year and neither the use of graded seed nor the nitrogen treatments had any significant effect on yield or curd quality. Both increasing plant density in the seedbed and increasing age of transplant caused a reduction in yield on most occasions. The effects of the treatments on yield and quality are discussed in relation to their effects on the maturity characteristics of the crops.     

Some Experiments to Investigate the Control of Apple Sawfly,Hoplocampa Testudinea (Klug), by Concentrate Sprays

Eight-year-old trees of Laxton’s Superb apple on M.II rootstock growing on loamy fine sand of low moisture retention were used to study growth and crop responses to different soil moisture conditions from 1953 to i960 inclusive. Water was applied when soil moisture tensiometers set at 1 ft. depth indicated tensions of : A, 10 cm. Hg ; B, 20 cm. Hg ; C, 50 cm. Hg. Treatment D was unwatered.

Water was applied to an area 12 ft. in diameter around each tree, which was about one-third of the ground area available to each tree. The average amount of water required by each treatment during a season was equivalent to : A, 4-1 ; B, 3-5 ; C, 2-1 inches over its whole area.

Comparison of soil moisture deficits in the unwatered plots in the very dry season of 1959 with amounts of water applied to the other trees suggested that the rate of water loss throughout the experiment was not seriously affected by the treatments applied.

The water treatments stimulated trunk and shoot growth ; growth differences between differently treated trees could be adequately explained in terms of soil moisture tension and root-occupied soil volume. Evidence was found of serious leaching under the wettest treatment, and this may have caused a lower growth and crop response to treatment A than to B in the later years of the trial.

Crop increases were directly related to growth increases. Despite the marked effects of water treatments on shoot numbers and on crop increase the growth and crop relationship was virtually unchanged.

Treatments A, B and C increased total crops by 40%, 46% and 25% respectively, and marketable crops by 44%, 55% and 42% respectively. There was no marked effect of treatment on fruit size, though the increased proportion of fruit of a commercial size from the watered trees was of importance. Treatment B provided the largest total and marketable crops, but treatment C provided the greatest increase in marketable crop for each inch of water applied.     

An Automatic Device for The Control of Day Length

The effects of cover crops and NPK fertilizers (in factorial combination) on the growth, crop yield and leaf-nutrient composition of young Cox’s Orange Pippin and Worcester Pearmain apple trees have been studied over a period of six years. The covers used were : (a) wild white clover, S. 184,-(b) perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne, S.23), (c) timothy grass (Phleum pratense, S.50), and (d) natural sward as it developed (mainly Poa annua and Agrostis stolonifera).

The major effects were due to cover crops. Nitrogenous fertilizer had significant effects in combination with timothy and rye-grass, but phosphatic and potassic fertilizers had no significant effects on tree growth or crop yield.

Clover and natural sward covers had the least deleterious effect on tree growth and gave the highest yield of fruit. Timothy and rye-grass severely restricted tree growth and crop yield. This was due largely to competition for nitrogen, which was clearly reflected in a reduced nitrogen concentration in the leaves of the trees.

Optimum growth, crop yield and fruit colour in Cox were associated with a nitrogen concentration of 2 . 0-2 . 2% in dry matter of leaf samples taken in August from the mid-third region of extension shoots.

There is evidence from the composition of the leaves of the trees to suggest that clover made available additional nitrogen and phosphate.

There was a positive relationship between the total nitrogen concentration of the tracheal (xylem) sap of shoots at the green-cluster stage and the leaf-nitrogen status in the previous August.

It is suggested that the best method of establishing a permanent cover in orchards, with the least adverse effect on tree growth and nitrogen status, is to sow wild white clover and to allow the slow establishment of indigenous grasses by frequent mowing.     

Fertilizer Trials on Small Coffee Farms in Uganda

In about 70 trials on small African Robusta coffee farms and 100 similar trials on small Arabica farms mean responses to nitrogen fertilizers were profitable and became increasingly so with continued applications. A soil treatment with magnesia in 21 Robusta trials gave no increase in yield when applied in addition to the nitrogen fertilizer. The other Robusta trials compared urea with ammonium sulphate and showed that there was no significant difference in their effects on yields. The ratio of dried to fresh cherry weight was not decreased by the nitrogen fertilizer.

Over 100 correlations of yields or responses with agronomic details and soil and leaf analyses were tested for significance. Routine soil analyses proved disappointing indicators of coffee yield or response to nitrogen, which confirms other evidence that nitrogen is the only major deficiency in Ugandan coffee. Agronomic practices seemed to have only minor effects on yield. Leaf nutrient contents were often significantly correlated with yields, but none with sufficient regularity to indicate a real and common association. Correlations between leaf nitrogen and yield were never significant even though the treatments significantly affected the levels of leaf nutrients. This is contrary to the results in earlier station experiments.     

马铃薯新品种郑薯9号的选育

郑薯9号是由早大白×豫马铃薯1号杂交后代选育而成的马铃薯新品种。早熟,生育期(出苗至收获)56d(天)左右。每667m2产量1200kg左右。薯块椭圆形,黄皮白肉,薯皮光滑,芽眼浅,商品薯率89.08%～100%。淀粉含量11.8%,VC252mg·kg-1,蛋白质2.52%,还原糖0.32%。田间调查较抗病毒病、晚疫病、环腐病。适宜二季作栽培及一季作早熟栽培。     

Mid-storage and pre-sowing seed treatments for lettuce and carrot

Mid-storage hydration-dehydration treatments with medium-vigour lettuce seed very effectively reduced physiological deterioration in storage and ultimately showed better field emergence and final yield. Soaking-drying treatment of high-vigour lettuce seed was not effective. Pre-sowing treatment of medium-vigour lettuce seed, though less effective than mid-storage treatment, gave better field performance, but high-vigour seed did not benefit from the treatment. For carrot, both mid-storage and pre-sowing seed treatments proved beneficial, with the former showing better performance than the latter. Unlike lettuce, well-preserved carrot seed responded positively to the pre-sowing treatment.