Scutellaria barbata flavonoids inhibits NFT aggregation and regulatory mechanism in rats induced by composited Aβ

AIM: To investigate the effects of Scutellaria barbata flavonoids (SBF) on neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) aggregation, tau protein phosphorylation and the regulated mechanism of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β and protein phosphatase (PP) 2A in the rats induced by amyloid β protein 25-35 (Aβ_25-35) in combination with AlCl₃ and recombinant human transforming growth factor (RHTGF)-β1(composited Aβ). METHODS: The male SD rats were used to establish the simulated Alzheimer disease (AD) model by intracerebroventricular injection of composited Aβ. The Morris water maze was applied for screening the successful model rats with learning and memory deficits. The successful model rats were daily and orally administrated with SBF at doses of 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg or positive control drug Ginkgo biloba leaves flavonoids (GLF) at 140 mg/kg for 37 d. The silver nitrate staining was used to determine the cortical NFT. The protein levels of total tau, phosphorylated protein of tau at Ser199 and Ser214 sites, GSK3β and PP2A in hippocampus and cortex were determined by Western blot. The mRNA expression of GSK3β and PP2A in the hippocampus and cortex was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Compared with sham group, the cell number of positive NFT with silver nitrate staining in model rat cerebral cortex was significantly increased. The protein levels of phosphorylated tau protein at Ser199 and Ser214 sites, GSK3β in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in the model rats dramatically elevated, and PP2A was marked decreased as compared with the sham group rats. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of GSK-3β significantly increased but PP2A was decreased. However, these above abnormalities were differently attenuated by treating with SBF at different doses or GLF at 140 mg/kg for 37 d. CONCLUSION: SBF suppresses the NFT aggregation by inhibition of the regulatory functions of GSK-3β and PP2A, thus reducing the phosphorylation of tau protein.     

Cryopreserved callus,a source of protoplasts for citrus improvement

Summary

The availability and maintenance of embryogenic callus is a major limitation for large-scale application of somatic hybridization for citrus breeding. The suitability of cryopreserved callus as source of protoplasts was evaluated. Sweet orange callus were frozen by slow cooling and stored for two years in liquid nitrogen. Cryopreserved callus were fast thawed and used as source of material for protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion and plant regeneration, in comparison with control non-cryopreserved callus. No differences were found in protoplast yield, quality, growth and regeneration capacity between both callus types. Protoplasts isolated from cryopreserved callus were also successfully used in somatic fusion assays. Plants regenerated from protoplasts of the two sources had the same phenotypic characters and no differences were detected by microsatellite analysis. Availability of cryopreserved callus facilitates the development of breeding programmes based on somatic hybridization, avoiding the risks and high labour needs associated with standard maintenance by periodical subcultures.     

循环式水培系统营养液处理方式对生菜防病增产的效应

应用营养液冷却、紫外线消毒和接种拮抗真菌处理NFT生菜营养液,结果表明,应用紫外线对营养液进行消毒比对照生菜产量高,质量好,根系坏死症状不明显.将营养液冷却至10℃或14℃后,植株生长受抑.接种拮抗菌 Trichoderma 可减轻病原菌对植株的感染从而促进植株生长.还发现拮抗菌 Trichoderma 有很强的根系共生能力.证明应用紫外线消毒或接种拮抗菌可作为NFT系统防治根系病害的经济有效的方法.     

Influence of soil aeration on rooting and growth of the Beuys-trees in Kassel,Germany

Soil aeration is an important factor in tree growth. Oxygen must be taken from the atmosphere for root respiration, and carbon dioxide must be discharged to the atmosphere. Because the pore space of the soil could be considered the “dead end” of the free atmosphere, topsoil gas diffusivity is particularly important for soil aeration. Due to diverse land uses, several soil cover types alternate on a small scale at urban sites, competing with the natural function of soil as the living space for roots.During Documenta 7 in 1982, the artist Joseph Beuys initiated the spectacular landscape art project “7000 Oaks”. Seven thousand trees of approximately the same age were planted over the whole city of Kassel, Germany, offering best possible conditions for investigating the influence of specific site factors on root and tree development. At 8 different sites featuring 36 Beuys-oaks and 15 Beuys-planes, topsoil gas diffusivity, soil CO₂ concentration and soil respiration of different soil cover types were measured and correlated with fine root density and tree growth.Topsoil gas diffusivity and soil respiration depend on soil cover type. The lowest gas diffusivities and respiration rates were found at sealed sites, and the highest values were measured at vegetated sites such as lawn or flower beds. Soil gas diffusivity primarily controls soil respiration. Soil CO₂ concentration is not strictly linked to the coverage type and does not show a strictly directed dependence on top soil gas diffusivity and soil respiration. Tree root density and height as well as diameter at breast height (1.3 m) of the oaks were decisively shaped by the gas diffusivity of the soil cover, whereas the investigated planes were not affected by soil aeration deficiencies. The vitality of urban trees can be controlled by the design of the tree site and the choice of the species.     

Root aeration improves yield and water use efficiency of tomato in heavy clay and saline soils

Water logging and salinity of the soil alter both the physical and biological environment of plant roots. In two experiments, we investigated the effects of imposed aeration on yield and the physiological response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) variety Improved Apollo growing under protected conditions over a range of salinities (the salinity experiment), and under constant field capacity (FC) or drier soil conditions (the moisture experiment). Subsurface irrigation with aerated water (12% air in water) stimulated above-ground growth, and enhanced the reproductive performance through earliness for flowering and fruiting compared with the control. Fruit yield of tomato with aeration in the moisture experiment was increased by 21% compared with the control (4.2 kg versus 3.7 kg per plant), and the effect of aeration on fruit yield was greater in FC than in the drier treatment. Fruit yield was increased by 38% in saline soil due to aeration compared with the non-aerated control. Increasing salinity from 2 to 8.8 dS m⁻¹, and 10 dS m⁻¹ reduced fruit yield by 18% and 62%, respectively, but 4 dS m⁻¹ did not suppress yield. Aeration in both the experiments increased plant water use and water use efficiency (WUE), expressed as weight per unit of applied water. Biomass WUE was greater by 16% and 32% in the moisture and salinity experiments, respectively. The increased yield with aeration was also accompanied by an increased harvest index (HI) defined as the proportion of dry fruit biomass to total dry biomass, greater mean fruit weight, high fruit DM, and increase in leaf chlorophyll content and shoot: root ratio, and a reduced water stress index (computed from the difference between air and leaf temperature). The benefit gained from aerating irrigation water was not only observed under conditions where air-filled porosity may be low (e.g., in poorly structure sodic soils, or at field capacity in clay soils), but also in drier soils.     

论我国果品质量的改进与提高

从我国果品质量的现状入手，分析了提高果品质量的形势，提出了改进果品质量的主要途径和措施，并对生产“绿色果品”应具备的条件和遵循的原则进行了阐述。     

Production and characterization of new triploid seedless progenies for mandarin improvement

Eighty-six triploid Citrus plants were recovered from interploid crosses between a natural tetraploid selection of the tangerine ‘Dancy’ (Citrus reticulata Blanco, cultigroup ‘Tangerine’), used as the pollen parent, and two seedy selections of diploid mandarins (C. reticulata Blanco) as well as one clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.): ‘Fortune’ mandarin, ‘Wilking’ mandarin and ‘Monreal’ clementine. Flow cytometric analysis was used for screening the triploid plantlets and the ISSR-PCR technique was used to characterize the obtained triploids through a double approach, confirming the hybrid nature of the offspring and allowing the analysis of the genetic pool obtained. Selection among triploid genotypes generated from elite seedy parents will give us a better chance to obtain superior mandarin cultivars characterized by true seedlessness.     

Understanding the phenylpropanoid pathway for agronomical and nutritional improvement of mungbean

The phenylpropanoid pathway is an important diversified secondary or specialised metabolic route. It gives rise to various metabolites that regulate plant growth, metabolism, and plant–environment interactions. Genetic manipulations of the phenylpropanoid pathway have even improved the agronomy and nutritional status of plants. Irrespective of such explorations, this pathway has not been vastly investigated in legumes to date. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is the most commonly produced leguminous crop of Asia. It is an important source of plant protein that has been recommended over several animal proteins. Dry mungbean seeds as well as sprouts are a rich source of phenylpropanoids. Mungbean sprouts possess increased protein bioavailability and have higher antioxidant potential than dry seeds. The polyphenolic derivatives of the phenylpropanoid pathway in mungbean are responsible for their antioxidant potential. Hence, from this perspective, the present article reviews the agronomic and biochemical traits of mungbean with an emphasis on the phenylpropanoid pathway and derived metabolites.     

苹果潜隐病毒脱除技术的改进研究

<正> 目前,已报道侵染苹果的病毒有30余种,其中大部分可在苹果的叶、果实和枝条上引起明显症状。另外,有些病毒在栽培品种上呈潜伏性感染,又称潜隐病毒。已经鉴定出我国苹果潜隐病毒有3种:苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(A-CLSV)、苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV)和苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)。潜隐病毒由于其潜隐性,在栽培中不易被发现清除,我国苹果主要栽培区上述3种苹果潜隐病毒的感染株率达90％以上,每年使苹果减产约40％～73％。     

黄瓜低温弱光耐受性机理及其应用研究的主要进展

选择低温弱光抗性水平不同的欧洲温室型、欧亚杂交型、华北温室型、华北露地型黄瓜(Cucumis sati- vus L.)的16个品种为试验材料,以光合代谢为切入点,开展苗期光合速率、光补偿点、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶 (rubisco)活性和叶绿素a荧光动力学曲线的系统研究,结果表明:单一偏低温和偏低温弱光协效应未明显伤害光合系统,而临界低温可能伤及PSⅡ;偏低温和弱光组合时,弱光对黄瓜幼苗的影响起主导作用,弱光与临界低温组合时,临界低温起主导作用;偏低温弱光(单一弱光)下的叶面积增长量和临界低温下的冷害指数可分别作为评价黄瓜对偏低温弱光(单一弱光)耐受性和临界低温耐受性的比较稳定可靠的指标,据此设计了相关的评价指标体系。用117个重组自交系为材料,以弱光下叶面积增长量为指标进行弱光耐受性评价并以RAPD、AFLP、SSR分子图谱为基础,通过区间作图,检测到5个与黄瓜弱光耐受性有关的QTLs。采用mRNA差异显示银染技术克隆得到黄瓜冷敏型品种津研4号低温锻炼中特异表达基因的cDNA克隆(ccr18),其大小为639 bp。在基因组中以单拷贝或低拷贝形式存在。序列同源性比较表明它与拟南芥[Arabidopsis thaliana(L．)Heynh．]染色体ⅣBAC库中的 F14P3基因组序列具有88％的同源性。     

番木瓜遗传改良研究进展

就番木瓜的株性和抗病性等性状遗传、杂交育种、人工诱变育种、离体培养、分子标记及基因工程育种等现代生物新技术育种方面的研究进展及相关问题进行了评述,重点综述了番木瓜株性遗传、远缘杂交与胚胎学、基因工程在抗环斑型花叶病毒病(PRSV)品种培育及分子标记辅助选择育种应用的研究进展,并分析了今后番木瓜育种的发展趋势。     

盐碱地不同措施的改良效果及树木存活率比较

针对呼和浩特市土默特左旗海流村盐碱地的特性,设置3种盐碱地改良措施,以不做任何改良的当地盐碱土为对照,对5年后各处理的土壤理化性质和树木存活率进行比较分析。结果表明:土壤改良5年后,大坑隔离综合改良的土壤改良效果最好,表现为土壤容重、pH值、含盐量和含水量最低,土壤水渗透率最高。4种改良处理的乔灌木存活率由高到低表现为:大坑隔离综合改良>小坑综合改良>台田式垫土改良>对照。     

漳浦县大葱价低滞销问题及其应对措施

漳浦县是福建省大葱最大的产区县,本文论述了漳浦县大葱产业现状,分析了2014—2015年产季大葱价低滞销原因,并提出应对的措施。     

Combining-ability for yield and its components in tomato

In a line × tester analysis in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), the adequacy of 4 testers for combining-ability has been studied. The general and specific combining-ability (GCA and SCA, respectively) variances indicated that the role of non-additive gene action for most of the characteristics and heterosis breeding for the improvement of these traits have been enhanced. LE.758 among the lines and LE.68 among the testers were identified as the best general combiners for yield and its important components. A close agreement between GCA and per se performance was observed among the testers. For selection of hybrids, per se performance as a reliable parameter in preference to SCA effect is indicated.     

草莓新品种明旭及大棚促成栽培技术要点

草莓新品种明旭，果实近圆形、果面红色具光泽，单果重平均26.7g，味浓肉细，可溶性固形物含量12.1%、酸1.04%，较耐贮运，易繁殖，抗逆性强，休眠浅，适于日光温室或走路地栽培。     

Derivation of a yearly transition probability matrix for land-use dynamics and its applications

Transition matrices have often been used in landscape ecology and GIS studies of land-use to quantitatively estimate the rate of change. When transition matrices for different observation periods are compared, the observation intervals often differ because satellite images or photographs of the research site taken at constant time intervals may not be available. If the observation intervals differ, the transition probabilities cannot be compared without calculating a transition matrix with the normalized observation interval. For such calculation, several previous studies have utilized a linear algebra formula of the power root of matrices. However, three difficulties may arise when applying this formula to a practical dataset from photographs of a research site. We examined the first difficulty, namely that plural solutions could exist for a yearly transition matrix, which implies that there could be multiple scenarios for the same transition in land-use change. Using data for the Abukuma Mountains in Japan and the Selva el Ocote Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, we then looked at the second difficulty, in which we may obtain no positive Markovian matrix and only a matrix partially consisting of negative numbers. We propose a way to calibrate a matrix with some negative transition elements and to estimate the prediction error. Finally, we discuss the third difficulty that arises when a new land-use category appears at the end of the observation period and how to solve it. We developed a computer program to calculate and calibrate the yearly matrices and to estimate the prediction error.     

黄瓜自交系低温弱光耐受性快速筛选平台的建立

黄瓜对低温和弱光的耐受性是两个相对独立的性状,需要单独进行评价.设计了以叶面积增长量为主要性状指标的弱光(或弱光 偏低温)耐受性的评价指标体系和以冷害指数作为临界低温耐受性评价指标的快速筛选体系,两者可复合实施.     

龙廷杏梅的选育及其丰产栽培技术

龙廷杏梅是我们在山东省新泰市龙廷镇掌平洼村凤凰山选出的杏梅新品种。果实近球形,平均单果重47.5g,最大单果重110.0g,果皮金黄色,向阳面略带红晕,有光泽;果肉黄色,半透明,较韧,香味浓,甜酸可口,品质上等,适宜加工;可溶性固形物含量11.50%;在山东泰安,果实7月上旬成熟。2003年7月通过山东省科学技术局组织的品种鉴定。     

Somatic hybridization of high yield,cold-hardy and disease resistant parents for citrus rootstock improvement

Summary

Increasing losses of trees to diseases, expansion of plantings into more marginal production areas and the need to control tree size to reduce harvesting costs have elevated the demand for new improved citrus rootstocks in Florida. A major strategy of the CREC rootstock improvement programme has been to use protoplast fusion to produce allotetraploid somatic hybrids that combine complementary rootstock germplasm. Tetraploid citrus rootstocks have been shown to have a built-in tree size control component due to polyploidy. This report focuses on the incorporation of newly identified superior rootstock germplasm into the somatic hybridization programme. Poncirus trifoliata 50–7, a selection of trifoliate orange selected for superior resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae, was hybridized with sour orange, Changsha mandarin, Navel orange, and a seedy white ‘Duncan’ type grapefruit. High-yielding Benton citrange (Citrus sinensis 3 Poncirus trifoliata) was hybridized with Changsha mandarin and sour orange. More than 200 plants of each of these six new somatic hybrids were propagated via tissue culture and rooted cuttings. To assess their horticultural performance, all the somatic hybrids were budded with commercially important scions and planted in replicated trials representing the two most important soil types in Florida. Seed trees of each somatic hybrid have also been planted in the field to determine fruiting potential and level of polyembryony.     

低温弱光对不同生态型黄瓜幼苗生理生化特性的影响

研究了低温弱光对黄瓜幼苗生理生化特性的影响。试验结果表明,低温弱光下,刺瓜型国农25和水果型国农41幼苗可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量均增加,且国农41的可溶性糖含量高于国农25;2个黄瓜品种过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、脂氧合酶(LOX)的活性也均升高,但国农25的APX,DHAR活性启动较快,先高于对照。国农25和国农41的丙二醛(MDA)含量变化存在明显差异,国农25明显低于对照;而国农41在3～9d急剧增加,明显高于对照。