不同光照条件对大花萱草叶片解剖结构的影响

对黄色、金黄色和红色3个品系大花萱草进行不同的光照处理,对其叶片解剖结构进行分析研究.结果表明:不同光强对3种大花萱草叶片上、下表皮的厚度影响均不显著,叶片上、下表皮的细胞大小及叶主脉导管直径在不同处理下不存在显著差异;气孔密度的排序为T1＞T2＞T3,净光合速率可能与气孔密度呈正相关,气孔指数随光强的减弱而降低.大花萱草叶片解剖结构受不同光照条件的影响较小.     

设施栽培对油桃营养生长及果实生长发育的影响

设施内油桃的树体生物量(未含果实)较露地增加66.2%。单株全年新梢总长度增加1.0倍,总叶面积增加87.1%,比叶重(SLW)减小,根冠比下降。设施栽培加剧了新梢生长和果实生长对光合产物的竞争。果实生长对设施栽培的反应主要表现在Ⅰ期、Ⅲ期延长,Ⅱ期缩短,果实整个发育期延长10～15d,各期平均长度(天数)与夜间温度呈显著负相关(r=-0.9150)。设施栽培使果实普遍增大,主要原因是果实生长Ⅰ期设施内夜温较低,促进果肉细胞分裂。     

温度和pH值对杜鹃褐斑病菌丝生长的影响

杜鹃褐斑病为杜鹃花上发生较重的病害,常造成大量落叶,影响其观赏价值和生长存活。通过研究温度和pH值对该病原菌的影响,发现该菌适合在较高温度的环境下生长,最适生长温度为28℃;菌丝体对pH值反应不太敏感,在pH 3～12条件下皆可生长,但最适pH值为9。     

土壤干旱胁迫下苹果叶片膨压维持对光合速率及生长的影响

以新红星和红富士苹果叶片为试材,利用P－V分析技术研究了在水分胁迫条件下叶片细胞的膨压维持方式以及细胞膨压维持对苹果叶片的光合速率、叶面积及干物质积累（叶片干重）等生理特性的效应。结果表明,两品种叶片在不同水分胁迫条件下细胞膨压维持能力不同,中度水分胁迫下膨压维持是以渗透调节和弹性调节并存,具有膨压维持能力,严重水分胁迫下渗透调节和弹性调节均消失,膨压维持能力丧失。细胞膨压的维持能够减少叶片叶绿素的破坏,维持干旱条件下（中度水分胁迫）的光合作用较正常进行,叶片正常生长及干物质积累。     

Effect of Leaf Number and Area on the Fruit Growth of Regular and Biennial Bearing Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Grown Under North Indian Conditions

Abstract

The optimum leaf number required for normal fruit growth in the regular bearing mango cultivar ‘Amrapali’ and the biennial bearing cultivars ‘Chausa’, ‘Dashehari’ and ‘Langra’ were studied by isolating individual fruits with known numbers of supporting leaves by shoot girdling at the time of fruit set. There were significant differences in the leaf area (249.01-1817.10 cm2), fresh weight (7.0-77.0 g) and dry weight (3.7-50.0 g) of leaves on shoots having 30, 20, 10 and 5 leaves as compared with control in different cultivars. In both types of cultivars, there was a progressive reduction in fruit size in terms of total fruit, pulp, peel, and seed weight with decreasing numbers of supporting leaves, however, a minimum reduction (2.4%) in fruit growth in ‘Amrapali’ was noticed with 30 supporting leaves. A nonsignificant difference in photosynthetic rate with varying number of leaves was found but its efficiency in leaves was higher in ‘Amrapali’ as compared with biennial bearing cultivars. Starch accumulation in the leaves was reduced by shoot girdling. The stomatal resistance of the leaves of girdled shoots was comparable with that of leaves on control shoots. In all the cultivars except ‘Amrapali’ it was observed that 30 leaves, the maximum retained on a shoot, could not support the growth of a single fruit to normal size. The data on rate of photosynthesis in different pool size of leaves and fruit growth in girdled and nongirdled shoots clearly show that fruit development depends not only on the current assimilates but also to a great extent on reserves. A 14CO2 feeding experiment showed a higher rate of carbon fixation in the leaves of girdled shoots than in the control shoots, but the translocation of 14C assimilated to the developing fruits on the girdled and control shoots was comparable. The results also indicated that developing fruits are major sinks for current photosynthates as more than 60 percent of the 14C exported from the treated leaf was found in the fruit in all instances.     

不同温度和湿度条件下光照强度对铁皮石斛光合速率的影响

以铁皮石斛幼苗为试材,研究了在不同温度和湿度条件下光照强度对其光合速率日变化的影响.结果表明:在低温、低湿环境下,光照强度的变化对净光合速率的影响不是特别明显;在低温、高湿下,光合速率值随光照强度增加而增加;在高温、低湿下,光照强度越低其光合速率值反而越高,光照强度最强时其净光合速率值达到最低;当温度为20～25℃、湿度为80％以上、光照强度为240μmol·m-2·s-1时,铁皮石斛的净光合速率达到最大,为其生长的最佳条件.     

不同温度条件下常春藤叶片磷脂变化的比较分析

 以栽培在露地和温室的常春藤(Hedera nepalensis,car．sinensis)为材料,运用荧光偏振、薄层层析扫描、气相色谱等技术测定叶片磷脂流动性、磷脂及其脂肪酸组成配比。结果表明,与温室栽培相比,地栽培的常春藤具有较高的不饱和磷脂和不饱和脂肪酸含量。在低温胁迫下,磷脂酰胆碱(PC)的不饱和脂肪酸水平是影响膜脂流动性的主要因素。通过对不同温度条件下生长的常春藤的磷脂流动性、磷脂和脂肪酸组成的差异性分析,从膜脂组成与结构的角度探讨了常绿阔叶植物的抗寒机理。     

赤霉素对黄瓜幼苗在根区亚低温下生长与氮积累的影响

为了探讨赤霉素(GA)对黄瓜在根区亚低温下氮(N)吸收和代谢的影响机理,以营养液栽培的‘中农26’黄瓜为试材,研究了外源GA对黄瓜在根区亚低温下叶片叶绿素荧光参数、光合参数和碳(C)、氮代谢平衡调节酶活性的影响。结果表明:与根区适温处理相比,根区亚低温使黄瓜幼苗生长受抑,叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的光化学活性、光合放氧速率、净光合速率(Pn)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性等降低,单株C与N积累量的比值(C/N)升高,N代谢消耗的能量减少。外源GA处理缓解了根区亚低温对黄瓜生长的抑制,使PSⅡ光化学活性、光合放氧速率、Pn、PEPCase和SPS活性都有不同程度的提高,C/N值和N代谢消耗的能量恢复至与根区适温处理相当的水平。表明,外源GA可以通过增强光能捕获和CO_2同化能力,调节N、C代谢平衡,促进根区亚低温下黄瓜对N的吸收与代谢。     

高温多雨条件下不同品种青花菜生育期变化规律研究

2011年是气候条件十分特殊的一年,在主要播种期播种的临海青花菜生育期严重提前,基地青花菜上市期严重偏离正常季节.研究发现,青花菜生育期变化存在环境敏感性,不同品种生育期变化敏感性不同,高温和多雨是其生育期变化的2个主导因素.     

温光处理对温室彩椒生长发育及产量的影响

为筛选出适宜彩椒生长的最适温度和光照,以彩椒品种Helsinki Rz为材料,采用裂区试验设计,研究了不同温光条件对彩椒生长、叶片光合特性及产量的影响。试验结果表明,在自然光照+1盏补光灯与自然温度+水暖加温的温光组合(W2G2)条件下,温室彩椒植株的茎粗、叶面积、地上部和根系干质量明显较高;植株的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度最大;产量最高,可达8.80 kg/m2,显著高于其他处理。     

CO2施肥条件下高温对黄瓜生长及理化特性的影响

以津春5号黄瓜为材料,设高温、高湿和高温、常规湿度2个处理,与常规黄瓜生产管理为对照,在CO2施肥条件下,每天中午时段平均40～50℃下处理4 h以上.结果表明:高温处理区黄瓜株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积等指标与对照差异显著,且高温、高湿处理区除茎粗外其它三项指标与高温、常规湿度处理区差异显著,高温、高湿对黄瓜的商品质量有一定的提高,高温、常规湿度使弯曲瓜增多;黄瓜叶片中可溶性蛋白含量呈降低趋势,游离脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶及丙二醛含量均呈升高趋势,且高温、高湿区变化幅度小于高温、常规湿度区.     

低温弱光下不同苦瓜杂交F_1代的生长及叶绿素荧光特性

以‘绿箭霸王’苦瓜品种为对照,研究了4个苦瓜杂交F1代在低温弱光(白天15℃/晚上7℃,80μmol·m-2·s-1)下的生长以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明:低温弱光下苦瓜的株高、叶片数、叶长和叶宽的生长量明显下降,不同杂交组合之间差异明显。苦瓜叶片的叶绿素荧光参数Fo、Fv/Fm、ETR、Yield和qP都有不同程度的下降,非光化学猝灭系数qN有所增加,不同杂交组合下降和增加的幅度不同。从生长量和叶绿素荧光参数综合来看,杂交组合K3和K4在低温弱光下有较好的耐受性,可以作为设施专用品种选育的重要目标。     

Shade Effects on Growth and Development of Cacao Following Two Years of Continuous Dry Season Irrigation

ABSTRACT

The deployment of plantain shade and irrigation (5- and 10-day) intervals) for enhancing survival, field establishment, flowering and pod production of field-grown cacao seedlings in the dry season was investigated. The effects of dry season irrigation was profound on cacao growth, field establishment (over 90% seedling survival) and development, flowering and pod production. For the non-irrigated moderately shaded cacao, about 30% of the transplanted seedlings survived and the achievable percent survival from the various shade-irrigation combinations ranged from 47–90%. Open sun in combination with 5-day irrigation interval had best results in term of growth (root and shoot development and biomass accumulation) and establishment, flowering and pod production. Lower values of air and soil temperatures were obtained for combination of irrigation and shade regimes (dense and moderate) and higher soil moisture contents. The shade-irrigation combinations ameliorated microclimate and enhanced growth and development, seedling survival, root and shoot development, advanced flowering and promoted uniform fruiting/pod production and total bean yield. The effects of dry season irrigation at 5- or 10-day intervals was profound on cacao growth, field establishment (over 90% seedling survival), flowering and pod production. Irrigated unshaded (open sun) cacao had best results in term of growth (root and shoot development and biomass accumulation) and establishment, flowering and pod production. The achievable percent survival from the various shade-irrigation combinations ranged from 47–90%. The drip irrigation strategy adopted ameliorated dry season terminal drought (hydrothermal stresses) and promoted cacao growth, survival and flower/pod production.     

控制条件下CO2与养分交互作用对番茄幼苗生长动态的影响

在营养液栽培条件下,以番茄(合作906)为供试作物,设计不同的CO2及养分浓度处理,研究了CO2与养分的交互作用对番茄生长的影响.结果表明:CO2施肥能增加番茄幼苗各个取样阶段的鲜干生物量、株高、茎粗、壮苗指数,而这些指标对CO2响应的强弱依赖于营养液浓度的高低,高浓度营养液能够强化番茄幼苗对CO2的响应.CO2施肥降低了番茄幼苗根的长度,但增加了根干物质含量,在同一CO2条件下,营养液浓度低有利于根增长,不利于根干物质的积累.根冠比、干鲜比对CO2的响应随营养液浓度改变并不发生有规律的变化.总的趋势是CO2施肥在高浓度营养液条件下增加根冠比,干鲜比.     

日光温室温光条件对番茄营养生长与果实膨大的影响

通过对早春日光温室番茄营养生长期和果实膨大期的光照和温度条件以及番茄生长状况的动态观测,研究了日光温室温光条件对番茄生长和果实膨大的影响。结果表明：在日光温室栽培的番茄营养生长期（3 月中旬）,日均气温、夜间平均温度和浅层地温能有效反映番茄叶面积、茎粗和株高增长的动态变化,光辐射量和昼夜平均温差对叶面积、茎粗和株高的增长影响不大。在番茄果实膨大期（4 月中旬）,日均气温、见光时段小时积温和光辐射量与果实膨大均呈极显著正相关;茎粗、叶面积与果实膨大呈极显著正相关,印证了果实膨大期源-库关系的建立。     

高温下不同空气湿度对温室番茄营养生长的影响

于2009年5~9月采用人工自然光照生长箱(长、宽、高分别为150 cm、120 cm、200 cm)种植番茄,在每天的高温时段(10:00~16:00)进行加湿试验,设置了3个湿度处理,RH分别为:85%~90%(H处理)、65%~70%(M处理),以不加湿RH 35%~40%(L处理)为对照,利用2个番茄品种,研究了在高温(32~35℃)条件下,不同空气湿度对番茄株高、叶片数、茎粗、叶面积等的影响。结果表明:高温条件下,湿度处理没有影响番茄叶片数的发育,但是与对照L处理相比,高湿H(85%~90%)处理使番茄株高增加了12%~14%,茎粗增加了7%~15%,叶面积增加了25%~42%,且品种间表现一致。其中,叶面积的提高幅度最大,可达42%。加湿M(65%~70%)处理也表现出了一定的效果。说明高温下通过增加空气湿度,可以有效的增加番茄的叶面积,提高叶片的光合速率,缓解高温对番茄叶片的灼伤。     

外源水杨酸对低温胁迫下狭叶红景天幼苗生理及膜伤害的影响

以狭叶红景天幼苗为试材,在0℃低温条件下,研究外源SA对狭叶红景天幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量以及膜伤害的影响,探讨外源SA对低温胁迫下红景天幼苗生理及膜伤害的影响。结果表明:在0℃低温胁迫条件下,不同浓度的外源SA总体上均使红景天幼苗叶片CAT、POD、SOD活性不同程度升高,使叶片MDA含量不同程度降低;使叶绿体膜Ca2+-ATP活性、Mg2+-ATP活性不同程度增强。在低温胁迫下,外源SA通过提高抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质含量及渗透调节物质含量,减少了膜脂过氧化产物MDA的产生,叶绿体膜Ca2+-ATP活性、Mg2+-ATP活性的增强,减轻细胞膜的损伤,提高了狭叶红景天幼苗耐低温胁迫的能力;提高狭叶红景天耐寒力的外源物质SA适宜浓度为0.1~0.3mg/L,SA的最适浓度为0.3mg/L。     

土壤未灭菌条件下丛枝菌根对枳实生苗生长和抗旱性的影响

在温室盆栽土壤未灭菌条件下,以枳实生苗[Poncirus trifoliate(L.)Raf.]为试材,研究水分胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae对其生长、可溶性糖含量、水分利用效率和制造1 g干物质用水量的影响。结果表明,在正常水分和水分胁迫条件下,丛枝菌根增加或显著增加枳实生苗的生长量,显著或极显著地提高植株的水分利用效率和叶片、根系内的可溶性糖含量,菌根和水分交互影响根系可溶性糖含量,显著降低制造1 g干物质用水量,节约用水28.4％-31.1％,增强了枳实生苗的抗旱性。