The Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium Magnesium and Lime in Factorial Combination on Ripening Disorders of Glasshouse Tomatoes

The effects of nutrition on the incidence of fruit ripening disorders are described, based on studies of three varieties of tomato (Potentate, Moneymaker and J168) grown with 72 combinations of fertilizers in heated glasshouse borders. The treatments included three levels each of nitrogen and potassium in factorial combination with two levels of phosphorus, magnesium and lime.

Potassium sulphate markedly decreased the overall percentage of unevenly ripened fruit from all three varieties. Magnesium sulphate had a similar but smaller effect; the response to magnesium was greatest at low levels of potassium. The higher level of phosphorus increased the proportion of unevenly ripened fruit, the combination of low potassium and high phosphorus having a particularly adverse effect. The responses to nitrogen were complex and differed between varieties. Lime increased the proportion of unevenly coloured fruit from varieties Moneymaker and J168, significantly in the high nitrogen plots. Numerous other interactions between nutrients were found.

The effects of the treatments on specific forms of ripening disorder were recorded, including greenback, yellow and green blotch, and waxy fruit. Potassium decreased the incidence of all forms of ripening disorder. High phosphorus increased the proportion of blotchy and waxy fruit, but significantly decreased the incidence of greenback in variety Potentate.

Although the intermediate level of potassium in this trial (871 lb. K₂ 0 per acre) had previously been found sufficient for maximum yield, significant improvements in fruit quality were obtained at the highest level (1,742 lb. K₂O per acre).     

The Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Magnesium and Lime in Factorial Combination on the Yields of Glasshouse Tomatoes

Tomato yields and soil analyses from a 3² × 2³ factorial nutritional trial are summarized for six seasons of cropping in heated glasshouse borders. The varieties were Potentate for four seasons, and J168 and Moneymaker (split plot) in the last two seasons. The soil was steamed before planting except in the first and third years.

Deficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased the yields in five out of six seasons, as also did potassium deficiency in four seasons. Significant positive interactions were found between these three nutrients. The highest level of nitrogen (680–830 lb. N per acre) was favourable when both phosphorus and potassium were at adequate levels in unlimed soil. No yield response was found to potassium in excess of the intermediate level (870 lb. K₂O per acre). The main effect of magnesium was not significant, but a positive phosphorus-magnesium interaction was found for variety Moneymaker.

Lime (carbonate) decreased the yield significantly each season. A significant interaction was found between lime and nitrogen level, the adverse effect of lime occurring at the high and intermediate levels of nitrogen. This effect of lime, and the lime-nitrogen interaction, may be due to induced boron deficiency.     

Experiments on Correcting Magnesium Deficiency in Glasshouse Tomatoes

The raspberry moth causes serious damage to cultivated raspberries during certain years, particularly in the Scottish fruit-growing areas where it is a major pest. In the south of England it is less abundant, although in recent years there have been indications that it may become more widespread and plentiful there (Massee, 1939, 1942, 1946).

The female moth lays eggs during June and July in the fleshy tissue at the base of the corolla and androecium. The larva, on hatching from the egg, feeds for a short time on the surface tissue of the developing fruitlet, but within a few days it penetrates into the fruit to feed on the fleshy receptacle. During this period it casts its skin once. From the fruit the second instar larva migrates in search of a place in which to hibernate. Hibernacula appear to be situated mostly in the soil close to the roots of the raspberry plants. Prior to hibernation taking place, the larva moults for the second time, so that it passes the winter as a third instar larva.

With the approach of spring, at the time when the raspberry buds are bursting, the larva leaves its hibernaculum and crawls up a cane until it finds a suitable bud into which it eats a tunnel through the closely packed leaflets. Sometimes a larva, after having consumed the contents of its first bud, leaves it and attacks a second bud which, by this time, may have developed into a young lateral two to three inches long. The larva, which infests a single bud during its spring life, pupates in that bud, but that which infests more than one bud pupates on tie-wires, leaves, canes, supporting posts or similar places. During its spring life the larva passes through another two instars (the fourth and fifth) before pupating.

The full-grown larva prepares for pupation by spinning a white silk cocoon in some suitable place. This takes approximately five days to complete. Within the cocoon the larva pupates and the pupa remains for a period of three weeks.

Adult moths appear in June and are abundant during the second half of the month. Egg- laying then commences and a new generation of the species begins.

The summer larvae, which hatch during July from eggs laid in the flowers by the female moths, do little damage to the fruit because they are very small and their feeding is largely confined to the receptacle tissue.

The most serious damage is perpetrated by the larvae which emerge from hibernation in early spring and bore into the developing buds and laterals. Although their primary buds are killed by the caterpillars these are usually replaced by secondary buds; if these in their turn are largely destroyed by migrating caterpillars the plant’s recovery is prevented because there are no further replacements to overcome the second wave of attack.     

Effects of Nitrogen Supply During Propagation on Flowering and Fruiting of Glasshouse Tomatoes

During the propagation of tomato plants, which were later stopped at the fifth truss, two levels of nitrogen were applied in factorial combination before and after initiation of the first truss. The high level of nitrogen prior to initiation produced earlier flowering and an increased weight of fruit in the first truss. Flower number and earliness of flowering of certain trusses was increased by the high level of nitrogen applied after initiation.

Initially the plants grew faster and cropped earlier in response to high nitrogen, but there were no differences in either the final amount of growth or the final crop. The constancy of the final crop was explained in terms of the concept of a fixed fruit load.

Under the conditions of light in this experiment the results did not suggest that vigorous early growth was detrimental.     

The Effects of Nitrogen,Potassium and Sub-Irrigation on the Yield,Quality and Composition of Single-Truss Tomatoes

The effects of nitrogen and potassium on the growth of single-truss tomatoes and on the yield and quality of the fruit have been examined. Two successive crops of cv. Minicraigella were grown with sub-irrigation in a tiered-trough system, the troughs containing a 7:3:2 mixture of loam, peat and grit. Four concentrations of nitrogen in solution (100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm N) were tested in factorial combination with three concentrations of potassium (200, 300 and 400 ppm K), the treatments being replicated four times.

Plant height and leaf length increased markedly with N concentration, as also did the numbers of flowers and marketable fruits per plant, the mean weight per fruit and the total yield. Low N levels delayed harvesting. The proportion of unevenly ripened fruit decreased with increasing concentrations both of N and K. The percentage of hollow fruits was decreased by high K but increased with N concentration.

The titratable acidity of the expressed fruit juices increased significantly with N concentration (P<0.001) but was little affected by K treatment. The N concentration of the nutrient solution also largely controlled the percentage of K in the leaves and the total uptake of this nutrient. These unexpected results were attributed to stimulation of growth by N, leading to increased water requirement and hence to increased application of both N and K by the automatic sub-irrigation system.

The highest yields and best quality fruit were obtained with 250 ppm N and 400 ppm K in the solution, although lower concentrations of K might be preferable after continued cropping in the same compost.     

氮、磷、钾不同施肥配比对土壤养分的影响

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔贝加尔针茅草甸草原为研究对象,采用正交实验设计,研究了不同水平的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)配施对该地区土壤养分的影响。结果表明:土壤速效氮和速效磷含量对施肥的影响比较敏感,氮素添加会显著增加土壤速效磷含量(P0.05);土壤全氮和全碳含量在氮肥(183kg·hm~(-2))+磷肥(350kg·hm~(-2))+钾肥(28kg·hm~(-2))处理下(N_3P_3K_2)显著高于对照和其它施肥小区(P0.05),NPK配施土壤全钾含量显著高于NP配施(P0.05),因此,综合施肥后土壤养分含量变化,对呼伦贝尔贝加尔针茅草甸草原进行配方施肥时应保持N肥、P肥用量,减少K肥用量。     

Effects of Planting Stage on the Flowering of Glasshouse Tomatoes

The effect of keeping tomato seedlings in pots until the first flower opened, instead of planting them directly into the border at germination, was to hasten flowering of the first and second inflorescences but to delay that of the third and subsequent inflorescences. Delay in planting also tended to increase branching of the first inflorescence and to reduce branching of the second and subsequent inflorescences. The longer the plants were kept in pots before planting, the greater were the effects.     

氮磷钾配比对温室番茄品质的影响

以‘L-402'番茄为试材,采用“311-B”最优组合设计法,研究了氮肥、磷肥和钾肥对温室番茄品质的影响.结果表明:番茄果实中硝酸盐积累量会随着施用的氮肥或钾肥的增加而增加,在一定范围内适当增施磷肥会降低番茄果实中硝酸盐的积累量;同时,增施磷肥会提高番茄果实中可溶性糖含量,而增施钾肥则会增加番茄果实中可溶性糖、维生素C和氨基酸含量.因此适宜的氮磷钾配比可有效提高番茄果实的营养品质,该试验条件下,氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)和钾肥(K2O)的适宜用量分别为75.0、160.8、352.0 kg/hm2.     

如何判断作物缺氮、磷、钾肥

在农业生产中,如果能做到合理施肥,则可以使农作物达到既优质,高产,又不浪费肥料.现将有关判断农作物缺氮、磷,钾肥的经验介绍给大家,供参考.     

氮磷钾肥对莲藕产量和品质的影响

通过分别施用不同水平的氮磷钾肥,研究其对莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)产量和品质的影响.研究结果表明,施用氮磷钾肥对莲藕的产量和品质有明显的影响,施肥的增产效应为氮肥略高于钾肥,氮肥和钾肥远高于磷肥;不同水平的氮磷钾用量中,中等施肥量的处理N450、P180和K450的莲藕产量最高;合理施用氮...     

红壤桔园施用磷钾肥和石灰对温州蜜柑产量及品质的影响

在以前已有一定施磷水平的红壤桔园,施磷无增产作用,但可显著降低果实总酸含量。施钾两年平均增产28.5％,并使果实增大,但使可食率降低,果汁总酸含量增加。施钾对果实品质的这些不良影响,可以通过配施磷肥和石灰得到部分克服。红壤桔园施用石灰石粉的后效至少可以维持3年以上。亩施150公斤石灰石粉的处理3年平均增产37.2％,果实可食率及果汁率提高,固酸比增大。成年红壤桔园撒施石灰,以施用石灰需要量理论计算值的一半左右,柑桔产量最高,此时土壤pH值在6.0以上,而土壤交换性铝含量在0.8毫克当量以下。     

不同浓度氮、磷、钾对蝴蝶兰幼苗生长的影响

采用氮、磷、钾3因素4水平全因子试验设计,研究了不同浓度营养液处理对蝴蝶兰幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:氮浓度250 mg/L、磷浓度15 mg/L、钾浓度150 mg/L对蝴蝶兰幼苗生长、叶面积增长较适合.高磷(60 mg/L)降低幼苗叶长、叶宽及叶面积生长速率;高氮(350mg/L)促使叶细长薄弱,对提高叶面积增长率作用不大;高钾(250mg/L)有助于幼苗叶面积增长率提高和干物质的积累;幼苗叶面积的增长率与叶宽的增长率呈显著正相关;施肥有助于叶宽增长从而促进蝴蝶兰幼苗的叶面积增长.     

不同营养液氮钾比对高品质番茄生长和品质的影响

为明确适宜京郊早春茬塑料大棚高品质番茄的营养液氮钾比,共设置4个氮钾比（1∶1.2、1∶1.5、1∶1.8、1∶2.1）处理,分析其对番茄植株、果实性状、品质、产量等的影响。结果表明：随着钾含量的增加,株高、株高日平均生长速率、叶片数、叶片日平均生长片数均表现先升高后降低,在氮钾比1∶1.5达到峰值。果实横径、纵径、可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、糖酸比都是随着钾含量的增加先增高再降低,在氮钾比1∶1.8达到峰值,其中可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、糖酸比的峰值分别为7.47%、7.03%、7.96。不同处理的单穗坐果数、小区产量、折合667m2产量、折合商品果667 m2产量差异均达显著水平,在氮钾比1∶1.5达到最大峰值,其中折合667 m2产量、折合商品果667 m2产量的峰值分别为2 984.3、2 583.5 kg。氮钾比1∶1.5的脐腐果比例最低,为13%,比其他处理降低6～8百分点。在生产上需要根据生产目的调整营养液氮钾比,氮钾比1∶1.5能够满足追求产量的需要,氮钾比1∶1.8能够兼顾追求产量和品质的需求。     

The Influence of Soil and Air Temperatures on Cropping of Glasshouse Tomatoes

Results from an 8-year-old Jonathan rootstock trial at Havelock North Research Orchard are presented. The following vigorous selections, Merton 779, 789, 793 ; Mailing XXV, 411, and Malling-Merton 109 were compared with Mailing XVI, II, and Northern Spy.

It was found that Merton 793 was the most promising vigorous rootstock and Northern Spy was still the best selection of moderate vigour.

Heavy cropping was found to be associated with a spreading habit of growth.

It is suggested that tree volume may be a more reliable indication of tree size than trunk girth.

The adverse influence of an adjoining poplar hedge was clearly demonstrated.     

氮、磷、钾对荆芥产量及挥发油含量的影响

采用三因素二次D饱和最优设计,研究氮、磷、钾及其配比对荆芥产量和挥发油含量影响。结果表明:氮、磷、钾肥合理施用能明显促进荆芥产量和挥发油含量。施肥能通过促进二级分枝发育来提高荆芥分枝数及穗数。全量氮、钾肥与磷肥复合处理中二级分枝最多,单施氮肥效果次之。施肥能提高荆芥产量,主要增产效果体现在芥穗产量的增加上。复合型肥料比单肥效果好,营养平衡型肥料又好于营养失调型。单施氮肥或氮钾复合肥能提高茎叶挥发油含量,过量施用磷肥使挥发油含量降低。根据数学模型的计算结果,确定最佳施肥量:氮(N)为195.8 kg/hm2,磷(P2O5)为92.6 kg/hm2,钾(K2O)为130.3 kg/hm2。     

香蕉不同器官中NPK含量及其积累规律

为探讨香蕉体内氮磷钾的含量及分布特点,采用整株肢解法,研究了香蕉不同生育期根、球茎、假茎、叶及果、果轴的氮、磷和钾含量.结果表明,不同生育时期,香蕉根系、假茎、球茎、叶、果实和果轴6个器官中的氮磷钾含量与分布不同.在香蕉抽蕾前,氮分布为叶＞球茎＞假茎＞根系,磷为假茎＞叶＞球茎＞根系,钾为假茎＞根系＞叶＞球茎;抽蕾后,氮...     

榛子果实氮、磷、钾、钙元素的相关性分析

以杂种榛优良品系为试材,定期检测果实、果仁及果壳中氮、磷、钾、钙元素的含量并分析其相关性.结果表明:果实和果仁中的N、P,N、K,P、K显著或极显著正相关,果仁中P、Ca,K、Ca显著或极显著正相关.果仁和果实中的N、K、Ca显著或极显著正相关,果仁和果皮中的N极显著负相关,Ca显著正相关.果仁与果实、果仁与果皮中的P不存在相关性.     

氮磷钾对青花菜产量和品质的影响

以青花菜品种“绿丰”为试材,研究了氮磷钾对青花菜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施氮钾增产效果显著,过多的施用氮肥促进硝态氮的积累显著,施钾可有效抑制硝态氮的积累;土壤钾含量较低的情况下,施氮增产不明显;施氮青花菜维生素C含量增加不显著,钾对青花菜维生素C积累作用明显.     

氮磷钾配方施肥对北苍术生长及有效成分含量的影响

以北苍术为试材,采用正交实验与大田试验相结合的方法,研究了氮磷钾配方施肥对北苍术光合特性、生长指标及有效成分含量的影响,以期为北苍术的人工栽培提供施肥指导。结果表明:不同的氮磷钾配方施肥对北苍术植株光合作用、生长指标及有效成分含量均有显著性影响,且隶属函数分析发现北苍术高产优质的最优施肥方案为(N2P3K1)氮肥(N)180 kg·hm^-2、磷肥(P2O5)225 kg·hm^-2、钾肥(K2O)105 kg·hm^-2。该施肥方案下光合作用条件最优,生长指标最佳,有效成分含量最高,其中根茎鲜质量较空白组提高1.95倍,白术内酯Ⅱ、β-桉叶醇、苍术素、苍术酮含量分别提高1.53、8.03、1.60、2.98倍。因此,氮磷钾配方施肥是北苍术高产优质的保障,合理的施肥方案为"重施磷肥,适当补施氮钾肥"。