不同氮素水平对草莓氨基酸和蛋白质的影响

对不同氮素水平下草莓(FragariaananssaDuch.)果实中的氨基酸和蛋白质进行了分析,结果表明:在所测出的17种氨基酸中,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸等是草莓主要的氨基酸,其中天冬氨酸含量最高,占总氨基酸的21.27%～26.83%,其含量与总氨基酸之间存在显著相关性,回归方程为yaa=4.2545+1.6763xAsp(r=0.6858),并且施氮量对这些主要氨基酸的含量变化幅度影响较大。花期追施不同水平氮肥后,随着施氮量增加,蛋白质和氨基酸含量呈增加趋势,必需氨基酸含量亦增加,但占总氨基酸的比例下降。不同氮素水平(低量、中量、高量)下,蛋白质与氨基酸的含量均是随成熟期先下降后上升,而对照(不施氮肥)呈一直下降趋势。蛋白质与氨基酸之间也存在相关性,回归方程为yPr=1.2665+3.4259xaa(r=0.7664)。     

Cold Storage of Strawberry Plants

Abstract

Cold storage has not only been a good method to overwinter strawberry plants safely and to compensate for the lack of natural chilling. Initially cold stored plants were used for early spring cropping only. Meanwhile this technique has become a normal commercial practice among growers in central Europe and has given them the opportunity to extend the strawberry production season from July until January. Cold stored waiting bed plants have been used since the early seventies in The Netherlands and Belgium and currently represent an important part of strawberry production. These sixty-day-plants are planted mainly outdoors in the soil for a production from July until September. More recently waiting bed plants have gained popularity in the UK, Germany and northern Italy to extend the season. Alternatively in France and Germany cold stored runner (A+) plants are traditionally being used for a summer production outdoors followed by a spring crop. During the last decade module or tray plants have gained popularity for autumn cropping on substrate culture in plastic tunnels and greenhouses. During the most recent years the programmed “out of season” production of strawberries has become more important in several European countries. Intensive research has been going on concerning the improvement of the growing techniques and quality of plant material and cold Storage conditions.     

北京市草莓销售现状及对策

为了了解北京市草莓销售情况,通过对京郊10个区县莓农的调研和访谈,对北京市2014—2015年草莓生产品种、销售价格、销售方式、影响销售因素进行了分析。结果表明:大规模生产者、园区通过采摘、礼品箱、网络电商等方式销售价格较高,而草莓品质和知名度是影响销售最重要的因素。同时提出促进草莓销售流通的相关建议,包括提升品质、扩大知名度、发展稳定客源、扩大销售渠道等。     

不同施氮量对设施草莓生长状况的影响

为了完善塔城地区的草莓施肥制度,以红颜草莓为研究对象,在第九师团结农场温室开展不同施氮量对草莓植物学性状和产量性状等指标影响的研究.结果表明:滴灌草莓各项指标基本上随着施氮量增加而呈现单峰抛物线形状,氮素效应回归方程为:y=8697.7+181.99N-0.7904N2,R2=0.9722,从水肥高效角度考虑,对氮素效...     

Trials of Burning and Mowing Strawberry Plants after Cropping

Trials were carried out at East Mailing from 1960 to 1962 to assess the efficiences against codling moth of spray programmes comprising high- volume applications of o?2% lead arsenate. A programme of two sprays applied three weeks apart, the first application being made about ten days after larvae began to hatch, was used as a standard in each trial.

The addition of a petal-fall spray to the standard programme resulted in better control, particularly of calyx entries, total damage being reduced in three trials by 76%, 85%, and 93% as compared with 65%, 63%, and 57% respectively. Three sprays applied at fortnightly intervals from the beginning of the hatching period also gave better control than the standard programme, reducing damage by 80% as compared with 56%. A programme of two sprays, the first applied at the beginning of the hatching period and the second three weeks later, appeared to give poorer control than the standard in one trial and better control in another, but the difference was not significant in either trial.

The extent to which the number and timing of lead arsenate sprays is restricted by harvest residue considerations is discussed with reference to chemical data obtained during these trials.     

武汉市草莓产业现状、问题及建议

草莓营养丰富、种植经济效益高,近几年在武汉地区发展迅猛.对武汉地区草莓产业的栽培、育苗、育种等现状进行了分析,发现存在技术水平参差不齐、品种相对简单、栽培方式保守、种苗质量不稳定、产业链延伸不够等问题,并有针对性地提出了相关建议.     

草莓对不同形态氮素的吸收与分配

 以水培‘鬼怒甘’草莓(Fragaria grandiflora Ehrh. ‘Guinugan’) 为试材, 利用¹⁵N示踪技术研究果实迅速生长期对不同形态氮素的吸收分配特性。结果表明: 根际施肥, ¹⁵N吸收利用率依次为: 硫酸铵>甘氨酸>硝酸钙>谷氨酸, 与硝态氮混施, 铵态氮、甘氨酸态氮¹⁵N利用率提高; 叶片涂抹模拟根外追肥, ¹⁵N利用率依次为尿素>甘氨酸>谷氨酸。果实对硝酸钙的竞争力低于叶片, 对硫酸铵、甘氨酸和谷氨酸的竞争力强于叶片。     

The Influence of Controlled Atmospheres on the Respiration Rates and Storage Behaviour of Strawberry Fruits

The output of CO₂ from strawberries, cv. Cambridge Favourite, held at 4.5 °C in air, I, 2 or 5% 0₂ fell to a minimum after 5 days. Thereafter the rate increased, more rapidly in air (in which rotting was more prevalent) than in 1 or 2% O₂.

Strawberry fruits stored at 3 °C in air, 5, 10, 15 and 20% CO₂ remained in good condition for 10 days, and all concentrations of CO₂ reduced rotting due to Botrytis. The alcohol content of the fruit increased with the length of storage and with higher concentrations of CO₂; 20% CO₂ caused severe injury after 30 days.

It is suggested that long-term storage in O₂ concentrations of 1% or lower may lead to off-flavours, and that the use of higher CO₂ concentrations may be restricted to storage for up to 7 days where adequate refrigeration is unavailable. Loss of flavour which occurred under all conditions after 15–20 days appears to be the main factor limiting the long-term storage of United Kingdom strawberries.     

穴盘规格对草莓苗生长及栽后生长和结果的影响

以红颜草莓为试材,研究了不同穴盘规格对草莓苗生长及定植后生长结果的影响。结果表明:本研究所采用的4种规格中,"15穴"规格繁育的草莓苗株高、株幅、茎粗、叶面积、根长、根数、地上鲜重和根鲜重分别为14.60 cm、295.84 cm^2、0.40 cm、93.76 cm^2、15.5 cm、17.67根、4.33 g和0.99 g,均显著高于其他3个处理。定植后,不同规格穴盘繁育的苗在果实成熟期方面,"50穴"始花期最大可提前11 d,成熟期最大可提前8 d;产量方面,以"50穴"繁育的苗为最优,平均单果质量、单株产量分别为28.29 g和419.87 g;品质方面,"50穴"繁育的苗可溶性蛋白(17.62 mg/100 mg)、维生素C(72.62 mg/100 mg)、可溶性糖(4.31%)含量均为最高,且显著高于其他3个处理。总体来说, 50穴孔规格的穴盘比较适宜红颜草莓种苗的生产。     

杂草还田对盆栽草莓植株生长发育的影响

盆栽条件下,对添加杂草后土壤指标和草莓植株相关指标进行研究.结果表明：随着杂草施入量的增加,改善了土壤理化性质,增加了土壤养分含量,进而促进了草莓植株的生长发育,提高了草莓叶片光合速率和根系活力,逐渐增加了植株的干物质含量.添加4%比例（重量比）的杂草后草莓植株的各项指标均最佳,在草莓生产中值得参考.     

Growth of the Strawberry Plant in Relation to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition

Strawberry plants were grown in conditions producing moderate or severe deficiencies of phosphorus and nitrogen, and the effect on leaf growth assessed in terms of weight and area increases, and the number and size of their constituent cells. Deficiency of both phosphorus and nitrogen reduced the rate of leaf production. Decreased leaf areas were due almost entirely to lower cell numbers and, to a lesser extent in severe deficiency, to smaller cells. The rate of cell production was markedly reduced by phosphorus and nitrogen deficiency, but continued until maximum leaf area was attained, increases in mean cell size having ceased earlier. There was no nutritional effect on cell number or cell size before leaf emergence and it is suggested that the rapid divergence of response thereafter may be related to photosynthetic development after emergence.

The effect of phosphorus and nitrogen deficiency on potential fruit yield was confined to the inhibition of branch crown proliferation and the lack of available sites for flower initiation. There was no effect of nutrient level on the number of flowers initiated on each apical meristem. Results suggest that any manipulation of nutrient status aimed at increasing fruit yields should be predominantly concerned with increasing branch crown formation, thus providing additional sites for flower initiation.     

Status of Macrophomina phaseolina on Strawberry in California and Preliminary Characterization of the Pathogen

ABSTRACT

Macrophomina crown and root rot has become a significant soil-borne disease issue in California. For many locations in the state, the disease is associated with fields that are no longer pre-plant, flat field fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin. Inoculation experiments indicated that some differences in strawberry cultivar susceptibility to Macrophomina phaseolina were seen a short time after the inoculation, but as disease progressed such differences did not persist. Preliminary characterization studies of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from strawberry indicated that such isolates may have a host preference for strawberry. Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from watermelon, thyme, and apple failed to cause disease in strawberry. Five cover crop species, which can be rotated with strawberry, did not develop disease when inoculated with strawberry isolates. In preliminary analysis using simple sequence repeat markers, isolates obtained from strawberry formed a separate group compared to isolates recovered from other known Macrophomina phaseolina hosts.     

沼液对草莓植株性状及果实品质的影响

试验设沼液(100%、50%)、豆饼液肥、化肥、清水5个处理,研究沼液对草莓植株性状及品质的影响.结果表明,沼液(50%)处理对植株形态指标的作用效果明显优于其它处理,并使物候期提前,提高果实维生素C含量及果实风味,植株产量比对照增加28.9%.     

深度学习方法在草莓病虫害防治中的应用现状与展望

草莓果肉鲜美,营养价值高,素有“水果皇后”的美誉,然而,草莓的生长特性使其容易受到多种病虫害的影响;因此,病虫害的识别和防治对于保证草莓品质和产量至关重要。病虫害识别是病虫害防治的前提,深度学习方法因其具有可以自动学习并提取特征的特点而被越来越多地与图像识别技术结合并应用于农作物病虫害识别。基于此,介绍了基于深度学习的草莓病害识别流程,综述了近年来深度学习方法在草莓病虫害识别方面的研究进展,指出深度学习方法应用于草莓病虫害防治具有高效率、鲁棒性好和泛化能力强的优势,但也存在计算资源要求高、数据标注主观性和实际应用场景有限等局限性。在未来通过创建数据集共享平台,采用模型压缩技术,以及将深度学习与物联网、机器人等技术更紧密结合,将进一步提升应用效果、降低防治成本,助力绿色防控。     

草莓去果降低库力对叶片光合特性和光破坏防御系统的影响

 以‘甜查理’草莓（Fragaria ananassa Duch.‘Sweet Charlie’）为试验材料,研究了通过去果处理降低库力对草莓叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶和抗氧化物质日变化的影响。与留果对照相比,去果处理的草莓叶片光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率明显降低,而胞间CO2浓度相对增高。去果明显降低了叶片光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）实际量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）和开放的PSⅡ反应中心激发能捕获效率（Fv’/Fm’）,但非光化学猝灭（NPQ）值却明显提高。去果处理叶片中过氧化氢（H2O2）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧阴离子自由基火（）产生速率明显高于留果对照,说明去果处理使得草莓叶片受到了活性氧的伤害。去果后,抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性以及抗氧化物质抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量较留果对照显著提高,说明植物体通过上调抗氧化酶活性和提高抗氧化物质含量来应对去果处理带来的活性氧的增加,以减轻活性氧带来的伤害。     

几种水生植物对氮素的利用及园林应用

对云南省广泛分布的金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogetonmaackianus)、茭草(Zizania caduciflora)、菱角(Trapajaponica)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)5种水生植物进行了含水量、硝氮、总氮及硝酸还原酶活性测定和比较。结果表明:5种水生植物吸收利用氮素的能力存在差异,微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻对硝氮的吸收转化能力均较强,菱角对硝氮的吸收累积能力较强但是转化能力弱,环境中的氮素能明显增加茭草对硝氮的转化能力。根据不同植物对氮素利用能力的差异可将其合理的应用于园林造景中。     

杓兰属植物研究现状

从杓兰种质资源分布、生殖生物学、菌根生物学、药用与化学成分及栽培管理等方面综述了该属植物的研究现状,发现了杓兰属植物研究与利用存在的问题及不足,对未来发展方向进行了展望和建议.     

不同性能薄膜对草莓气调保鲜效果的影响

以PE/OPP/PE复合膜、PE膜及电晕处理PE膜为试材,采用与空气相同(21%O_2+0.9%CO2)的初始气体比例被动气调包装件,研究不同透气、透湿性能的薄膜对草莓气调保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:在室温(15±2)℃、相对湿度33%~35%的条件下,在草莓6d贮存期内,PE/OPP/PE复合膜保持了草莓较高的感官评价和硬度,电晕处理PE膜更有利于延缓草莓可溶性固形物含量的下降及pH的升高。故PE/OPP/PE复合膜和电晕处理PE膜对草莓的保鲜效果优于PE膜。     

设施草莓组培快繁研究现状分析

草莓作为多年生小浆果,具有较高的食用价值和经济价值,在巨大的市场需求和设施栽培方式的刺激下,草莓的栽培面积不断扩大,通过草莓组织培养不仅可以为生产上提供大量的脱毒草莓植株,而且对草莓新品种的繁育和草莓种质资源的保存具有重要意义。现从国内外草莓组织培养研究现状、草莓组织培养的主要方式等进行了论述,对草莓组织培养过程中出现的问题及解决方法提出了意见,减少组织培养过程中造成的不必要损失,提高设施草莓种植的经济价值和社会价值。     

镉对草莓幼苗根尖氧化系统和基因组DNA损伤的影响

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术和生理生化方法检测镉胁迫对草莓幼苗根尖氧化系统和DNA多态性的影响。结果表明,用5、10和15 mg · L-1镉（CdCl2 · 2.5H2O）处理6 d后,草莓幼苗根伸长及根系中可溶性蛋白质含量均受到抑制,根尖活性氧爆发（超氧阴离子产生速率升高和过氧化氢含量增加）,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降,DNA增色效应减少。选用8条寡核苷酸引物（10 bp）对草莓幼苗根尖细胞中基因组DNA进行RAPD扩增,对照组图谱中可分辨出88条RAPD谱带,其分子量为150 ~ 3 500 bp,处理组与对照组RAPD图谱之间存在明显差异,且与镉浓度之间存在剂量效应关系。镉影响草莓幼苗根尖细胞中基因组模板的稳定性,活性氧爆发和DNA交联是根尖DNA损伤的主要原因,利用RAPD技术获得的DNA多态性变化可作为检测草莓根尖DNA损伤的指标。