苹果叶营养元素含量的影响因素分析

 通过采样分析及肥料定位试验, 研究了采样时期、品种、砧木、产量、施肥等因素对苹果叶营养元素含量的影响。结果表明: 苹果叶营养元素含量的季节性变化明显; 富士、秦冠、红星、金冠、嘎拉等5个苹果品种间的叶N、P、Ca、B、Mn、Zn含量存在显著差异; M9、M26、M7、MM106矮化中间砧(新疆野苹果基砧) 和新疆野苹果乔化砧上, 苹果品种间叶营养元素含量存在差异, M9的K、Fe高而其余元素含量偏低, M26的Mg、Mn、Zn高而K、Fe低, M7的N、P、Cu、Fe、Zn较高, MM106的N、Mn高而K低, 乔化砧的Fe高而Cu、Zn低; 不同产量水平果园间叶营养元素含量不同, 高产果园较低产园N、Mg、Zn元素含量高而P、K含量低; 施肥提高叶K含量效果明显, N次之, P效果缓慢。     

Virus,Fertilizer and Rootstock Effects on the Nutrition of Young Apple Trees

The chemical analyses of leaves of young apple trees on three clonal rootstocks with four different virus infections were compared. The trees were grown on plots that had received different N, P and K treatments for 40 years.

The viruses reduced leaf-N most in the one-year-old trees, and the effect was greater than that of 63 units per acre of fertilizer-N. Interactions occurred between virus and rootstocks; the leaf-N of trees on MM. 111 was reduced more by the viruses than that of trees on the other rootstocks. The omission of fertilizer-N had little effect on the leaf-N in one-year-old trees, but as they aged the effect became significant.

Fertilizer, virus and rootstock treatments all affected the levels of leaf-P. Virus effects were greatest on the leaf-P with rootstock MM. 104 and least with MM. 111, and leaf-P with MM. 104 was generally higher than that of trees on the other rootstocks. The omission of fertilizer-N increased leaf-P more than did the application of fertilizer-P.

Rootstock and fertilizer treatments affected the level of leaf-K throughout the experiment, but virus effects were significant only in the two-year-old trees.

Magnesium and calcium levels in the leaves were affected by fertilizer, root-stock and virus treatments. The presence of viruses usually reduced both magnesium and calcium, and trees on MM. 106 were generally higher in leaf-Mg and Ca than trees on the other rootstocks. The effects of the latent viruses on nutrition as indicated by leaf analysis were less than those shown on growth and flowering.     

Effect of interstock (M.9 and M.27) on vegetative growth and yield of apple trees (cv “Annurca”)

With the purpose of obtaining apple plants with reduced vigour but deep and expanded root apparatus, more adapted for establishment of apple orchards in dry, windy areas and higher altitudes, different interstem/rootstock combinations were compared, using seedling as rootstock and, alternatively, two weak interstocks (M.9 and M.27). For all treatments the plants were grafted at two height from soil (10 and 20 cm), interposing interstock 10 or 20 cm long. Plants with interstock showed lower vegetative growth in comparison with control plants with a reduction of 80% (M.27) and of 50% (M.9) of canopy growth. Moreover, use of interstock determined, as compared with the control plants, an increase of fruit production and average fruit weight. It was noted that increasing the interstock length, caused reduction of plants vigour and fruit production. The results showed that, the combination “Annurca Rossa del Sud”/M.9 (10 cm long)/seedling rootstock (20 cm high) was the most efficient for productivity, early maturing and plant vigour control.     

Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.     

苹果生长素运输基因MdABCB19的克隆及其在矮化砧木中的表达分析

以苹果矮化砧木M9和乔化砧木MM106为材料,克隆到一个3 753 bp的核苷酸序列,其编码1 250个氨基酸,含有两个ABC_membrance结构域,两个ABC_tran结构域,与梨、油菜和拟南芥的ABCB19基因高度同源,命名为MdABCB19。该序列在M9和MM106中存在一个非同义SNP,编码氨基酸由A突变为S,导致M9α螺旋少了一段。表达量分析表明,MdABCB19在砧木M9和MM106、长富2号/M9和长富2号/MM106均差异表达。启动子序列分析发现M9的MdABCB19启动子在起始密码子上游170 bp处有6个碱基(CTCTGT)缺失,导致缺失一个5'UTR Py-rich stretch motif。MM106的MdABCB19启动子活性高于M9,并且受光照调控。推测M9的MdABCB19启动子5'UTR Py-rich stretch motif缺失可能与其MdABCB19低表达有关;而氨基酸突变导致蛋白质三级结构α螺旋结构改变是否影响生长素运输,有待进一步研究。上述研究表明苹果MdABCB19可能通过调控生长素转运参与砧木苗矮化性状的调控。     

苹果树矮化中间砧SH6 对幼树氮素吸收、分配和贮藏的影响

 以2 年生大田栽培矮化中间砧富士苹果（宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶）幼树和乔砧富士苹果（宫 藤富士/平邑甜茶）幼树为试材,通过春季土施15N–尿素研究了SH6 矮化中间砧对苹果幼树N 素的吸收、 利用及贮藏的影响。结果表明：与SH6 矮化中间砧幼树相比,乔砧幼树长势强,净生长量大。树体各器 官的Ndff 值均表现为乔砧幼树大于SH6 矮化中间砧幼树;两种类型苹果幼树15N 分配率表现出一致规律, 即叶片中最高,新梢和粗根中次之,中心干最小,其中40% ~ 70%氮素分配给新生器官（新梢和叶）;秋 梢停长期,乔砧幼树地上部新生器官N 肥分配率（63.66%）明显高于SH6 矮化中间砧幼树（57.68%）, 乔砧幼树氮素利用率（14.32%）显著高于SH6 矮化中间砧幼树氮素利用率（8.55%）;秋季落叶后,乔砧 幼树叶片中有33.11%的氮素回撤到树体内,而SH6 矮化中间砧幼树叶片有36.92%回撤到树体内,除细根 外,各个器官均有氮素回流贮藏,其中粗根和皮层是苹果氮素主要的贮藏部位,乔砧幼树地下部氮素增 量为8.34%,明显大于SH6 矮化中间砧幼树的增量6.85%。SH6 中间砧对苹果幼树氮素吸收及回流上均 有显著的阻滞作用。     

不同中间砧苹果树光合速率比较研究

嫁接在同一基砧不同中间砧上的玫瑰红苹果树的光合速率有明显差异。叶幕形成期矮化性强的Ｍ９、Ｍ２６中间砧组光合速率高；叶幕形成后的不同时期，以Ｍ４、Ｚｉ和Ｍ７３种中间砧组光合速率较高，稳定性亦较好，Ｍ２６、ＭＭ１０６中间砧组光合速率最低．稳定性最差．各中间砧组合光合速率年周期变化动态趋势不同，Ｍ４、Ｍ９中间砧组９月下旬至１０月下旬为上升型，Ｍ２６、ＭＭ１０６中间砧组为下降型，Ｍ７、Ｚ１中间砧组为相对平稳型。各中间砧组光合速率差异与叶的发育状况及单株产量无关。利用Ｍ４、Ｚｉ、Ｍ７作中间砧是提高元帅系短枝型苹果树光合速率的一条栽培途径。     

The Relationship Between Growth Vigour of Rootstock and Phenolic Contents in Apple (Malus × domestica)

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different growth vigorous rootstocks on phenolic compounds in leaves of apple. For this purpose it was used the leaves of cultivar ‘Red Chief’ grafted on dwarf (M9), semi-dwarf (M26) and semi-vigorous (MM106) rootstocks. During mid-July, the leaf samples were taken from the middle part of annual shoots. Phenolics of the leaves were determined by HPLC analysis. While significant differences among the rootstocks for p-hydroxybenzoic acid, eriodictyol, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were detected, these differences were insignificant for gallic acid and quercetin. It was shown that semi-vigorous rootstocks (MM106) had higher phenolic contents in total than the other two dwarf rootstocks. In addition, apigenin-7-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, epicatechin, syringic acid, catechin, rutin, resveratrol, hesperidin, naringenin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin could not to be detected. Data showed that there is the relationship between growth vigour and phenolic contents of apple leaves. Especially, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and p-coumaric acid contents were higher in semi-vigorous rootstock than in dwarf rootstock.     

Crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple in Britain: Observations on natural outbreaks,and experiments on artificially inducing the disease in the field

Crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple came to prominence in Britain in the 1960s following the introduction of certain new types of clonal rootstock. Observations on crown rot outbreaks over the period 1976 to 1984 were as follows: only rootstocks MM.104 and MM.106 were affected; infection occurred in the bark of the rootstock axis below soil level; lesions caused girdling, and sometimes appeared above soil level and spread down the main roots to a limited extent; infection occurred during the growing season but disease development ceased with the onset of winter and did not resume the following year; trees on MM. 104 were susceptible throughout the life of the orchard while trees on MM. 106 were susceptible only during the establishment years; disease outbreaks occurred sporadically. Crown rot was induced experimentally on trees grafted on MM. 104 and on M.25 in field trials by irrigating for four to six weeks through inoculum applied to the base of the trees. No crown rot occurred on grafted MM.106 or on other grafted rootstocks in the same trials, although lesions developed above soil level on a few trees. The limited experimental data indicated that MM.104 was liable to attack throughout the growing season. The importance of environmental influences on the susceptibility of rootstocks to crown rot is discussed.     

The relative effects of rootstocks and calcium sprays on the appearance of internal breakdown and superficial scald of ‘Red Delicious’ apples during storage

The 2-year investigation involved storing fruit samples from each tree in a trial of 8 rootstocks with the locally selected ‘Lalla Red Delicious’ to see how the storage characteristics were modified by rootstock and/or calcium sprays.The 6 spray applications of calcium made a significant reduction in the incidence of internal breakdown in both years, although the magnitude of the response varied from rootstock to rootstock in 1976. There were no significant rootstock effects in 1975, and in 1976 they were eliminated where calcium sprays were used. In the absence of calcium sprays in 1976, apples from ‘M. 16’ produced significantly more internal breakdown than those from any of the other stocks, with ‘MM. 107’ producing the second highest level. At the other end of the scale, apples from ‘MM. 110’ had the lowest incidence, closely followed by ‘M. 1.’ The remaining 4 stocks (‘11 immune’, ‘M.13’, ‘M.25’ and ‘Seedling’) gave intermediate readings and were not significantly different from each other.The calcium spray treatments also significantly reduced the incidence of superficial scald with all rootstocks. The main rootstock effect observed was that apples from ‘MM. 110’ and ‘M. 1’ had significantly less scald than from 5 of the other 6 rootstocks.     

Rootstock and pruning effects on first season dry weight distribution in delicious apple trees

Redchief Delicious apple trees on MM. 106 and M.9 rootstocks were left unpruned, dormant headed at planting, or summer headed 12 weeks after planting, to investigate pruning and rootstock effects on dry weight distribution between roots and shoots during the first growing season. Dormant heading stimulated new shoot dry weight and reduced new root dry weight during the first six weeks after planting. However, by 12 weeks differences in new root dry weight and new shoot dry weight were insignificant. Summer heading resulted in a significant increase in new shoot growth and decrease in new root growth. This caused the root/shoot ratio in headed trees to return to the unpruned value within six weeks after summer heading. New root growth was reduced over a longer time by dormant heading trees on MM. 106 than those on M.9. New shoot growth was increased longer in trees on M.9. Allometric constants (K) of new shoot growth relative to new root growth were significantly changed by dormant heading with both rootstocks. Summer heading had the greatest effect on K values by shifting growth heavily toward new shoots. Root/shoot ratios in all treatments for both rootstocks showed no differences 24 weeks after planting.     

Performance of ‘Discovery’ apple on M.9, M.26 and MM.106 rootstocks at two densities

Summary

The apple rootstocks M.9, M.26, and MM.106 were evaluated for their efficiency in bringing ‘Discovery’ apple trees into production. The experiment, carried out over a ten- year period compared two planting densities at 1666 and 3333 trees per ha. Tree vigour differences between rootstocks were measured in term of trunk growth, tree volume, weight of branches pruned off and final weight of the above-ground parts of the trees. Fruit production is presented both as total yield and as the weight of first class fruit. Fruit colour development is also shown. Cropping efficiency is calculated and presented in relation to the different vigour measurements. The results confirm that ‘Discovery’ is slow to come into production. M.9 was the most productive rootstock, but due to vigour differences MM.106 gave the same yields per tree, although the latter had the lower yield efficiency. M.26 performed poorly; its vigour was similar to M.9 but it produced the lowest yields.     

Effects of different rootstocks and training systems on the mineral composition of ‘Delicious’ apple leaves

Leaf mineral composition as affected by different rootstocks, cultivars, training systems and their combinations was measured during 1987 and 1988. Trees on M.7 had significantly higher concentrations of N, P and Fe, whereas those on MM. 106 maintained higher values of K, Ca, Mg and Mn during both years. Between cultivars, Red ‘Delicious’ showed greater accumulation of N, P, Mg and Fe but K and Cu levels were found to be more in Starking ‘Delicious’. All mineral nutrients except Ca and Mg accumulated more in spindle-bush trained trees than those under modified central leader system. The Mineral composition of Starking ‘Delicious’ grafted on M.7 rootstock and trained as a spindle bush produced the best yield efficiency and fruit quality, and fell within the normal range.     

苹果紧凑型品种和矮化砧木内源激素的变化

 以不同矮化程度的苹果品种、砧木和嫁接植株为试材, 研究了春梢旺长期茎尖和春梢停长期叶片的内源激素变化。结果表明, 与普通型品种相比, 紧凑型品种茎尖和叶片中的赤霉素(GA₁₊₃) 含量显著降低而细胞分裂素(CTKs) 含量显著升高, 紧凑型品种的CTKs/ GA₁₊₃约是普通型品种的4. 78～6. 24 倍。不同矮化程度的砧木间相比, 春梢停长期叶片中, M9 的IAA 含量比平邑甜茶降低了53. 7 %。以M26作中间砧, 显著降低了接穗叶片和基砧新根中的IAA 含量; 但以新红星作中间砧则影响较小。将M26中间砧与紧凑型品种组合, 与乔砧普通型植株相比, 春梢停长期叶片和新根中IAA 含量分别下降了46. 1 %和33. 3 %,CTKs/ GA₁₊₃是其2. 8～3. 6 倍, 其变化幅度大于单一应用矮化砧、紧凑型品种的植株。因此, 紧凑型、矮化砧具有不同的激素调节机制, GA、CTK在紧凑型品种矮化中起重要作用, 而矮砧的矮化可能与IAA 密切相关。     

SDC系苹果矮化砧木生长、结果及抗逆性的研究

以SDC系苹果砧木为试材,连续9年观察测定了在其上嫁接的红星树早花、早果、产量、果实品质、树体矮化性及抗逆性等生物学特性.结果表明:(1)SDC系砧木嫁接树比M9、M7嫁接树提早1—2年开花结果,幼树期花量密度大,5年生树总花序数及单位树干面积花序数明显高于M9和M7.(2)果皮色素花青苷含量、果肉可溶性固形物含量和总糖量均高于M9和M7,果实外观及内在品质优良.(3)幼树矮化性状明显,树高/冠幅比值小,树冠开张.(4)叶片蒸腾量小.脱落酸(ABA)含量高,单位叶面积失水量小,抗旱性强.(5)嫁接树越冬期枝条自由水含量高,抽条率明显低于M9,越冬能力强.并对SDC系砧木的优缺点进行了讨论.     

Field resistance of apple rootstocks to Phytophthora cactorum infection

Summary

Six different two year old apple rootstocks with ‘Spur Mcintosh’ scions were inoculated with Phytophthora cactorum and evaluated for susceptibility to this pathogen at the Summerland Research Station from 1982–92. In addition the effect of nursery source on the susceptibility of three rootstocks was compared. The rootstock MM.Ill remained healthy for ten years while MM.106 was very susceptible to P. cactorum crown rot. No significant difference in resistance to P. cactorum was observed between MM.lll and M.4, and M.7a. Fruit yield was significantly lower for MM.106 than with MM.lll, M.4, M.7a, and M.7 in 1990 and 1992. The susceptibility of M.26 from both nurseries to P. cactorum was similar to that of MM.106 from Traas Nursery. A significant difference in susceptibility to P. cactorum was observed between the two sources of MM.106 rootstock from 1984–1990; the MM.106 rootstock from Budwood Orchard was more susceptible to P. cactorum than that from Traas Nursery. However, in 1991 and 1992 (final observation) no significant difference was observed between them for susceptibility to P. cactorum infection. This study indicates that the observed variability in field resistance to P. cactorum crown rot infection should be explored for breeding for P. cactorum resistance.     

Apple Rootstock Studies: Fifteen Years’ Results with Malling-Merton Clones

The field performance of 27 apple rootstock clones, including M.XXV and all the Malling-Merton ones is reviewed over a fifteen-year period. Three scion varieties were used, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Jonathan and Ellison’s Orange, and the trials were planted both on loam and on sand soil types.

None of the new clones made trees as small as those on M.IX, their vigour ranging from that of M.VII to that of M.XVI. MM.106 made trees similar in size and cropping to those on M.VII on the loam soil, but on the sand they were smaller. MM.I06, unlike M.VII, was free from the suckering habit. Trees on MM.III and M.Il were similar in size but Cox on MM.III yielded 20% more fruit over the whole period of the trial and during the years 11 to 15. Trees on MM.I04 were heavy-bearing and larger than those on M.Il and MM.III. In the very vigorous group, MM.Iog cropped heavily but was poorly anchored. Trees on M.XXV were superior in this respect and cropped more heavily than those on M.XVI. Cox and Ellison were unthrifty on 829, but the Jonathan trees behaved normally. Jonathan on MM.102 showed severe interveinalleaf scorch symptoms of magnesium deficiency and cropping was poor.

Many of the new rootstocks fell into similar vigour groups. It is suggested that, in other apple-growing areas of the world, other rootstocks besides MM.104, MM.106, MM.III and M.XXV, which were selected .for English conditions, should be tried experimentally. The data presented suggest MM.1O1, MM.103, MM.110, MM.115 and MM.116 as worthy of local study in addition to the four others.     

苹果矮化砧木新品种‘青矮1号’

 苹果矮化砧木‘青矮1号’是以‘M2’为母本,‘M9’为父本杂交选育而成。树冠较小,节间长1.6 cm。嫁接基砧的成活率84.0%,嫁接品种的成活率87.8%,3年生矮化中间砧果苗出圃率73.8%。嫁接的‘红富士’盛果期树高2.93 m,冠径3.10 m;嫁接口无肿大,不发生气根,品种/中间砧的干周比值0.95;2年生结果株率61.5%,7 ~ 14年生树平均产量43 380 kg · hm-2,果实可溶性固形物14.9%,硬度8.3 kg · cm-2,果形指数0.86。适宜在山东、河北、山西、陕西等矮化苹果主产区应用。     

干旱胁迫下不同中间砧嫁接苹果苗的导水特性

 以基砧为八棱海棠的4 种不同中间砧嫁接的苹果幼苗长富2 号/八棱海棠、长富2 号/M9、长 富2 号/M26、长富2 号/SH6 为试验材料,研究干旱胁迫对其导水特性的影响。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下, 4 种中间砧木嫁接苗的整体、冠层、茎干、根系叶比导水率均有减小,各器官叶比导水率基本趋势是乔 化 > 半矮化 > 矮化,其中矮化中间砧的变化幅度最大,乔化中间砧的变化最小。中间砧嫁接口导水阻 力表现为矮化砧比半矮化、乔化砧高,在正常水分条件下,八棱海棠、M9、M26 和SH6 中间砧嫁接区域 导水阻力在植株总体导水阻力中所占的比率分别为4.07%、6.60%、4.97%和5.11%,当受到干旱胁迫后, 嫁接区域所占比率均有不同程度减小。由于矮化苗有效导水率长期低下,根系吸水和运输水分的能力下 降,导致地上部分水分供给减少,从而影响树体的生长。     

The effects of low boron on growth,gas exchange,boron concentration and distribution of ‘Newhall’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) plants grafted on two rootstocks

The effects of low boron (B) on plant growth, photosynthesis, B concentration and distribution of ‘Newhall’ orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) plants grafted on either Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) or Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstocks were investigated. One-year-old plants of the two scion-rootstock combinations were grown for 183 days in sand:perlite (1:1, v/v) medium under greenhouse conditions. The plants were irrigated with half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solutions containing four B concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.25 mg l⁻¹). The growth of root, stem of scion and leaves was less affected by low B treatments when ‘Newhall’ scion was grafted on Carrizo citrange than on Trifoliate orange. Thus, the growth of scions under low B conditions was mainly depended on the rootstock used, i.e., Carrizo citrange-grafted plants were more tolerant to low B compared to the plants grafted on Trifoliate orange. Boron concentrations in all plant parts decreased significantly by decreasing the B supply in the nutrient solution. Leaves were the dominant sites of B accumulation and showed the greatest reduction in B concentration compared to the other plant parts, as B concentration in the nutrient solution decreased. Irrespective of the rootstock, B levels in the upper–younger leaves were substantially higher than in basal-older leaves when plants were exposed to low B concentrations (≤0.05 mg l⁻¹), suggesting that under such conditions B was preferentially translocated to upper–younger leaves to support their growth. Furthermore, B distribution in different plant parts indicated that there was a restriction in translocation of B from root to scion tissues (stems and leaves of scion) under conditions of limited B availability. In addition, low B treatments decreased leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate but increased intercellular CO₂ concentration in the leaves of ‘Newhall’ plants, irrespective of the rootstock used.