The Residual Effects of Nitrogen,Calcium and Soil Management Treatments on Yield,Fruit Size and Composition of Citrus

A long-term field experiment testing the effects of 4 soil management treatments and 4 levels of ammonium sulphate on Washington Navel and Late Valencia oranges, budded on rough lemon or sweet orange rootstocks, was terminated in 1965. At this stage the difference in crop yield between the worst and best treatments was about 150%; average annual yields for the 4-year period 1962–65 varied from 18.3 to 46.2 t/ha according to treatment. After 1965 remedial N and Ca treatments were applied to restore the experimental area to a uniformly high level of productivity.

For the 2-year period 1968–69, average annual yields from plots previously receiving the 4 ammonium sulphate treatments varied from 39.1 to 44.6 t/ha; uniformity in terms of yield had thus largely been achieved. Slightly less success, however, was achieved in terms of fruit quality.

Lime, applied to counteract soil acidity induced by the previous ammonium sulphate treatments, produced greater responses on tilled plots than on non-tilled plots. The smaller response to lime on non-tilled plots was largely due to citrus roots being close to the surface and able to absorb applied fertilizer P before fixation could occur.

Some trees, receiving a bare-surface chemical weed control treatment and no N since 1947, were in severe decline in 1965 ; however, they were restored rapidly to full vigour by a midwinter application of 255 kg N/ha in 1966. Furthermore, these trees produced high yields in 1968 when the rest of the orchard was in an ‘off’ year, thereby suggesting that suitable annual adjustments to levels of applied N could be a means of limiting or controlling biennial bearing.

Soil management treatments had no significant effect on the size distribution of the fruit, but the nil and highest N treatments, applied until 1965, had an adverse effect on the size grade (63–75 mm diam.) preferred commercially.     

The Effects of Nitrogen,Potassium and Sub-Irrigation on the Yield,Quality and Composition of Single-Truss Tomatoes

The effects of nitrogen and potassium on the growth of single-truss tomatoes and on the yield and quality of the fruit have been examined. Two successive crops of cv. Minicraigella were grown with sub-irrigation in a tiered-trough system, the troughs containing a 7:3:2 mixture of loam, peat and grit. Four concentrations of nitrogen in solution (100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm N) were tested in factorial combination with three concentrations of potassium (200, 300 and 400 ppm K), the treatments being replicated four times.

Plant height and leaf length increased markedly with N concentration, as also did the numbers of flowers and marketable fruits per plant, the mean weight per fruit and the total yield. Low N levels delayed harvesting. The proportion of unevenly ripened fruit decreased with increasing concentrations both of N and K. The percentage of hollow fruits was decreased by high K but increased with N concentration.

The titratable acidity of the expressed fruit juices increased significantly with N concentration (P<0.001) but was little affected by K treatment. The N concentration of the nutrient solution also largely controlled the percentage of K in the leaves and the total uptake of this nutrient. These unexpected results were attributed to stimulation of growth by N, leading to increased water requirement and hence to increased application of both N and K by the automatic sub-irrigation system.

The highest yields and best quality fruit were obtained with 250 ppm N and 400 ppm K in the solution, although lower concentrations of K might be preferable after continued cropping in the same compost.     

氮素营养对番茄生长发育及产量的影响

主要研究了0、100、300、500 kg·hm-24种氮素营养水平下,不同品种番茄生长发育以及产量的差异变化.在300 kg·hm-2的氮营养水平下,番茄叶霉病发病率最低,净光合速率、气孔导度均达最大值,产量最高;果实中硝酸盐含量随着施氮量的增加逐渐增高,糖酸比随施氮量的增加而降低.佳粉30和圣女在不同氮营养条件下的响应基本一致.     

氮钾互作对番茄叶片碳氮代谢及产量和品质的影响

在温室基质栽培条件下，以番茄材料A20为试材，采用2因素5水平响应面中心复合设计，研究不同的氮钾营养组合处理对番茄单株产量、果实品质及叶片碳氮代谢产物和酶活性的影响。结果表明，随着氮营养的增加（74～414 mg · L^-1范围内），番茄叶片碳氮代谢产物和酶活性均呈先上升后下降趋势；随着钾营养的增加（101～525 mg · L^-1 范围内），番茄叶片糖含量和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）、酸性转化酶（AI）、中性转化酶（NI）活性呈增加趋势，而氮代谢产物和蔗糖合成酶（SS）、硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性呈先上升后下降趋势。通过建立各指标与氮钾二因子的二次回归方程发现，氮钾营养是影响番茄叶片氮代谢和碳代谢的主要因子，氮钾互作对叶片游离氨基酸含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性影响显著。相关性分析显示番茄产量、品质与叶片碳氮代谢之间具有较高的相关性，氮钾共同作用于番茄叶片的碳氮代谢过程，进而影响番茄产量和品质。综合分析试验结果，当营养液氮营养为300～350 mg · L^-1、钾营养为370～520 mg · L^-1 时，番茄叶片碳氮代谢旺盛，产量和品质达到较高水平。     

The King Fruit versus Lateral Fruit Thinning Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality in Apple

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to determine the king versus lateral fruit thinning effects on yield and fruit quality of ‘Elstar’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Ultra Red’, ‘Topred’, and ‘Jonagold’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 rootstock in 2002-2003. Removal of the king fruit (KFR) treatment partially increased the yield in ‘Jonagold’, ‘Elstar’, and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars while the effects were different by years in “Starkrimson Delicious”. Leaving of the king fruit (KFL) treatment gave better results in the ‘Topred’ cultivar, and similar effects were obtained from both treatments in ‘Ultra Red’ cultivar. Non-significant differences were obtained from both treatments with respect to fruit weight in the ‘Topred’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars. Leaving of the king fruit treatment increased the fruit weight significantly in ‘Elstar’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars in 2002. The values of fruit flesh firmness (lb), total soluble solids content (%), pH, titratable acidity (%), total and invert sugar quantity (g/100 g^?1) were not found to be significantly different between the treatments with a few exceptions. The ‘KFR’ treatment that removed the dominant effect of the king fruit can be recommended for the ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold’ cultivars because this treatment increased the yield and did not decreased the fruit weight significantly in these cultivars except for ‘Elstar’ in 2002. On the other hand ‘KFL’ treatment can be recommended for the ‘Granny Smith’, Topred’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars. Although this treatment decreased the yield of ‘Granny Smith’ it increased the mean fruit weight 45.6-62.7 g in the two experiment years. ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ did not show clear response to the treatments.     

柑桔叶片矿质营养与产量的相关性

对5个柑桔品种叶片矿质营养元素进行了测定,在年周期中呈现规律性变化。1月花芽形态分化期,叶片氮、镁含量与产量呈显著或极显著正相关,提出福建山地柑园土壤中盐基成分流失严重,叶片缺钙、镁、钾较普遍,需肥顺序是钙>镁>钾>磷>氮.     

宫内伊予柑果实发育期间色泽和色素的变化

 以宫内伊予柑为试材, 对果实发育期间色泽、色素种类及含量, 尤其是类胡萝卜素组分进行了研究。结果表明, 幼果中高含量的叶绿素使果实呈现青绿色, 采前8周起类胡萝卜素开始积累, 采前4周起随叶绿素含量下降黄色得以显现。果实类胡萝卜素主要存在于果皮中, 成熟果实果皮类胡萝卜素含量达囊瓣的16.62倍, 总量占整果的83.62%。用高效液相色谱—二极管阵列检测(HPLC - PDAD) 技术,对采前12周至采收期的果皮类胡萝卜素组成进行了分析, 共分离出类胡萝卜素组分23种, 其中7种得到鉴定。在采收期果皮中, 已鉴定的类胡萝卜素中以β - 隐黄质和玉米黄素较丰富, 占总类胡萝卜素的8.00%和6.78%; β - 胡萝卜素不足总类胡萝卜素的1% , 没有检测出α - 胡萝卜素和番茄红素。果实成熟过程中β - 隐黄质及玉米黄素含量上升, 并伴随α - 胡萝卜素、叶黄质和β - 胡萝卜素含量下降, 暗示类胡萝卜素的β主链合成能力和β环羟化活性急剧增强, 与此同时, 阿朴类胡萝卜素的出现则表明类胡萝卜素的裂解能力随果实成熟而上升。     

不同氮肥处理对无核黄皮秋梢生长和果实产量及品质的影响

以无核黄皮为试材,研究了不同形态氮肥作为壮梢肥和促花壮果肥,对其秋梢生长、果实产量及品质的影响.结果表明:4种氮肥处理中施用酰胺态氮+铵态氮(尿素和硫铵各占氮源50％)的处理在满足秋梢生长中表现最优;无核黄皮结果果实产量均以施氮品种为酰胺态氮+铵态氮处理为最高;果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量、酸度在4个不同氮源的氮肥处理之间均没有显著性差异;但是无论在海日园还是波波园中酰胺态氮+铵态氮配施处理维生素C含量最高.在施用氮含量相同下,酰胺态氮与铵态氮配合制成的无核黄皮专用肥能够促进其秋梢生长发育,提高果实产量和改善品质.     

不同砧穗组合对苹果生长、品质及产量的影响

以‘M9-T337’和‘M26’为中间砧和自根砧,基砧为八棱海棠,对照为乔化砧八棱海棠,接穗品种分别为"富士"与"嘎啦",比较各砧穗组合的树体生长势、果实品质及产量的差异。结果表明:自根砧和中间砧砧穗组合树体矮小,中短枝比例均显著高于乔化砧砧穗组合,且自根砧短枝比例也高于中间砧。"富士"各砧穗组合果实品质评价排序,‘富士/M9-T337’/‘八棱海棠富士/M9-T337’‘富士/M26/八棱海棠’‘富士/M26富士/八棱海棠’,"嘎啦"各砧穗组合果实品质评价排序,‘嘎啦/M26/八棱海棠’‘嘎啦/M9-T337/八棱海棠’‘嘎啦/M9-T337’‘嘎啦/M26’‘嘎啦/八棱海棠’。"富士"与"嘎啦"各砧穗组合产量表现,自根砧中间砧乔化砧,其中‘富士/M9-T337’与‘嘎啦/M9-T337’5年累计产量最高。综合分析后认为,‘富士/M9-T337’与‘嘎啦/M9-T337’砧穗组合在陕西千阳地区表现最佳,适宜大力发展。     

不同基质对黄瓜生长、产量及果实品质的影响

以“新泰密刺”黄瓜为试材,将产于新疆的蛭石作为主要基质原材料,采用添加不同体积的废弃物炉渣和菇渣进行基质复配的方法,以纯蛭石基质作为对照(CK),在日光温室栽培槽中开展黄瓜栽培试验,研究了以蛭石为主的不同基质对日光温室黄瓜生长、产量及果实品质的影响,以期为新疆蛭石资源在农业生产中的利用和阿拉尔垦区黄瓜基质栽培提供参考依据。结果表明:处理T2(蛭石∶炉渣∶菇渣=2∶1∶1)和T4(蛭石∶炉渣∶菇渣=3∶1∶1)的净光合速率高于CK;T2和T4的前期产量高于CK,其中T4前期产量较CK提高了46%;T2和T4的总产量分别较CK提高了21%和31%;T2和T4的果实营养品质综合评价值优于CK。综上所述,处理T2和T4可用作黄瓜栽培,且T2适于优质栽培,而T4适于丰产栽培。     

新型肥料对土壤碳氮及枸杞产量的影响

以4种新型肥料(瑞利源(RLY)、汇源(HY)、中农1(ZN1)、中农2(ZN2))为试材,常规肥料为对照(CK),基于青海省海西州诺木洪和乌兰地区枸杞的施肥试验,研究了不同新型肥料对枸杞根际土壤总碳、全氮以及枸杞产量、品质的影响。结果表明:1)诺木洪试验地,RLY、ZN2处理土壤总碳含量比CK分别提高了4.49%和3.55%;4种处理下土壤全氮含量均小于CK。乌兰试验地,RLY、ZN1、ZN2处理的土壤总碳含量比CK分别提高了2.75%、2.33%和1.71%;土壤全氮含量均小于CK。2)诺木洪各施肥处理样地与CK相比,枸杞产量增幅分别为21.8%(RLY)、23.9%(HY)、12.7%(ZN)、25.4%(ZN2);乌兰各施肥处理样地与CK相比,枸杞产量增幅分别为12.7%(RLY)、9.9%(HY)、1.1%(ZN)、21.1%(ZN2);在诺木洪和乌兰样地,ZN2施肥处理枸杞产量增幅最高。3)诺木洪试验地新型肥料施肥处理未能显著增加枸杞多糖含量,乌兰试验地HY、ZN1、ZN2处理下枸杞多糖含量显著高于CK。     

不同基质对黄瓜长势、产量及果实品质的影响

为筛选出适宜春大棚黄瓜槽式栽培的基质,以黄瓜“北农佳秀”为试材,选用蘑菇棒、牛羊粪、草炭、珍珠岩和蛭石等5种基质材料,研究了不同基质配比对黄瓜生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明：基质为蘑菇棒∶牛羊粪∶草炭∶珍珠岩∶蛭石体积比为2∶1∶3∶1∶1时,黄瓜植株长势较强,667 m2产量、单方水产出和667 m2收益均最高,分别为12 947、61.9 kg和9 565元,且果实品质较好。在春大棚中,蘑菇棒∶牛羊粪∶草炭∶珍珠岩∶蛭石体积比2∶1∶3∶1∶1是黄瓜槽式基质节水栽培适宜的基质配比。     

不同砧穗组合对"瑞雪"苹果树体生长、产量和品质的影响

以"瑞雪"苹果为试材,以M26、B9、T337中间砧和M26、B9、T337自根砧为试验砧木,采用方差分析法,研究了各砧穗组合之间的物候期,树体生长势、产量和品质的差异,以期为"瑞雪"苹果在庆阳苹果产区发展提供参考依据.结果表明:在庆阳地区的旱作矮化密植栽培条件下,中间砧优于自根砧,M26和T337优于B9.砧木对"瑞雪"苹果的物候期无明显影响;以B9为中间砧和自根砧嫁接"瑞雪"苹果的树势弱,产量低,与其砧穗组合的差异达到显著水平;"瑞雪"中间砧砧穗组合的产量显著高于自根砧砧穗组合;砧木对"瑞雪"苹果果实的果形无显著影响,但对其它外观品质和内在品质有显著影响.     

不同施氮、钾肥量和种植密度对茭白产量的影响

采用二次通用旋转组合设计研究了不同施氮、钾量及种植密度对秋茭、夏茭的有效分蘖数、单茭重及产量的影响.结果表明,对秋茭施氮量16～18 kg/667 m2、施钾量17～18 kg/667 m2、种植密度0.7～0.8 m2/穴最为适宜;对夏茭施氮量控制在9～10 kg/667 m2,增施钾肥,种植密度维持在0.7～0.8 m2/穴较为适宜.     

氮素用量对菠菜生长及产量和品质的影响

研究了氮素用量对菠菜生长及产量、品质的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,菠菜生长势增强,产量增加,但氮素用量过多会导致产量下降。本试验条件下,施氮量为40kg·(667m2)-1时菠菜产量较高,达3218.3kg·(667m2)-1,而60kg·(667m2)-1时仅为3001.5kg·(667m2)-1,前者比后者增产7.2%,但二者分别比CK增产88.0%和75.3%。此外,增施氮素可降低菠菜干物质、纤维素、有机酸及可溶性糖含量,但却显著提高了硝酸盐含量。     

不同追肥措施对有机桃产量及品质的影响

研究追施不同有机肥、生物肥和叶面肥等对有机栽培条件下5 a生桃(品种:北京24号)产量及品质的影响.结果表明:在每个处理基施45 t/hm2羊粪的基础上,后期追施有机肥、生物肥、喷叶面肥处理均能显著增加有机桃的产量,尤以追施有机肥并同时喷施叶面肥处理的桃产量最高;不同施肥处理对桃果实中的总糖含量和可溶性固形物含量影响差异不显著;追施不同肥料的处理显著地降低桃果Vc含量,但对桃果硬度的影响正好相反.     

水氮互作对红枣光合特性与产量的影响

以滴灌为条件、设置不同水肥处理,研究水氮互作对红枣光合、产量与品质的影响。结果表明:土壤中增施氮素有利于枣树叶片的净光合速率,而增加土壤水分则会导致枣树叶片的蒸腾速率增大;在设计水平范围内,增加土壤含水量会降低红枣果实的单果重和果形指数;水和氮的产量效应趋势均呈抛物线形,水的正效应和负效应都相对明显,而氮肥的正效应明显,负效应平缓;土壤水分和氮素含量过高会降低红枣果实还原糖与VC含量,蛋白质的含量却随着土壤中氮肥量的增加而增加。     

不同施肥处理对树莓果实产量和品质的影响

通过"3414"田间试验,研究了沈阳东陵树莓生产基地不同施肥处理对树莓产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施底肥树莓增产38.73%;追施化肥树莓的产量提高16.47%~90.35%;氮磷钾合理配施能明显提高树莓的产量,在施肥量N 90 kg/hm2、P2O5198.42l kg/hm2、K2O90 kg/hm2时,树莓产量最高,为11 366.53 kg/hm2。施底肥可以明显改善树莓的品质,提高树莓果实的口感;施用氮磷钾肥均能显著提高树莓的品质,其中氮肥施用量在90 kg/hm2时能提高树莓的品质,比对照可溶性糖含量提高26%,糖酸比和VC含量也有显著的提高;磷肥的施用量在45~90 kg/hm2时对树莓的品质有一定的改善;钾肥对树莓品质的整体提高有显著的效果,与空白相比,随着施钾量的增加,可溶性糖含量大幅增加,增加量达到18.8%~39.1%,VC增加量为14.9%~34.5%,糖酸比提高显著,最高达5.75∶1。不同肥料对树莓品质的贡献顺序为:钾肥氮肥磷肥。     

不同管理方式对哈密瓜生育周期及产量品质的影响

以小型哈密瓜品种‘HM5’为试材,采用随机区组试验方法,设置4个处理分别为单蔓整枝留1果套袋、单蔓整枝留1果不套袋、双蔓整枝留2果套袋、双蔓整枝留2果不套袋。研究了不同整枝留果方式及是否套袋对网纹甜瓜生长、产量、品质和商品率的影响。结果表明:该类型网纹甜瓜单蔓整枝留1果处理生育期短、产量高;同时套袋处理果实网纹外观性好,果实大小适中,果肉含糖量高。因此,以单蔓整枝留1果套袋的管理方式为最佳。     

双断根嫁接对番茄生长及果实产量、品质的影响

以野原2号为砧木,春棚1号为接穗,当砧木5片真叶期、接穗4片真叶期时,采用双断根嫁接方法进行嫁接,探究双断根嫁接对番茄生长及果实产量、品质的影响。试验结果表明,嫁接可以显著提高番茄植株长势和产量,对果实中VC、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量影响不大。与常规砧木未断根的嫁接相比,双断根嫁接显著提高番茄植株生长后期(坐果期、采收期)的株高及茎粗,显著提高了产量;2种嫁接方法的果实横径、纵径及单果质量均差异不显著。