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乳腺是一个复杂的器官,组织和细胞类型繁杂,乳腺氨基酸代谢受到众多因素影响,如日粮组成、氨基酸成分、饲料添加剂、瘤胃功能等等。足量的比例平衡的氨基酸对奶牛营养具有重要意义,了解氨基酸的供应与平衡可以预测乳蛋白的产出。日粮蛋白质和氨基酸对乳蛋白含量与产量有重要影响。在大部分日粮条件下,蛋氨酸是第一限制性氨基酸,通过理化方法保护蛋氨酸过瘤胃可以改善蛋氨酸的生物有效性。此外,赖氨酸和支链氨基酸(异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸等)对于乳蛋白合成也很重要。当氨基酸不足以用于乳蛋白合成时,可从肽结合氨基酸库中释放。某些情况下,氨基酸平衡对乳蛋白合成的重要性更甚于日粮蛋白质的含量,适宜比例的必需氨基酸能增加乳蛋白合成,氨基酸平衡的改善可促进乳蛋白合成,提高奶产量。当日粮粗饲料质量较差时,可溶性碳水化合物可能成为瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的限制因素,导致乳蛋白前体物数量下降。需要同时优化瘤胃内微生物蛋白质合成和适宜补充氨基酸,才能满足乳蛋白合成的需要。 相似文献
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2007~2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展
Ⅳ.蛋白质与氨基酸营养 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
蛋白质是生命活动的最基本物质。随着反刍动物蛋白质营养研究的深入,如何最大化提高瘤胃微生物蛋白量,增加瘤胃后非降解蛋白(rumen undegraded protein, RUP)的消化率,合理搭配日粮,减少氮的排放量,通过日粮途径改善乳蛋白含量和产量,提高氮的利用率已成为当今研究的热点。同时,蛋白质、氨基酸和肽营养在瘤胃、小肠、大肠和乳腺中的代谢机理、影响其利用的因素还不是很清楚,但随着分子生物学技术、血插管技术和动静脉差异技术在蛋白质、氨基酸和肽的转运、吸收及乳蛋白合成机理上的应用,为深入研究其转运、利用机制提供了可能。牛奶中的活性功能成分近年来随着消费需求也日益成为研究的热点。作者主要从蛋白质如何在瘤胃内代谢及影响因素、小肠内代谢及影响因素、大肠内代谢及影响因素、乳腺内代谢和乳蛋白合成、乳中的免疫活性蛋白等方面对蛋白质营养研究作一综述。 相似文献
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蛋白质营养是生命活动的最基本营养源。反刍动物具有自身特有的消化生理特点,如何合理搭配日粮,优化瘤胃内氮素环境,提高氮素的利用效率,进而提高胃肠道和组织器官的吸收,增加乳产量、乳蛋白产量和改善乳蛋白组分和含量,降低氮素排放对环境的污染等已成为当前反刍动物氮素代谢的热点和重点问题。同时,由于蛋白质资源的日益短缺,精细化饲养模式迫在眉睫。分子生物学技术、血插管技术和各种组学技术的进步,为深入研究乳蛋白合成底物的转运、利用机制及其机理提供了可能。作者主要从蛋白质如何在消化道内代谢、影响乳蛋白合成的因素等方面对2009年蛋白质营养研究新进展进行综述。 相似文献
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怎样利用氨基酸配制奶牛日粮 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
九十年代提出了泌乳牛氨基酸的需要量 ,是奶牛蛋白质营养研究的重大突破 ,已成为反刍动物蛋白质新体系的核心。过瘤胃氨基酸的工业化生产 ,使利用氨基酸配制奶牛日粮成为现实。用过瘤胃氨基酸、过瘤胃脂肪和优质牧草可以配制出高营养浓度的平衡日粮 ,使奶牛的高产潜力能得以最大限度的发挥。本文将重点介绍利用氨基酸配制高产奶牛日粮的方法和步骤。1首先确定泌乳牛氨基酸的需要量赖氨酸、蛋氨酸是泌乳牛合成乳蛋白的限制性氨基酸 ,在乳蛋白合成中 ,赖氨酸应占代谢蛋白质(又称小肠可消化蛋白质)的7 3 %,蛋氨酸为2 5 %(Rulqui… 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献