Phallus impudicus L. (Stinkmorchel) in siedlungnahen Gehölzen als mögliche Quelle der Zuwanderung von Dipteren in den Siedlungsbereich

Summary Phallus impudicus (stink-horn) as a source of moving of Diptera into settlements.In the kitchen-garden and the small wood adjacent of a Farm and the woods neighbouring researches have been made about the species of Diptera visiting the stink-horn (Phallus impudicus L.) of which the spores were spread by insects, specially by Diptera too. After some years suddenly in the small wood of the farm stink-horns appeared. This and other observations indicate probably a migration of different species of Diptera from the woods (and other Formations of Plants) of the neighbourhood to the Farm. The appearence ofPhallus near farms and settlements can be one of many ways to study the behaviour of migration and the origin of individuals of species of Diptera of practical importance not developped in the sphere of settlements, which are to be found near these and farms specially during calamities. These are problems of importance specially with refrence to Diptera vectors of diseases.

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Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft

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Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, 8 München 19, Maria-Ward-Straße 1, Schloß Nymphenburg.     

堵河源自然保护区昆虫资源现状评价及利用

经调查分析研究,堵河源自然保护区有昆虫1 456种,隶属23目192科。鳞翅目502种,占34.48%,鞘翅目436种,占29.95%,膜翅目、双翅目、半翅目、同翅目分别占7.42%,7.35%,7.07%,5.84%。其余17目115种,占7.89%。有大量可开发利用天敌昆虫、观赏昆虫、药用昆虫和食用昆虫。保护区所在的竹山县,利用肚倍蚜培植的肚倍,年产1 200 t,产值近亿元。     

天牛成虫胸部的发音和行为（鞘翅目：天牛科）

本文研究了15种天牛成虫的发音及其有关的行为。天牛两性对外界不同强度的刺激能作出反应,并借助胸部发音器的摩擦而发音。波形照片显示:天牛的声波信号因种不同差异极大,其频率范围约3000—10000Hz。楝星天牛可借助鞘翅的运动而发出强烈的声音以恐吓敌害,其胸部摩擦发音器则趋于退化。某些天牛雄虫在争夺雌虫、交配前和交配中,可发出不同的声波,这类声波的生物学意义尚待进一步研究。     

Über die Dipterenfauna von Versuchstierställen unter Berücksichtigung hygienischer Gesichtspunkte 1. Meerschweinchen (Cavia porcellus L.)

In stables of guinea pigs 11 families of Diptera in 42 species were discovered. Representatives of some of these families and different species assertained are possible vectors for morbific agents to be found atCavia released by naturally or artificial infection. A row of these infections are to be found at domestical animals, some also at man. There are given tips about the origin of the Diptera of stables ofCavia, the possible dispersion of diseases ofCavia by these Diptera as soon as upon the number of species of Diptera discovered on the excrements and the carcasses ofCavia in traps in the open land. It is pointed out on the necessity of hygenic circumstances perfectly in the stables ofCavia and in the post-mortem rooms.     

樟子松球果象甲寄生性天敌昆虫的调查

在内蒙古红花尔基林业局樟子松林内,樟子松球果象甲寄生性天敌昆虫种类有姬蜂科9种、茧蜂科6种、小蜂科3种和双翅目1种,寄生率约27．2％。其中曲姬蜂占绝对优势,为樟子松球果象甲的优势寄生蜂,约占寄生蜂总数的88．3％。     

Molecular determination of the predator community of a cassava whitefly in Colombia: pest-specific primer development and field validation

In South America, the whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis is one of the principal pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), reaching high population levels throughout the Andean region. Management of this species is primarily based upon the use of insecticides, while biological control has received limited attention. Till present, knowledge of A. socialis natural enemies is restricted to occasional records of predators and parasitoids. In this study, we developed PCR primer sets specific for the cassava whitefly, A. socialis, to identify their predator community in Colombian cassava. Eleven percent of 586 predator specimens (representing 131 taxa from 29 families) tested positive for cassava whitefly DNA. Of the 21 predator taxa that consumed cassava whiteflies, an unidentified netwing beetle (Lycidae), an unidentified spider species (Araneae), Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a Cereaochrysa sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and a Leucochrysa sp. (Chrysopidae) were the taxa that consumed cassava whiteflies most frequently under field conditions. Two abundant predators in the system, Delphastus sp. (Coccinellidae) and the long-legged fly, Condylostylus sp. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), were both positive for whitefly DNA, but did not have the strongest trophic linkage to the pest relative to other predators. This study shows that a diverse predator community affects cassava whitefly in southern Colombia, and provides the groundwork for the design of cassava production systems with minimal pesticide inputs.     

薄壳山核桃八角主要害虫的天敌类群及其分布

在云南省薄壳山核桃和八角主要种植区进行这2种干果经济林主要害虫的天敌类群调查,共获得主要害虫寄生性天敌25种,捕食性天敌45种,对天敌类群的分布规律进行了分析.研究结果表明,云南省薄壳山核桃和八角林内主要害虫的天敌资源比较丰富,天敌的类群及数量与林木受病虫的危害程度有一定的相关性,即在危害严重的种植园中,天敌的数量也相对较多.利用天敌资源控制主要害虫应是可行的.     

马尾松主次要食叶害虫与天敌种间关系的研究

马尾松林中的若干次要食叶害虫是马尾松毛虫的寄生或捕食性天敌的转主寄主,从而使马尾松纯林至少有6条比较稳定的食物链和沿着这6条食物链流动的48条能流线。因此,只要合理地实施人工防治,不滥用化学杀虫剂,能够提高马尾松纯林的自然控制能力,有利于控制马尾松毛虫灾害,并达到综合防治多种食叶害虫的良好效果。     

Population dynamics of herbivorous insects and potential arthropod natural enemies on Alnus species in Kabale district, Uganda

Monitoring populations of pests and their natural enemies under different management situations and seasonal weather parameters provides extremely useful information for taking preventive measures against pest outbreaks. The abundance, spatial and temporal distributions of herbivorous insects and arthropod natural enemies on Alnus species were monitored at four sites in Kabale district, Uganda between June 1999 and August 2000. Chewing insects, dominated by Coleoptera (75%), constituted the majority of insect herbivores sampled. Dominant and potentially serious pests of Alnus included Apion globulipenne, an unidentified Chrysomelidae (Coleopt. 27), Phymateus viridipes, Coloborrtics corticina and a Cacopsylla species (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Spiders were the predominant natural enemies accounting for 64% of the total natural enemies encountered, followed by parasitic Hymenoptera (30%). There were marked spatial and temporal variations in arthropod abundance. Among sites, mean abundance of total insect herbivores and total natural enemies on A. acuminata over 15 months ranged from 3.8–8.5 and 3.3–4.7 individuals per 1-m branch length respectively. Over the same period, mean number of total insect herbivores and total natural enemies on A. nepalensis that was studied at only one site were 11.9 herbivores and 4.2 natural enemies per 1-m branch length. Populations of most insect orders increased in the wet season although the greatest herbivore abundance was evident in the dry season. Further studies are necessary on the impact and management strategies of the potentially important insect pests and natural enemies on Alnus.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Insect inhabitants of old larval galleries of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Saperda populnea</Emphasis> (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria

The complex of insect inhabitants of old larval galleries of Saperda populnea (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) was studied during the period 2000–2003 in 18 localities in Bulgaria. As a result, 32 insect species were reared from old S. populnea galls: Metopoplax origani (Kolenati) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), Malachius sp. (Coleoptera: Malachiidae), Agrilus pratensis pratensis (Ratzeburg) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), Xylocleptes bispinus (Duftschmidt) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Crossocerus cetratus (Shuckard), Crossocerus megacephalus (Rossi), Crossocerus nigritus (Lepeletier & Brullé), Crossocerus acanthophorus (Kohl), Passaloecus brevilabris Wolf, Passaloecus gracilis (Curtis), Psenulus schencki (Tournier), Solierella compedita compedita (Piccioli), Trypoxylon figulus figulus (Linnaeus), Trypoxylon fronticorne fronticorne Gussakovskij (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), Cleptes schmidti Linsenmaiser, Trichrysis cyanea (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Clistopyga incitator (Fabricius), Ctenochira sanguinatoria (Ratzeburg), Liotryphon crassisetus (Thomson), Nemeritis fallax (Gravenhorst), Mesochorus georgievi Schwenke, Campoletis sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Charmon extensor (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Eupelmus urozonus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Perilampus aeneus (Rossius) (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae), Trichiocampus grandis (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), Janus luteipes (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), Cydia corollana (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Fiebrigella brevibucca (Duda) (Diptera: Chloropidae), Eustolomyia hilaris (Fallén) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), Senotaina sp. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Heringia vitripennis (Meigen) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Amongst them, 27 species were established as new inhabitants of old S. populnea galls. Five species (C. schmidti, N. fallax, M. georgievi, P. aeneus and J. luteipes) were recorded for the first time in Bulgaria. The dwellers of old S. populnea galls belong to the following ecological groups: insects using galls as a place to develop (3 species); insects nidificating in empty galls (10 species); insects using old galls as a pupating place (1 species); insects using empty galls as overwintering shelters (3 species); predators and parasites of primary dwellers of empty galls (13 species); or insects with uncertain ecological status (2 species).     

昆明地区白蜡虫自然种群天敌种类及其危害调查

调查了昆明地区白蜡虫天敌种类和优势种的危害状况。调查结果表明：白蜡虫天敌种类有17种,分属6科12属,其中白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂,中华花翅跳小蜂,白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂和黑缘红瓢虫为优势种。在人工放养条件下,4种优势种天敌的寄生率和危害率依次为11．0％,35．0％,13．6％和1．6％。发现白蜡虫天敌新记录种2种,即七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫。昆明二区采用了锦纶袋放虫可控制蜡象的扩散,使蜡象寄生率偏低,寄生率了最高仅为2％。     

秦皇岛市区园林昆虫种类调查初报

本文作者利用2年时间,对秦皇岛市区园林昆虫区系进行了调查。初步摸清了秦皇岛市区园林害虫种类及天敌昆虫资源情况。共查出园林害虫50科235种,园林天敌昆虫10科22种。为科研、教学及生产提供了依据。     

Fruit tree Aphids and their natural enemies in Isparta region,Turkey

Fourteen aphid species belonging to eight genera and three families of the superfamily Aphidoidea were presented from Isparta region in fruit tree orchards. Among these, Dysaphis plantaginea, Aphis pomi and Dysaphis devecta, which cause harm to apples, are the most common species in the area because of the high amount of apple production. In addition, eight species from the family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), three from Syrphidae (Diptera) and one species from Forficulidae (Dermaptera) were found as predator. Totally, eight species were determined as parasitoids from the families Aphidiidae, Aphelinidae and Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera).     

寄生外来有害种刺槐叶瘿蚊的毛链金小蜂属(膜翅目:金小蜂科)中国1新种(英文)

记述毛链金小蜂属(膜翅目:金小蜂科)1新种:叶瘿蚊毛链金小蜂,对新种的外部形态特征进行详细描述.该种寄生于刺槐叶瘿蚊(双翅目:瘿蚊科)幼虫-蛹.刺槐叶瘿蚊是我国新近发现的外来有害物种,对我国刺槐林造成重大危害.模式标本保存于中国林业科学研究院昆虫标本馆.     

Über die Dipterenfauna von Versuchstierställen unter Berücksichtigung hygienischer Gesichtspunkte 2. Kaninchen (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus L.)

In stables of rabbits 30 families of Diptera in 102 species were discovered. Representatives of some of these families and different species assertained are possible vectors for morbific agents and development stages of parasites to be found atOryctogalus released by naturally or artificial infection. A row of these infections are to be found at domestic animals, some also at man. Results are given of investigations on the inner climate of the stables of rabbits, the conditions of light there, the structure of the litter serving as breeding biotop for many species, and of the attractive factors of different character. Views are given of the Diptera discovered on the excrements and the carcasses of rabbits in traps in the open land as well of the infectious diseases and parasitoses of rabbits potentially transmissible — also by phoresis — by Diptera.     

Canopy vs. understory: Does tree diversity affect bee and wasp communities and their natural enemies across forest strata?

Bees and wasps provide important ecosystem services such as pollination and biocontrol in crop-dominated landscapes, but surprisingly little information is available on hymenopteran communities in temperate forest ecosystems. Species richness and abundance of bees and wasps can be hypothesised to increase with plant diversity, structural complexity, and availability of food and nesting resources. By experimentally exposing standardised nesting sites, we examined abundance and species richness of cavity-nesting bees (pollinators), wasps (predators) and their associated parasitoids across a tree diversity gradient in a temperate deciduous forest habitat. In addition, spatial distribution of individuals and species across forest strata (canopy vs. understory) was tested. Abundance and species richness was high for predatory wasps, but generally low for pollinators. Species-rich forest stands supported increased abundance, but not species richness, of pollinators and predatory wasps, and also increased abundance and species richness of natural enemies. In addition, the forests showed a distinct spatial stratification in that abundance of bees, wasps and parasitoids as well as parasitism rates were higher in the canopy than understory. We conclude that particularly the canopy in temperate forest stands can serve as an important habitat for predatory wasp species and natural enemies, but not bee pollinators. Enhanced tree diversity was related to increased hymenopteran abundance, which is likely to be linked to an increase in nesting and food resources in mixed forest stands.     

中国园林蓟马天敌的初步研究

对全国 2 5个省 (市、区 )的 2 8个大中城市园林蓟马天敌种类进行了初步调查研究 ,鉴定出我国园林蓟马天敌 90种 ,列表说明了天敌分布及捕食和寄生对象。     

沈阳地区寄生微红梢斑螟的姬蜂

通过对沈阳地区松类枝梢的重要害虫微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubellaHampson的天敌昆虫的调查,发现姬蜂8种,其中中国新记录3种:褐棱柄姬蜂Sinophorus fuscicarpus(Thomson)、带沟姬蜂Gelis cinctus(Linnaeus)、小卷蛾曲姬蜂Scambus buolianae(Hartig)。一次性调查寄生率为28.6%。对相关调查情况进行了讨论。     

祁连山东大河林区天敌昆虫种类调查

记述了祁连山自然保护区东大河林区森林害虫天敌昆虫6目20科86种,其中,捕食性天敌昆虫有80种,占93.02%;寄生性天敌昆虫有6种,占6.98%。