蚜茧蜂对麦蚜控制作用的初步观察

蚜茧蜂是麦蚜寄生性天敌中重要种群,山东、江苏、北京和山西等地已有种类调查及生物学特性方面的报道。本文就蚜茧蜂对麦蚜自然控制作用方面,根据1986年的观测结果简报如下。 材料与方法 在郑州市郊麦田,自小麦拔节期开始,采集田间僵蚜和网捕蚜茧蜂,     

麦长管蚜自然种群生命表研究初报

1986—1987年,用分代隔离观测等方法克服世代重叠和有翅蚜迁飞的干扰,研究了麦长管蚜自然种群特定年龄生命表,共获得9个世代的数据。分析结果表明,影响麦长管蚜自然种群波动的主要因素是天气条件和天敌;低龄若蚜主要受风雨影响,一次大风雨可使其密度下降30—80％,高龄若蚜和成蚜则受天敌和风雨共同作用;捕食性天敌对4种麦蚜间无选择性,而蚜茧蜂对禾谷缢管蚜和麦无网蚜控制作用很小。因此,麦长管蚜种群还受其它种麦蚜密度影响。     

麦田蚜茧蜂的生物学特性

麦蚜的寄生性天敌中常以蚜茧蜂为主。国外利用蚜茧蜂防治蚜虫已屡见报导;国内也已开始用蚜茧蜂防治菸蚜,但尚未见麦田蚜茧蜂的系统研究报导。作者于1979～1981年间,先后在江苏十多个县、市对蚜茧蜂在自然情况下控制麦蚜的作用及其应用价值进行了系统调查和室内观察,现将部份结果报导如下。     

武昌油菜害虫的天敌研究

武昌油菜害虫天敌有50种,其中捕食性天敌35种,以蜘蛛类为主,占48％;寄生性天敌15种,以蚜茧蜂和油菜潜蝇姬小蜂为主,寄生率分别为64.29％和60—80％     

麦田蚜茧蜂的初步研究

武昌麦田蚜茧蜂共有5种,以燕麦蚜茧峰、烟蚜茧蜂为优势种;重寄生蜂有三种,以黄足分盾细蜂为优势种。蚜茧蜂4月中、下旬进入麦田,5月中旬种群数量达到高峰:蚜茧蜂种群数量主要受寄主—蚜虫密度和4～5月的雨量,相对湿度的影响。麦田蚜茧蜂对麦蚜有一定的控制作用,寄生率最高可达40％以上。解决好重寄生和跟随现象的问题,可提高好苗蜂对麦蚜的控制效果。     

林芝地区春青稞地昆虫群落结构与时序动态

采用目测法、网捕法和整体抽样法,对西藏林芝春青稞整个生长季节内昆虫群落进行系统调查,共查得昆虫12目18科69种,其中捕食性昆虫有5目8科29种、寄生性昆虫有2目4科22种、植食性昆虫有4目6科11种、杂食性等其他类昆虫有1目2科3种。在捕食性天敌昆虫中,食蚜蝇科的种类和数量最多,占捕食性天敌昆虫的34.5%;其次为瓢虫和步行虫,分别占捕食性天敌昆虫的24.1%和20.7%;其他类群占20.7%。在寄生性天敌昆虫中,蚜茧蜂为优势种,寄生能力最强,占寄生性天敌昆虫的35%;其次为寄生蝇占20.9%。在植食性昆虫中,麦无网长管蚜为绝对的优势种,发生数量大,对春青稞危害大;其次为尼胸突鳃金龟、伪土粉蚧和丽腹弓角鳃金龟。天敌昆虫对害虫具有明显的跟随现象,在春青稞整个生育期内不能有效地控制麦无网长管蚜的发生与危害。依据昆虫群落的组成与结构,结合林芝春青稞生育期,将林芝春青稞地昆虫群落动态划分为5个阶段,并指出不同阶段昆虫群落特点及相应的害虫防治策略。     

寄生性天敌昆虫寄生情况简介

上篇笔者已将捕食性天敌昆虫的所属自、科，作了简介，本文拟再就寄生性天敌昆虫的寄生情况，加以概述，这样在农林害虫的综防中，对那些昆虫应予保护利用，就可了解得较全面了。现分下列几项内容来谈：一、那些目、科昆虫中有寄生性天敌膜翅目中包含寄生性天敌最丰富，防效亦较明显，其中最引人注意的是赤眼蜂，次有姬蜂，茧蜂、蚜茧蜂、蚜小蜂、黑卵蜂、姬小蜂、跳小蜂、金小蜂、肿腿蜂、螫蜂、长尾小蜂、平腹小蜂等科，其中多数科全部种均属寄生性，有些科以寄生性为主或各占一定比重，前者如长尾小蜂，后者如广肩小蜂，也有个别科寄生性…     

蚜茧蜂对蚜虫种群的控制作用

蚜茧蜂是蚜虫的寄生性天敌昆虫的主要类群。本文综述了有关蚜茧蜂对蚜虫生命活动的影响,对蚜虫种群数量的控制作用的研究结果,并对影响好茧蜂控制作用的因子作了讨论。     

害虫天敌(寄生性和捕食性)的大量繁殖(英文)

天敌的增殖是农林害虫生物防治的主要措施之一,室内大量繁殖寄生性和捕食性天敌为提供天敌的周期性释放,作为补充天敌的本地自然种群或引进天敌的种群来直接防治或间歇控制害虫种群在可允许水平之下。本文介绍了正在我国推广应用或研究成功的几种赤眼蜂、平腹小蜂、红铃虫金小蜂、黑胸茧蜂,紫腹白虫小茧蜂、烟蚜茧蜂、几种草蛉、孟氏隐唇瓢虫、七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫、刺兵蝽、土耳其扁谷盗及几种钝绥螨的大最繁殖方法和它们的应用。     

蚜虫跳小蜂的重寄生现象及生物学特性简报

蚜虫跳小蜂Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus(Mayr)是蚜茧蜂僵蚜期的重要寄生天敌、麦蚜的重寄生蜂,为有害天敌。笔者1980—1986年在蚜苗蜂的研究中发现了此蜂和另外4种重寄生蜂,其对麦田蚜茧蜂 (主要是燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius avenae Haliday)的破坏作用极大。     

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.     

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.     

冬麦害虫天敌发生规律的研究

1980～1983年在新疆玛纳斯调查,发现冬麦田天敌很多,仅捕食的每亩常在万头以上,其中蜘蛛、瓢虫、食虫蝽是主要类群。蜘蛛的发生与飞虱、叶蝉等关系密切,并以齿须微蛛占优势,该蛛5月底6月上旬达高峰。瓢虫以七星瓢虫为主,多异瓢虫次之,均在麦田繁殖一代,以6月上、中旬幼虫最多,是控制蚜害的主力。麦田蚜茧蜂主要为多脊蚜茧蜂和菜蚜茧蜂,其发生与蚜虫种类、密度有关,蚜害盛期其寄生率有限,但仍可在综合防治中发挥一定的作用。     

Virulence of Verticillium lecanii (Z.) against cereal aphids; does timing of infection affect the performance of parasitoids and predators?

BACKGROUND: Entomopathogenic fungi such as Verticillium lecanii (Z.) (Mycotal^®) are used for pest control as an alternative to chemical control. In this study, the effect of V. lecanii on cereal aphids is assessed. In addition, an investigation is carried out to determine whether the use of V. lecanii affects the performance of two natural enemies of aphids, the predator Harmonia axyridis (P.) and the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (V.), in no‐choice experiments under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: The number of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) killed was increased by increasing the concentration of V. lecanii. The timing of application of fungus to aphids affected the efficacy of other biocontrol agents, a parasitoid and a predator. Parasitation by A. colemani (V.) in both cereal aphids (S. avenae and R. padi) was not affected by V. lecanii when aphids were first treated with V. lecanii and then exposed to A. colemani. The emergence of adults from parasitised mummies was, however, lower in infected aphids than in uninfected aphids when the aphids were first exposed to the parasitoids and then treated with fungus. The female sex ratio in the emerging adults was lower in V. lecanii‐treated aphids in both species. When aphids were first treated with V. lecanii, 72 h before predation, fewer aphids of both species were consumed by H. axyridis (P.). CONCLUSION: Use of entomopathogenic fungus as a biological control agent could be a complementary strategy in an integrated pest management programme against cereal aphids, but it can reduce the efficiency of other biocontrol agents (parasitoids and predators) when applied simultaneously. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Spring aphid-parasitoid (Hom., Aphididae, Hym., Braconidae) associations and interactions in a Mediterranean arable crop ecosystem, including Bt maize

Conspecific and heterospecific associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) were used to determine the interactions between crops forming the main arable crop ecosystem (wheat, alfalfa, isogenic and [Bt Bacillus thuringiensis] transgenic maize) in an irrigated area in Catalonia, Spain. Species composition and instars of parasitized aphids (mummies) were used to detect the parasitoid population movements between the crops and proved interactions (alternation) between the crops, including transgenic maize. Parasitoid interactions were species-dependent, appearing in the movements between alfalfa-wheat-maize in the individual species. Aphidius ervi Hal., A. rhopalosiphi DeSt.-Perez, A. uzbekistanicus Luzh., Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) and Praon volucre (Hal.) were classified as key-stone species in the target agroecosystems in the area. No differences were found in aphid-parasitoid associations on Bt transgenic maize and isogenic maize for aphid species composition and associated parasitoid guild.     

三种杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和捕食性天敌群落的影响

以2种选择性杀虫剂吡虫啉、抗蚜威和一种广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果为试验材料，研究了选择性杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和捕食性天敌群落结构特征的影响。结果表明，施用选择性杀虫剂的小区在农药持效期内麦蚜群落的多样性指数和均匀度低于空白对照区，高于氧化乐果处理区，而优势度和优势集中度高于空白对照区，低于氧化乐果处理区；捕食性天敌群落的多样性指数低于空白对照区，高于氧化乐果处理区，优势度和优势集中度高于空白对照区，低于氧化乐果处理区。选择性杀虫剂处理区瓢蚜比小于空白对照区和氧化乐果处理区，且有效期长达15－16d。根据害虫和天敌发生的特点及选择性杀虫剂的特性，提出了麦蚜的有效防治措施，即在麦蚜为害关键时期，每667m^2用吡虫啉1g(ai)或抗蚜威2.5g(ai)喷施1次，再利用自然天敌调控作用，即可有效控制麦蚜。     

The Effects of Cultural Measures on Cereal Pests and Their Role in Integrated Pest Management

The influences of cultural control measures on invertebrate pests and their natural enemies in cereals (wheat, barley and oats) are described and discussed, with emphasis on the major pests in north-west Europe. Possibilities for additive and synergistic combinations of cultural measures are identified, together with opportunities for integrating cultural measures with chemical and biological control where appropriate. Recent studies confirm the central role of cultural control measures in integrated pest management and integrated production of cereal crops. However, cultural measures often have opposing effects on different pests as well as diseases and weeds, so that appropriate measures must be selected on the basis of an assessment of the risks from key pests, diseases and weeds. Crop rotation is not an important means of controlling cereal pests, but its use is recommended for control of cereal diseases and weeds, as well as pests of crops grown in rotation with cereals. Diversification of crops and non-crop habitats in predominantly cereal growing areas is thought to increase numbers of certain parasitoids and polyphagous predators of cereal pests. The presence of weeds or an intercrop in a field together with cereals may reduce the severity of aphid and slug damage to cereals. Trap cropping has not yet been adequately tested in wheat, barley or oats. Cover crops reduce damage by wheat bulb fly in a following wheat crop, but increase the risk of slug damage. Resistance to a wide range of cereal aphid species has been identified in wheat and barley, but in Europe, more emphasis is placed on selecting cultivars with resistance to cereal diseases rather than pest resistance. Resistance in wheat to wheat bulb fly and wheat blossom midge is recorded, and resistance to slug damage has been reported in some laboratory studies. Early sowing of winter cereals results in more damage by certain dipterous pests and increased numbers of the aphid vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), but early sowing results in less damage by wheat bulb fly and slugs in autumn/winter and by late infestations of aphids in summer. Avoidance of ploughing results in reduced incidence of wheat bulb fly, yellow cereal fly and aphids, but increased numbers of slugs, wheat blossom midge and bibionid larvae. Avoidance of ploughing can result in greater numbers of certain polyphagous predators, particularly in the first weeks following crop establishment. The presence of straw residues results in increased slug populations, but reduced incidence of yellow cereal fly and wheat blossom midge. Preparation of fine, firm seedbeds discourages attack by slugs and wheat bulb fly on cereals. Drilling at slightly greater depth in rough cloddy seedbeds helps to protect wheat seeds from slug damage. Nitrogen fertiliser applied in spring can help cereal plants compensate for losses by wheat bulb fly or slugs. However, nitrogen applications tend to result in increased summer infestations of aphids.     

A three‐year field study on the short‐term effects of insecticides used to control cereal aphids on plant‐dwelling aphid predators in winter wheat

Short‐term effects of six insecticides used to control aphids were assessed in wheat on plant‐dwelling aphid predators. Products were applied to small plots of winter wheat in June or at the beginning of July and the densities of predators were estimated three days after treatment using a beating method. Insecticides were tested in 1994, 1995 and 1997 at a single dose, corresponding to their maximum recommended field rate in Belgium. Fluvalinate and esfenvalerate did not significantly reduce catches of syrphid larvae compared to the control but ladybirds were affected by these compounds. Pirimicarb was the only product tested that had no effect on ladybirds. However, syrphid larvae appeared sensitive to this product. Cyfluthrin, deltamethrin and phosalone reduced catches of both syrphids and ladybirds. Populations of lacewing larvae were unaffected by any of the insecticide treatments. Syrphid larvae were the most abundant aphid predator and Episyrphus balteatus the most common species. Ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata) were less numerous and only a few Chrysoperla carnea larvae were recorded. These results indicate that products that are less toxic to syrphid larvae, like esfenvalerate and fluvalinate, may be preferable to other compounds to control cereal aphids in wheat in spring and early summer. However, other criteria, such as the effectiveness of the different aphid‐specific predators, cost, efficacy of the treatment and side effects on other aphid antagonists (including parasitic hymenoptera and polyphagous predators) must also be taken into consideration. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

麦蚜与天敌相互关系研究及麦蚜防治指标初报

试验结果表明:小麦产量损失率与麦长管蚜、七星瓢虫幼虫关系极显著,与禾缢管蚜关系显著。经对田间麦蚜防治指标初步试验探讨,揭示了在麦蚜、天敌共存的农田系统内,由于天敌捕食控制作用,原来仅以麦蚜为害单因素所制定的防治指标可有较大幅度的放宽。