Computers and electronics in postharvest technology — a review

The article gives an overview of areas where computers and electronics have made a particular impact on the postharvest industry. These include environmental control and storage, quality monitoring, quality management, grading systems, inventory control, and management of product. Specific examples of the application of electronic systems have been given to illustrate the current state of postharvest technology, and some future predictions have been given. It is likely that consumer demand for improved quality, longer storage life, and guaranteed product safety will continue to grow. In a highly competitive market the industry will need to meet these demands, and electronic technology will play an increasingly important role. Improved sensors to assess quality are still needed, and handling and storage systems are likely to become increasingly sophisticated. In the latter half of the twentieth century technology has contributed much to improve the world's food supply, but it has also generated problems for the wider society, which will require attention in the next millennium.     

Provincial Universities in the United Kingdom

In the article "Provincial universities in the United Kingdom," by Trevor I. Williams [Science 124, 347 (24 Aug. 1956)], the names of the people identified in the picture on the left-hand side of page 348 were misspelled. The correct names are M. K. Das Gupta and R. C. Jennisson.     

英国新媒体市场概况

作者对新媒体的概念、欧洲新媒体市场概况、及英国新媒体市场的具体情况，包括软件市场、因特网市场、电子商务市场、游戏软件市场、广播电视市场进行了具体介绍，并对促进英国新媒体市场发展的因素进行了分析。     

Hybridization between Brassica napus and B. rapa on a national scale in the United Kingdom

Measures blocking hybridization would prevent or reduce biotic or environmental change caused by gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to wild relatives. The efficacy of any such measure depends on hybrid numbers within the legislative region over the life-span of the GM cultivar. We present a national assessment of hybridization between rapeseed (Brassica napus) and B. rapa from a combination of sources, including population surveys, remote sensing, pollen dispersal profiles, herbarium data, local Floras, and other floristic databases. Across the United Kingdom, we estimate that 32,000 hybrids form annually in waterside B. rapa populations, whereas the less abundant weedy populations contain 17,000 hybrids. These findings set targets for strategies to eliminate hybridization and represent the first step toward quantitative risk assessment on a national scale.     

基于物联网的英国智能农业进展研究

物联网(IOT,Internet of Things)技术是世界第三次信息产业革命的代表,将其应用到农业生产管理领域,使农业生产由传统农业转变为智能农业。介绍了物联网、智能农业的相关概念,并以英国发展智能农业为例,分别阐述了英国农业发展的历史阶段、物联网环境下英国智能农业的实施基础以及物联网技术在英国农业种植业、畜牧业、农产品与食品安全领域的应用现状,呈现了英国现代农业的精细化、智能化,为我国农业信息化建设提供经验借鉴。     

浅议多媒体CAI课件在油画创作教学中的应用

油画作为我国当代艺术文化领域内最具生命力的表现形式之一，正在走向多元化。如何在油画创作教学中运用多媒体CAI课件，笔者从油画创作的素材与构思、绘画构图、造型能力、色彩运用等四个方面的教学进行了探讨与实践。     

英国冬小麦主要病害发生趋势及生理小种变化状况

选育抗病小麦品种历来是英国小麦育种的主要目标之一 ,受到育种家的高度重视 .目前英国冬小麦的主要病害包括 :(1)叶部的白粉病、条锈病、叶锈病和叶枯病 ;(2 )穗部的赤霉病等 ;(3)茎秆基部的眼斑病和纹枯病 .本文根据作者参与的部分工作及有关的文献 ,对英国冬小麦的主要病害发生趋势及生理小种消长状况作简要评述     

菊科植物资源及其开发利用研究

分析了菊科植物资源的种类、分布及化学成分,综述了近年来菊科植物在医疗、保健、农药及其他方面的研究现状,并针对此项研究所面临的问题,提出了菊科植物资源及其进一步开发利用的几点建议。     

Reprogramming of the pig primordial germ cells into pluripotent stem cells: a brief review

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are regarded as unipotent cells that can produce only either spermatogonia or oocytes. However, PGCs can be converted into the pluripotent state by first dedifferentiation to embryonic germ cells and then by reprogramming to induce them to become pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These two stages can be completely implemented with mouse cells. However, authentic porcine iPSCs have not been established. Here, we discuss recent advances in the stem cell field for obtaining iPSCs from PGCs. This knowledge will provide some clues which will contribute to the regulation of reprogramming to pluripotency in farm species.     

简评加州私有土地的木材管理

在加州,私人及私营公司拥有的生产性林地占４５％。为了收获木材,这些林地的业主需要持有执照的专业林业工作者准备一份详细的经营计划,该计划需经州政府广泛的审阅。这种经营计划往往耗资６０００～１２０００美元或更多的资金。计划的准备及州政府的审阅耗时６个月或更长的时间。林业工作者所作的决策受到法律、林地条件、经济状况和林地业主的目的等限制。林业实践法规对造林体系的选择及采伐后要达到 的更新量有详细的标准。     

The state and consumer confidence in eco-labeling: organic labeling in Denmark,Sweden, The United Kingdom and The United States

Trustworthy eco-labels provide consumers with valuable information on environmentally friendly products and thus promote green consumerism. But what makes an eco-label trustworthy and what can government do to increase consumer confidence? The scant existing literature indicates that low governmental involvement increases confidence. This suggests that government should just provide the basic legal framework for eco-labeling and leave the rest to non-governmental organizations. However, the empirical underpinning of this conclusion is insufficient. This paper analyses consumer confidence in different organic food labeling regimes with varying degrees of governmental involvement. Using unique and detailed survey data from the US, United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden, the analysis shows that confidence is highest in countries with substantial state involvement. This suggests that governments can increase green consumerism through active and substantial involvement in eco-labeling.     

‘User friendly’ software for an integrated water-energy management system for center pivot irrigation

Computers are becoming more commonly used by farmers for improving their management. The big need is ‘user friendly’ software for use by farmers. An integrated water-energy management system was developed. It includes ‘user friendly’ software run on a microcomputer which communicates to center pivot irrigation systems via radio. The program provides monitoring, control, irrigation scheduling and electrical load control. The system has been used and accepted by our cooperator for three irrigation seasons. He has been able to improve his management and reduce the amount of overirrigation and the variation between systems of total water applied.     

pestMapper—A internet-based software tool for reporting and mapping biological invasions and other geographical and temporal events

An internet-based Google^® Maps application, pestMapper, is developed for sharing biological events such as invasive species and pest distribution over large geographical areas. This data gathering and mapping tool facilitates reporting, viewing, and providing alerts about important pest occurrences and research activities both regionally and globally.This Google^® application provides reported events dynamically to a Google^® Maps interface with detailed information displayed for each event. Users can make use of various built-in options such as region, event, pest, country, or time to display the map selectively. Alerts can be automatically sent to interested parties when system-specified types of events, such as pest outbreaks, occur. The system also generates web-based alerts for certain pre-defined events. A time slider is available for users to view temporal distributions of a biological event.Data are entered using an online data report component. The software can be modified for many other applications, such as species regional or global distribution mapping.     

浅析行政事业单位财政项目绩效管理

绩效管理现已进入有法可依的新阶段。近年来,财政部密集出台一系列配套文件,对预算管理长期以来形成的传统思维模式、权责构架、运行机制带来很大冲击。文章从实施财政项目支出绩效管理的重要性、当前绩效管理存在的问题和原因分析及如何提高财政项目绩效管理水平3个方面进行了阐述。     

中国玉米生产发展史略（1900—1948）

玉米１６世纪初期传入中国，在相当长的一段时期主要供作备荒济贫而栽培的粮食作物，耕作粗放，品种退化，产量偏低，发展缓慢；直至２０世纪现代科学技术兴起之后，玉米生产才有了较快的发展，玉米从世纪之初在粮食作物排行为“六谷”，逐步跃升至第五、第四，直至仅次于水稻、小麦的第三位。１９００－１９３６年，适应人口增长和对粮食需求，玉米逐步遍植全国各地；１９３７－１９４８年，战乱频繁，人口迁徙，生产力遭受破坏，为适应战争需要，玉米在局部地区（如西南、华北和西北等地）有一定的发展。 一、引进和推广新技术增加玉米产…     

A brief review of microRNA and its role in PRRSV infection and replication

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a single-stranded RNA virus, mainly infects cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Recently, host microRNAs were shown to be capable of modulating PRRSV infection and replication by multiple ways such as targeting viral genomic RNA, targeting viral receptor and inducing antiviral response. MicroRNAs are small RNAs and have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions. In this review, we discuss the identified functions of host microRNAs in relation to PRRSV infection and propose that cellular microRNAs may have a substantial effect on cell or tissue tropism of PRRSV.