农田水盐运移与作物生长模型耦合及验证

合理定量描述土壤水盐动态及作物生长过程对于干旱灌区制定适宜的农业用水措施具有重要意义。该文以SWAP(soil water atmosphere plant)模型为基础,采用变活动节点法实现了对土壤融化期的水盐运移模拟,并在根系吸水计算中引入了基于S形函数的水盐胁迫计算方法,以修正原SWAP模型对根系吸水的模拟。进一步嵌入了参数与输入数据较少且可以模拟作物生长过程及实际产量的EPIC(environmental policy integrated calculator)作物生长模型,构建了改进的农田尺度土壤水盐动态与作物生长耦合模拟模型-SWAP-EPIC。分别采用宁夏惠农灌区春小麦和春玉米田间试验数据,对SWAP-EPIC模型田间适用性进行了检验。对比分析各层土壤水分与盐分浓度、作物生长指标(叶面积指数、地上部生物量)的模拟值与实测值,结果表明:春小麦和春玉米试验中土壤水分的平均相对误差MRE和均方根误差RMSE均接近于0且模型Nash效率系数NSE值趋近于1,水分模块模拟精度较高,盐分浓度模拟存在略微差异但总体上一致性较好,并且作物生长指标匹配良好;同时,模拟的产量和蒸散发均较为接近实际值,春小麦和春玉米产量模拟相对误差分别为4.9%和3.3%。综上,该文改进的SWAP-EPIC模型可良好地应用于寒旱区农田尺度土壤水盐运移与作物生长耦合模拟。     

VSMB多层次土壤水分平衡动态模型及其初步应用

简要介绍了ＶＳＭＢ（ｔｈｅＶｅｒｓａｔｉｌｅＳｏｉｌＭｏｉｓｔｕｒｅＢｕｄｇｅｔＭｏｄｅｌ）多层次土壤水分平衡模型的物理原理和程序结构,并列举了模型在我国初步应用的结果。     

土壤水分对作物根系生长及分布的调控作用

研究了作物根系生长、分布对不同土壤水分条件，特别是水分胁迫条件和不同灌溉方式的动态响应特征及其与冠部生长、籽粒产量和水分利用的关系，指出对作物根系实施调控的方法，为寻求节水高产途径提供了可靠依据。     

东北玉米生长模型中土壤水分参数的敏感性分析

为进一步改进和提高东北玉米生长模型评估干旱的能力,并使之更好的在区域尺度上应用,以吉林省为例,对该模型的土壤水分参数进行敏感度分析。通过对榆树(半湿润)和白城(半干旱)两个站点典型干旱年份(2000、2001年)和雨水较丰年份及平年(1998、2002年)的分析,得到以下初步结论:土壤含水量对凋萎湿度、田间持水量、作物系数最敏感,整个根区初始土壤有效含水量等次之;凋萎湿度、田间持水量、整个根区初始土壤有效含水量对土壤水分影响为正效应;上述结果在不同气候区、不同降水年份相对稳定,具有一定的普适性。作物生长模型在区域尺度应用时,上述敏感参数的不当估算所产生的误差将导致土壤水分模拟失真,并进一步影响整个作物生长过程的模拟和模型的区域应用;根据敏感性分析结果,有针对性地改进敏感参数,有望进一步提高土壤水分乃至作物生长的模拟精度。     

CropSyst作物模型在松嫩平原典型黑土区的校正和验证

通过对CropSyst作物模拟模型进行修订和验证，应用该模型对松嫩平原黑土区主要作物的生产潜力进行了模拟，并对作物生产力模拟的有效方法进行了初步探索。模拟结果表明，对于主要作物的经济产量、全生育期蒸散量、收获时的地上生物量，模拟值与实测值较为接近。模拟值和实测值的均方根误差RMSE为3.59%(小麦地上生物量)～8.02%(小麦产量)，模拟性能指数EF最小为0.76(玉米蒸散量)，最大为0.90(小麦产量)。     

遥感信息与作物生长模型的区域作物单产模拟

利用外部数据同化作物生长模型提高区域作物单产模拟精度是近年来的研究热点.该文以遥感反演的叶面积指数(LAI)作为结合点,以黄淮海粮食主产区典型县市夏玉米为研究对象,在区域尺度利用全局优化的复合形混合演化( SCE-UA)算法进行了遥感反演LAI信息同化EPIC (environmental policy integra...     

Predictions of soil water and crop growth dynamics using the agroecosystem models THESEUS and OPUS

The agroecosystem models THESEUS and OPUS were tested with data obtained from three agricultural experimental field plots on sandy soils without groundwater located at the moraine landscape in East Brandenburg, Germany. At each of these plots, a separate agricultural management practice was applied. Measurements of soil water contents, pressure heads, above‐ground crop biomass, and crop yield from these three plots were compared with the corresponding simulation results of both models. The comparisons of simulated with measured outputs were analyzed using the modeling‐efficiency index IA. According to these analyses, both models simulated adequately the time courses of volumetric soil water contents and above‐ground crop biomass, but the time courses of pressure heads were predicted with a lower quality by both models. As for the pressure heads, the yields simulated with both models showed greater discrepancies in comparison with the observed ones. This indicates the need of a site‐specific parameter calibration of the crop‐growth modules, especially for that included in OPUS .     

不同矿化度微咸水灌溉冬小麦对下季作物产量和周年土壤盐分平衡的影响

冬小麦夏玉米一年两熟是环渤海低平原主要粮食作物种植模式,该区淡水资源匮乏,但浅层微咸水相对丰富,在降水较少的冬小麦生长季,适当利用微咸水代替淡水灌溉对维持冬小麦稳产高产有重要作用。冬小麦季实施微咸水灌溉后土壤盐分累积如何影响下季作物夏玉米生长以及对土壤周年盐分平衡影响,是微咸水能否长期安全利用的关键。为探究上述问题,于2015—2019年连续4年在环渤海低平原中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉定点试验,共设置含盐量为1 g·L~(-1)淡水(F)、3 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S3)、4 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S4)、5 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S5) 4个梯度,在拔节期灌水1次,灌水量均为70 mm;另以生育期不灌水作为对照(旱作, CK)。结果表明,不同矿化度微咸水灌溉处理间冬小麦产量没有显著差异,但平均比CK显著增产31.6%。同时,冬小麦生长季微咸水灌溉均增加了收获时1 m以上土层的含盐量,并随灌溉水含盐量增加而增加;对1 m以下土层含盐量影响不明显。夏玉米播种时灌溉70 mm淡水不仅解决了土壤墒情不足问题,并可使0～20 cm土层盐分控制在1 g·kg~(-1)以下,保证夏玉米出苗和群体建立,对夏玉米产量没有显著影响。经过夏季降雨的淋洗, S3、S4和S5处理0～40cm土层含盐量降低幅度超过30%,深层土壤含盐量变化不明显,1m以上土层可以实现周年盐分平衡。本研究表明冬小麦-夏玉米一年两季种植,冬小麦耐盐能力较强的特征使其生育期可以通过不大于5g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉维持稳产,在保证夏玉米出苗水进行灌溉的条件下,夏玉米季通过雨季降水淋盐维持0～1m主要根层土壤不发生明显积盐过程,可实现长期微咸水灌溉下土壤和作物安全。     

黄土旱塬区平衡施肥下不同土壤耕作模式的蓄水纳墒及作物增产增收效应研究

【目的】黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区是典型的雨养农业区,多数一年一熟或两年一熟制,冬小麦和春玉米是该区主要的粮食作物,平衡施肥是主要的施肥方式。多年研究和生产实践证明,建立与不同作物轮作方式相配套的土壤轮耕技术体系,可以为作物生长发育创造良好的土、 肥、 水、 气、 热的土壤环境条件,保持农田生态健康发展,促进作物增产增收。本文在当地平衡施肥条件下,通过多年耕作模式定位试验,研究在平衡施肥条件下,不同土壤耕作模式对休闲期和作物生育期0200 cm土层蓄水纳墒状况、 作物产量及其经济效益的影响,为黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区建立在一定肥力水平下与作物轮作体系相配套的土壤轮耕模式提供理论依据。【方法】选择位于黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区腹地的陕西省合阳县甘井镇一年一熟旱作冬小麦春玉米轮作田为试验区,采用免耕、 深松和翻耕3种土壤耕作方法组成4种土壤轮耕模式,即: 翻耕免耕翻耕免耕(RT1); 深松翻耕深松翻耕(RT2); 免耕深松免耕深松(RT3); 免耕翻耕深松免耕(RT4); 以连年翻耕(CK1)、 连年深松(CK2)和连年免耕(CK3)为对照,通过连续4年(2007~2011年)定位试验,研究平衡施肥条件下的7种土壤耕作模式对冬小麦春玉米轮作田0200 cm土层土壤贮水量、 土壤水分含量、 作物籽粒产量、 水分利用效率(WUE)和经济效益的影响。【结果】 1)在土壤休闲期,RT3模式下0200 cm土层土壤贮水量最高,其次是RT2。与对照组相比,4种轮耕模式0200 cm土层土壤贮水量均高于CK1; RT3显著高于CK3,但与CK2差异不显著。0200 cm土层土壤剖面含水量,亦以RT3模式最高。2)在冬小麦生育期,0200 cm土层土壤贮水量和土壤含水量,RT3和CK2模式的较高。3)在春玉米生育期,0200 cm土层土壤贮水量和土壤含水量RT3和CK3较高。4)不同耕作模式的作物籽粒产量、 水分利用效率(WUE)和经济效益,以RT2和CK2模式最高。四年平均结果RT2处理较CK1、 CK2和CK3处理增产10.2%、 3.6%和17.1%,增收23.6%(P0.05)、 6.8%(P0.05)和28.3%(P0.05),提高WUE 9.7%(P0.05)、 4.3%和18.6%(P0.05)。【结论】年际间轮流进行深松和翻耕(RT2)处理,虽然其在土壤蓄水保墒效应方面略低于年际间轮流进行免耕和深松(RT3)和连年深松(CK2)处理,但可获得最佳增产增收效果和最高水分利用效率; 连年深松能够增加水分入渗,保护土壤,增加蓄水能力,但产量和经济效益不如RT2处理,也是该区比较适宜的耕作方法。根据实际状况,在平衡施肥条件下的一年一熟作物轮作区,应推荐深松翻耕的轮耕或连年深松的耕作模式。     

作物根系层土壤水分模拟的经验-机理模型

To predict soil water variation in the crop root zone,a general exponential recession (GER) model was developed to depict the recession process of soil water storage.Incorporating the GER model into the mass balance model for soil water,a GER-based physicoempirical (PE-GER) model was proposed for simulating soil water variation in the crop root zone.The PE-GER model was calibrated and validated with experimental data of winter wheat in North China.Simulation results agreed well with the field experiment results,as well as were consistent with the simulation results from a more thoroughly developed soil water balance model which required more detailed parameters and inputs.Compared with a previously developed simple exponential recession (SER) based physicoempirical (PE-SER) model,PE-GER was more suitable for application in a broad range of soil texture,from light soil to heavy soil.Practical application of PE-GER showed that PE-GER could provide a convenient way to simulate and predict the variation of soil water storage in the crop root zone,especially in case of insufficient data for conceptual or hydrodynamic models.     

基于生长模拟模型的冬小麦生理过程水份胁迫影响因子效应的定量研究

A deep understanding of crop-water eco-physiological relations is the basis for quantifying plant physiological responses to soil water stress. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the winter wheat crop-water relations under both drought and waterlogging conditions in two sequential growing seasons from 2000 to 2002, and then the data were used to develop and validate models simulating the responses of winter wheat growth to drought and waterlogging stress. Thee xperiment consisted of four treatments, waterlogging (keep 1 to 2 cm water layer depth above soil surface), control (70%-80% field capacity), light drought (40%-50% field capacity) and severe drought (30%-40% field capacity) with six replicates at five stages in the 2000-2001 growth season. Three soil water content treatments (waterlogging, control and drought) with two replicates were designed in the 2001-2002 growth season. Waterlogging and control treatments are the same as in the 2000-2001 growth season. For the drought treatment, no water was supplied and the soil moisture decreased from field capacity to wilting point. Leaf net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, predawn leaf water potential, soil water potential, soil water content and dry matter weight of individual organs were measured. Based on crop-water eco-physiological relations, drought and waterlogging stress factors for winter wheat growth simulation model were put forward. Drought stress factors integrated soil water availability, the sensitivity of different development stages and the difference between physiological processes (such as photosynthesis, transpiration and partitioning). The quantification of waterlogging stress factor considered different crop species, soil water status, waterlogging days and sensitivity at different growth stages. Data sets from the pot experiments revealed favorable performance reliability for the simulation sub-models with the drought and waterlogging stress factors.     

Development and evaluation of a soil water evaporation model to assess the effects of soil texture, tillage and crop residue management under field conditions

Abstract. A number of mathematical models to predict soil water evaporation are available in the literature which generally require complex input data. In the present study, a simple parametric model has been developed by coupling existing and newly developed equations to assess soil water evaporation and drainage under field conditions in relation to potential evaporation rate, soil texture, time and depth of tillage and crop residue management. The model has moderate input data requirements and predicts well the effects of tillage and crop residue management practices on soil water loss (evaporation+drainage) with multi-drying and -wetting cycles prevailing under natural conditions. The root mean squares of deviations between observed and predicted cumulative water loss at different periods of study were 0.82, 2.04, 2.31 and 1.74  cm for untreated, residue-mulch, tillage and residue-incorporated treatments, respectively. Simulation analysis on cumulative evaporation and evaporation rate has shown that the evaporation reduction with different combinations of tillage and crop residue followed the order of residue-undercut>residue-mulch>residue-incorporated>tillage. Thus, the magnitude of beneficial effects of crop residues and tillage on soil water evaporation reduction are associated with amount of residues, mode of residue management (mulched or incorporated in the soil) and time and depth of tillage.     

冷凉地区不同耕作措施对土壤环境和作物生长发育的影响

通过不同耕作措施的实施,比较其对玉米种植地土壤水分、土壤温度、玉米生长发育及产量的影响,从而探讨不同的耕作方式在旱作农业试验区的适宜性。结果表明:不同的保护性耕作措施均可提高土壤水分含量,其中留茬旋耕处理的土壤贮水量最高,达(4.542±0.894)×105L/hm2;在玉米播种前期及苗期,免耕覆盖处理降低土壤温度1~2℃,而整个生育期留茬旋耕处理与传统耕作处理的土壤温度相近;苗期,留茬旋耕处理的玉米株高、根长、鲜重和干重均优于其它处理,促进了玉米的生长发育;不同的保护性耕作措施均可提高玉米的产量,与传统耕作相比可增产4.01%~22.1%。整秆还田和留茬旋耕处理玉米产量较高,两者之间差异不显著。综合考虑不同耕作措施的效应,留茬旋耕处理比整秆还田处理更适宜于冷凉地区的推广、应用。     

FAO56计算水分胁迫系数的方法在田间水量平衡分析中的应用

从作物水分胁迫系数的基本概念和FAO56的相关公式出发，考虑土壤临界含水量的时间变化，推导出了一个水分胁迫系数计算公式，该公式比较全面地表达了土壤供水能力、作物潜在腾发量与作物所受水分胁迫之间的关系。将该公式和另一幂函数公式应用于山西潇河冬小麦田间水量平衡分析，两者对土壤水分的动态模拟都达到了较高的精度，水量平衡计算结果也比较合理，模型的参数基本一致。与幂函数公式建立的模型相比，新公式建立的田间水量平衡模型具有待定参数少、求解结果稳定、易于收敛的优点，同时还能得到0～1 m土壤临界含水量变化曲线。该曲线反映了作物在土壤水分消退的过程中遭受不同程度水分胁迫的可能性大小，并得出土壤临界含水量在冬小麦生长前期较小，中期最大，后期较大。在返青～收获期，0～1 m深土壤临界含水量最大为290 mm，最小为215 mm，平均值为247 mm。这些结论对于农业用水管理具有一定的参考价值。     

土壤水氮动态及作物生长耦合EPIC-Nitrogen2D模型

为计算农业区不同作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程,该文基于Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator(EPIC)作物模型建立了作物根系生长子模块,将其进行有限元数值离散,与土壤氮素迁移转化模型Nitrogen2D耦合,使模型能计算作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程。该作物生长模块可计算多种胁迫下作物根系对土壤水分和氮素的动态吸收速率,及作物收获时的生物量和吸氮量。采用武汉大学灌溉排水试验场冬小麦生长条件下土壤水氮试验数据对模型进行了率定,并用于土壤水氮分布和作物生物量预测,土壤含水率、氮素的模拟值与实测值的一致性系数分别为0.86~0.97、0.52~0.98,Nash效率系数为0.59~0.90(含水率)、0.44~0.93(土壤氮素),说明模拟结果与实测值吻合度较高。同时,分别采用该文的作物生长模块和简单根系吸收模块计算根系吸氮过程,结果显示,简单根系吸收模型会显著高估作物吸氮量,而作物生长模型则由于考虑了根系生长和各环境因子的胁迫作用,计算结果更符合作物实际吸氮过程,计算的根系吸氮量相对均方根误差为3.4%~46%。