Precipitation and Erosivity in Southern Portugal: Seasonal Variability and Trends (1950–2008)

Southern Portugal experiences the lowest amounts of annual precipitation and the highest level of susceptibility to soil erosion, drought events and desertification phenomena in mainland Portugal. The first goal of this paper was to analyse spatial variability and trends in annual precipitation and erosivity in southern mainland Portugal for the period 1950/1951–2007/2008. The second objective was to evaluate seasonality in relation to precipitation distribution, erosivity and concentration over the same period and to evaluate and detect possible changes in the time trend for precipitation erosivity. In order to achieve these objectives, the annual and seasonal precipitation figures, corresponding to data from 90 rain gauges, were analysed and the Modified Fournier Index and Precipitation Concentration Index calculated for each station. The results obtained revealed distinct behaviour patterns for yearly precipitation, erosivity and concentration trends. Decreases in annual precipitation and erosivity figures accompanied by increases in precipitation concentration were found. Nevertheless, no generalised significant trends have been detected for these variables. In seasonal terms, there was a general trend towards an increase in amount, concentration and precipitation erosivity in autumn and summer, and a significantly reducing in winter. The increase in precipitation erosivity, particularly in the autumn, the most water‐erosive season, suggests a rising in potential soil erosion risk in southern Portugal. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于日雨量的长武县53年来降雨量及侵蚀力演变趋势分析

用长武县1957—2009年日雨量数据,对该地区侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力不同时间尺度变化趋势及其协同性进行系统分析,为该区水土流失治理及生态环境建设提供科学支持。结果表明:(1)长武县53a来多年平均降雨量577.8mm,侵蚀性降雨量340.7mm,降雨侵蚀力1 691.2(MJ.mm)/(hm2.h)。3要素变异系数、集中程度逐渐增大,变异系数分别为22.5%,34.4%,43.2%。分别有76.1%,83.4%和85.8%的量集中于夏、秋两季,53.2%,65.5%,70.1%的量集中于7—9月。(2)53a来年降雨量和年侵蚀性降雨均呈不显著减少趋势,受极端降雨事件发生次数增多的影响,降雨侵蚀力呈不显著增加趋势。季节间的变化格局类似,夏、秋两季均呈不显著的增、减趋势,春、冬两季均呈显著减、增趋势。4月、6月呈显著的减、增趋势。(3)对全年降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力年际变化的贡献程度,季节尺度上均受夏、秋两季尤其夏季影响较大,月尺度上则以7—9月尤其8月影响较大。影响程度在3要素间逐渐增强。53a来3要素的演变特征既有差异,又有巨大协同性。     

Changing rainfall,seasonality and erosivity in the hyper‐arid zone of Sudan

A primary cause of soil erosion is the impact of rain. Therefore, understanding the altering rainfall characteristics and their effect on soil erosion is an issue of main concern. This is of utmost importance to contribute to developing suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies for soil and water resources conservation and crop management practices. The rainfall seasonality index (SI), precipitation concentration index (PCI) and modified Fournier index (MFI) for rainfall erosivity have been calculated and analysed in this study for the hyper‐arid region of Sudan. The data used consist of monthly rainfall measurements spanning over 60 years for three index meteorological stations, two on the Nile corridor and one on the Red Sea coast. The region is characterized by high year‐to‐year variability in rainfall leading to extreme seasonality/irregular distribution of rainfall over the year. Although prevalent diminishing rainfall amounts have been witnessed, there are marked tendencies for some months to become wetter, indicating changing intra‐annual rainfall variability and thus monthly rainfall erosivity. No statistically significant trends were observed in rainfall seasonality and concentration during the common data period of 1945–2007. Cases of high and very high erosion powers were detected. A significant decreasing trend in erosivity is shown for one inland station. A brief discussion on the implications of these results for risk of soil erosion, freshwater quality and agriculture is also given. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ASSESSING LAND DEGRADATION RISK THROUGH THE LONG‐TERM ANALYSIS OF EROSIVITY: A CASE STUDY IN SOUTHERN SPAIN

Despite the high variability of the precipitation regime characterizing the Mediterranean area, the records of rainfall depth are usually not appropriate for long‐term calculations of erosivity and soil losses, because they do not reveal details of short lengths or long durations (daily, monthly). In this work, we present a simple approach to calculate annual erosivity through monthly precipitation records. The study area (olive groves on steep slopes) has a high erosion risk associated to the main soil land use, combined with an irregular and erosive rainfall regime. The relationships between rainfall data at intervals of 10 min for a period of 3 years, daily rainfall records over 10 years and a long‐term monthly dataset of 60 years were checked to calculate the annual erosivity values through daily data, Fourier's index and modified Fourier's index values. A good, adjusted linear relationship between modified Fourier's index and the erosivity was found, which allowed us to optimize the use of the 60‐year monthly data series and to carry out a long‐term analysis of the erosivity quantiles in the study area. The estimated mean erosivity showed a return period of between 2 and 5 years and a variation coefficient of over 50 per cent, which illustrate its high variability and frequency. This approach to calculate erosivity and the use of quantiles could be applied in other areas with month‐long data series in order to study and model the erosion risk using suitable temporal periods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑龙江省降雨侵蚀力的变化规律

 利用黑龙江省16个气象站1960—2000年日降雨量资料,采用日降雨量侵蚀力模型计算降雨侵蚀力,对黑龙江省降雨侵蚀力变化规律及其与降雨量的关系进行分析。结果表明:1)黑龙江省1960—2000年年降雨侵蚀力、年降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量都呈升高的趋势,年降雨侵蚀力、年降雨量和侵蚀性降雨量变化速率分别为1.47MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a)、0.29 mm/a和0.35mm/a;2)黑龙江省16个气象站中有11个气象站降雨侵蚀力倾向率为正值,牡丹江降雨侵蚀力升高幅度最大,为15.6MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a),有5个气象站的倾向率为负值,其中齐齐哈尔降雨侵蚀力降低幅度最大,为-16.8MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a);3)16个气象站除哈尔滨、克山、呼玛、通河外,侵蚀性降雨时间变化对侵蚀性降雨量变化的作用大于侵蚀性降雨强度变化对侵蚀性降雨量变化的作用,显示大部分站点侵蚀性降雨量变化主要由侵蚀性降雨时间变化引起的。研究结果可为土壤侵蚀预报以及水土保持规划与决策提供依据。     

长江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化及成因分析

基于1961－2017年均一化逐日降水资料,采用线性回归及Mann-kendall 显著性检验、Spearman秩偏相关、广义极值分布等方法对长江流域年降雨侵蚀力及侵蚀性的降雨特征时空分布特点、变化趋势和成因、10年一遇次降雨侵蚀力极端变化进行分析,并从总体趋势和极端变化角度综合探讨导致土壤水蚀加剧的气候危险性格局,为长江流域生态环境保护、可持续发展及制定针对性精细化水土保护措施和流域治理提供参考。结果表明：1）1961－2017年,长江流域年降雨侵蚀力和年侵蚀性的降雨量、降雨日数、雨强变化速率增加,雨强增加趋势明显;2）流域和大部分分区年降雨侵蚀力增加主要受年侵蚀性降雨量和雨强增加变化的影响,多数分区因雨强的显著增加起主导作用;3）71.6%的站点年降雨侵蚀力变化速率增加,10年一遇次降雨侵蚀力1961－2017年相对1961－1990年时段增加的站点比例为61.2%;4）1961－2017年年降雨侵蚀力增加趋势和/或10年一遇次降雨侵蚀力后一时段增加,均可能造成土壤水蚀加剧的危险,长江流域水蚀气候危险性增加的站点范围广,比例多达81.5%,对水土流失预防和治理十分不利。     

Rainfall erosivity estimation over the Tibetan plateau based on high spatial-temporal resolution rainfall records

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) in China has been experiencing severe water erosion because of climate warming. The rapid development of weather station network provides an opportunity to improve our understanding of rainfall erosivity in the TP. In this study, 1-min precipitation data obtained from 1226 weather stations during 2018–2019 were used to estimate rainfall erosivity, and subsequently the spatial-temporal patterns of rainfall erosivity in the TP were identified. The mean annual erosive rainfall was 295 mm, which accounted for 53% of the annual rainfall. An average of 14 erosive events occurred yearly per weather station, with the erosive events in the wet season being more likely to extend beyond midnight. In these cases, the precipitation amounts of the erosive events were found to be higher than those of the daily precipitations, which may result in implicit bias as the daily precipitation data were used for estimating the rainfall erosivity. The mean annual rainfall erosivity in the TP was 528 MJ mm·ha^?1·h^?1, with a broader range of 0–3402 MJ mm·ha^?1·h^?1, indicating a significant spatial variability. Regions with the highest mean annual rainfall erosivity were located in the forest zones, followed by steppe and desert zones. Finally, the precipitation phase records obtained from 140 weather stations showed that snowfall events slightly impacted the accuracy of rainfall erosivity calculation, but attention should be paid to the erosion process of snowmelt in the inner part of the TP. These results can be used as the reference data for soil erosion prediction in normal precipitation years.     

1951-2018年韶关不同量级降雨侵蚀力变化

降雨是引起土壤水蚀的主要动力因子之一,为探讨韶关市不同量级降雨对土壤水蚀特征造成的影响,选取1951—2018年韶关市逐日降雨量数据,采用日降雨侵蚀力模型计算降雨侵蚀力,利用变异系数、趋势系数分析不同时间尺度各量级降雨侵蚀力的变化.结果表明:(1)68年来韶关市年均降雨侵蚀力为9314(MJ·mm)/(hm2·h·a)...     

安徽淮河流域各级降水时空变化及其对农业的影响

利用淮河流域安徽省境内多个台站的逐日降水资料,采用点面结合、长短期结合的方式,分析淮河流域不同级别的降水量、降水日数和降水强度的时空分布特点及其对农业生产的影响。结果表明,年总降水量、大雨量和暴雨量随时间变化的趋势不显著,但年总降水日数减少,大雨以上级别雨日有微弱增加趋势,夏季降水量和大雨以上级别降水占总降水量的比例也有增加趋势;年和夏季的大雨和暴雨强度随时间呈显著的二次曲线关系,20世纪90年代后呈增大趋势;产量与降水量和降水日数均为二次曲线关系,与降水量的相关系数高于降水日数。近年来,平均年降水量和夏季降水量均高于农作物获得高产的最适值,涝灾受灾面积有明显的增加趋势。     

赣南九曲水流域降雨侵蚀力变化规律及其影响因素

为有效防治流域土壤侵蚀、维护生态安全,基于九曲水流域1982—2019年逐日降雨数据,运用小波分析、交叉小波变换等方法分析了中雨、大雨、暴雨及年降雨侵蚀力的年际变化规律,并探讨了太阳黑子、厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（ENSO）、北极涛动（AO）及太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）对它们的影响。结果表明：（1）中雨、大雨、暴雨及年降雨侵蚀力的年际变化趋势均不显著（p>0.05）,其变异系数（C_V）分别为0.24,0.31,0.64,0.26,均属于中等变异。（2）不同量级降雨侵蚀力的周期变化差异明显,年降雨侵蚀力与暴雨侵蚀力均存在15~23年周期变化和19年主周期,二者联系更紧密。（3）年降雨侵蚀力和暴雨侵蚀力与太阳黑子、ENSO、AO、PDO均分别存在9~11,10~11,10~11,9~10年的显著共振周期,暴雨侵蚀力受太阳黑子、ENSO、PDO的影响大于中雨、大雨侵蚀力,大雨侵蚀力受AO的影响大于中雨、暴雨侵蚀力。研究成果可为赣南乃至我国土壤侵蚀预测预报与防治提供科学依据。     

关川河流域1995-2010年降雨特征及其水土流失效应

依据定西关川河流域1995-2010年的水文站监测数据,分析了该地区降雨特征及其水土流失效应。结果表明:(1)流域降雨事件主要发生在5-9月,7-8月降雨量达到全年最高值,而侵蚀性降雨主要发生在7-8月15a间侵蚀性降雨日数占总降雨日数的9.53%侵蚀性降雨量占总降雨量的39.41%。(2)15a间共观测到1|123d降雨,降雨总量达4866.98mm多年平均降雨量304.19mm,年际变化趋势不明显,每年约10%的侵蚀性降雨事件造成土壤侵蚀。(3)河川径流量与输沙量呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.001),二者均呈波动减少的趋势当表层土壤处于缺水状态时,降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响延迟。(4)由于影响土壤水蚀的因素错综复杂,降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量和降雨侵蚀力均不能独立反映流域土壤侵蚀过程。     

近60年来江西省各等级侵蚀性降雨与降雨侵蚀力的关系

基于江西省具有典型代表性的5个气象站点1956-2015年共60 a逐日降雨量资料,研究了各等级侵蚀性降雨和降雨侵蚀力的特征,建立了利用各等级侵蚀性年降雨量估算年降雨侵蚀力的简易算法模型。结果表明:各等级侵蚀性降雨量、降雨日数和降雨侵蚀的时间分布规律不一。年暴雨量、年暴雨量比例、年暴雨日数、年暴雨侵蚀力、年降雨侵蚀力均在时间上呈不同程度的增长趋势,在空间表现为从南到北逐渐上升趋势。各等级侵蚀性年降雨量估算降雨侵蚀力模型的模拟值与精确值具有高度相关性,可用于估算江西地区年降雨侵蚀力。     

黑土区农地侵蚀性降雨标准研究

侵蚀性降雨,是指能够引起土壤侵蚀的降雨。确定侵蚀性降雨的标准,是土壤侵蚀预报研究的一项基本内容。本文采用频率分析的方法,通过对黑土侵蚀区克山水保试验站径流小区4年24次天然侵蚀性降雨资料的统计分析,确定了黑土区农地侵蚀性降雨的基本雨量标准、一般雨量标准、瞬时雨率标准和暴雨基本雨量标准。     

基于多种算法的小安溪流域降雨侵蚀力时空演变特征

降雨侵蚀力是土壤侵蚀预报模型中的重要指标,精确计算降雨侵蚀力能够提高区域水土流失预报精度。该研究以长江上游末端支流小安溪为研究区域,基于流域内国家基本站点近10年逐分钟降雨数据,采用K均值聚类法进行侵蚀性降雨雨情分类;以通用土壤流失方程计算降雨侵蚀力的结果为标准,在6种不同时间尺度的计算模型中优选简易算法,应用推荐模型计算长序列逐日降雨侵蚀力并分析其时空演变特征。结果表明：1）研究区侵蚀性降雨可分为3类,I类为主要的降雨类型,产生的降雨侵蚀力最小,仅33.90 MJ·mm/(hm2·h);Ⅲ类最剧烈,达1 176.86 MJ·mm/(hm2·h);2）优选日降雨量模型B计算得到1960-2018年的平均降雨侵蚀力为2 037.14～2 464.71 MJ·mm/(hm2·h);铜梁站点在研究时段内增加3.66%,其余站点呈下降趋势,永川变化幅度最大,减少12.39%;年内变化呈双峰特征,高值期集中于5-9月,春冬和夏秋季节降雨侵蚀力的空间差异性明显;3）空间变化特征方面,多年平均降雨侵蚀力从上游向下游依次递增,小安溪流域汇入干流涪江处水力侵蚀潜在危险最大。该研究结果可为小安溪流域水土保持提供理论和方法借鉴。     

香溪河流域降雨侵蚀力特征及简易算法初步研究

降雨侵蚀力表示降雨引起土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,对土壤侵蚀定量预报及评价研究有重要意义。利用三峡库区香溪河流域兴山气象站1990—2009年20 a的逐日降雨量资料,采用日降雨侵蚀力模型估算了研究区的降雨侵蚀力,分析了降雨侵蚀力的年内、年际演变特征,并以此为基准值建立了降雨侵蚀力简易算法模型。结果表明:香溪河流域年内降雨侵蚀力R主要集中在5—8月,占全年的71%,峰值与侵蚀性降雨峰值一致,均出现在7月;R值年际变化较大,变异系数达到0.36,多年平均降雨侵蚀力为4 361.55（MJ·mm）/（hm²·h）,R值与年降雨量和年侵蚀性降雨量年际变化趋势基本一致,但也存在少数异常年份,多年降雨侵蚀力年际变化趋势系数为0.106,呈增加趋势;简易算法模型决定系数均在0.9以上,相对误差较小,均能满足要求,可应用于研究流域,但降雨侵蚀力精确值未知,模型参数有待进一步优化。     

Soil C and N changes under tillage and cropping systems in semi-arid Pacific Northwest agriculture

Soils in semi-arid regions are highly susceptible to soil organic matter (SOM) loss when cultivated because of erratic yield, removal of crop residue for feed or fuel, uncontrolled soil erosion, and frequent fallowing to increase water storage. It is important to quantify the effect of each factor to be able to identify agoecosystems that are sustainable and recognize the management practices that best sequester C in soil. We identified changes in SOM in long-term experiments, some dating from the early 1900s, by evaluating tillage and crop rotation effects at several locations in semi-arid regions of the US Pacific Northwest. The major factors influencing changes in organic C and N were the frequency of summer-fallow and the amount of C input by crop residue. Soil erosion was low in long-term studies, but even limited soil loss can have a substantial impact on C and N levels if allowed over many years. Yearly crop production is recommended because any cropping system that included summer-fallow lost SOM over time without large applications of manure. We conclude that most of the SOM loss was due to high biological oxidation and absence of C input during the fallow year rather than resulting from erosion. Decreasing tillage intensity reduced SOM loss, but the effect was not as dramatic as eliminating summer-fallow. Crop management practices such as N fertilization increased residue production and improved C and N levels in soil. SOM can be maintained or increased in most semi-arid soils if they are cropped every year, crop residues are returned to soil, and erosion is kept to a minimum. SOM loss may be more intense in the Pacific Northwest because fallowing keeps the soil moist during the summer months when it would normally be dry. Our experiments identify two primary deficiencies of long-term studies to measure C sequestering capability: (1) soil C loss can be partitioned between erosion and biological oxidation only by estimation, and (2) C changes occurring below 30 cm in grassland soils cannot be quantified in many instances because samples were not collected.     

紫色丘陵区侵蚀性降雨与降雨侵蚀力特征

降雨侵蚀力（R值）的空间分布反映了区域气候对土壤侵蚀的作用。利用四川盆地紫色丘陵区多年实测降雨资料,应用频率分析法,推求该地区侵蚀性降雨的一般雨量标准,揭示该地区侵蚀性降雨及其侵蚀特征,进而运用降雨侵蚀力日降雨量计算方法,分析紫色丘陵区降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征。结果表明：1）紫色丘陵区顺坡休闲农耕地的侵蚀性降雨的一般雨量标准为11．3mm;2）紫色丘陵区多年平均总降雨量中有60％以上属于侵蚀性降雨,侵蚀性降雨主要集中于5—9月,其中7、8月年均侵蚀性降雨量和土壤侵蚀量最大,空间分布上表现为丘陵区边缘地区大于中部地区;3）紫色丘陵区年均R值介于5000～6500MJ／（mm·hm^2·h）之间,由丘陵区周边向中心逐渐减小,研究区北部的巴中、达县、阆中3站的年均降雨侵蚀力形成高值区,中部的遂宁站形成低值中心,北部大于南部,西部大于东部;4）紫色丘陵区R值主要由≥15mm的降雨构成,占76．9％-82．1％,年内集中度较高,主要分布在汛期5—10月份,占年R值的89％以上;5）R值的年际变化较大,达到中等程度变异,不同地区的R值年际变化差异较大,但并未表现出明显的随时间变化的增减趋势。     

Climatic Gradient,Cropping System,and Crop Residue Impacts on Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in No‐Till Soils

Abstract

In the West Central Great Plains of the United States, no‐till management has allowed for increased cropping intensity under dryland conditions. This, in turn, has affected the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics of these systems. In this region, moisture stress increases from north to south due to an increase in evapotranspiration (ET), resulting in a climatic gradient that affects cropping system management. The objectives of this study were to determine the interaction of cropping system intensification and climatic gradient (ET) on C and N mineralization and to determine if the presence or absence of crop residue on the soil surface affects C and net N mineralization. Two cropping systems, winter wheat‐fallow (WF) (Triticum aestivium L.) and winter wheat‐corn (sorghum)‐millet‐fallow (WCMF) [Zea mays (L.), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Panicum milaceum (L.)] were studied at three locations across this aforementioned ET gradient. The treatments had been in place for 8 yrs prior to sampling in the study. These results showed that the more intense cropping system (WCMF) had a higher laboratory C mineralization rate at two of the three locations, which the study concluded resulted from larger residue biomass additions and larger quantities of surface residue and soil residue at these locations (Soil residue is defined as recognizable crop residue in the soil that is retained on a 0.6 mm screen). However, no differences in N mineralization occurred. This is most likely due to more N immobilization under WCMF as compared to WF. Presence or absence of crop residue on the surface of undisturbed soil cores during incubation affected potential C and net N mineralization more than either cropping system or location. Soil cores with the surface residue intact mineralized as much as 270% more C than the same soils where the surface crop residue had been removed. In laboratory studies evaluating the relative differences in cropping systems effects on C and N mineralization, the retention of crop residue on the soil surface may more accurately access the cropping system effects.     

河南省降雨侵蚀力时空变异特征

利用河南省119个气象台站自建站始至2003年的逐日降雨量资料,计算其所代表县(市)的逐年与平均降雨侵蚀力,并利用GIS等工具分析河南省降雨侵蚀力的时空变异特征。结果表明:河南省多年年均降雨侵蚀力总体趋势是由北向南递增,最大值出现在南部的新县、鸡公山、商城与桐柏、平舆,其值均超过7 000 MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a);河南省多年年均降雨侵蚀力排序结果可分为5个区域等级,基本与等值线一致;河南省各地的降雨侵蚀力在不同年份变异较大,FFT(快速傅立叶变换)表明无明显的年际周期性规律;河南省降雨侵蚀力的年内变化趋势表现为单峰型,侵蚀主要发生在7—9月份,集中度在北部区域均超过60%;河南省降雨侵蚀力与年侵蚀性降雨量或年侵蚀性降雨量和逐日侵蚀性降雨量之间存在极显著的线性相关性,相关系数分别为0.967 2和0.994 2。     

中国降雨侵蚀力的时空分布及重现期研究

降雨侵蚀力是土壤侵蚀模型USLE的一个重要因子。基于中国中东部水蚀区18个气象站1961(1971)-2000年逐分钟降水数据和全国范围内774个气象站1961-2016年逐日降水数据,采用克里金插值方法,得到全国多年平均年、多年平均24个半月、不同重现期年和次侵蚀力空间分布特征,可满足USLE模型对侵蚀力因子相关参数输入的要求。交叉验证结果表明:以上所有指标的空间插值模型精度较好,模型有效系数NSE不低于0.74,偏差百分比PBIAS低于1%,均方根误差与观测值标准差的比值RSR小于等于0.51。侵蚀力年内变化曲线具有较好的区域相似性,使用K均值聚类分析方法将中国侵蚀力年内变化特征划分为4个区域,每个区域概化出一条侵蚀力年内变化曲线。