添加外源镧条件下姬松茸中微生素的相关性及主成分分析

摘要：本文采用主成分分析法,对外源镧协迫姬松茸的效应进行了研究。结果表明,姬松茸的维生素B6与烟酰胺和B2呈极显著和显著负相关;烟酰胺与B2呈显著正相关;叶酸与B2呈显著负相关;其它性状间的相关均为负或正相关。从7项微生素指标中提取出3个协迫效应的主成分,累积方差贡献率为93.92%。根据主成分对原性状的综合能力,进行微生素系例分析,3个主成分可分别解释为叶酸和B6效应因子,Vc效应因子,B5效应因子,并建立了主成分方程分别为: y1=0.1682F1+ 0.1542F2+0.3570F3+0.4420F4-0.4094F5+0.4613F6-0.4947F7 y2=0.6392F1-0.4636F2+0.3622F3-0.3004F5+0.3443F5+0.1855F6-0.0462F7 y3=0.1380F1+ 0.8114F2+0.3705F3-0.1821F4+0.2739F5+0.0908F6+0.2625F7 各处理组的主成分得分、综合得分计算排序第一为40mg/Kg处理组,所以为较适宜的协迫浓度。     

翻压春油菜对土壤磷素及玉米磷吸收的影响

为了提高华北地区土壤磷素有效性,减少化肥磷素的投入,开展了不同春油菜翻压对土壤供磷能力及对后茬玉米磷吸收影响的研究.结果表明,与春季闲田相比,翻压春油菜可以显著增加土壤磷素含量(P<0.05),提高土壤供磷能力.供试玉米品种中,中油肥1804、中油肥1901和中油肥1907的生物量较高、每公顷玉米含磷量也较大,翻压后土...     

土壤磷素活化剂对大豆的增产作用

以吉林35号为材料研究了土壤磷素活化剂对大豆的增产作用.结果表明,土壤磷素活化剂可增加大豆的株高、单株粒重,降低病粒率,显著地提高大豆百粒重和小区产量.产量随磷酸二铵施用量的减少而增加,幅度为3.64%～17.25%,土壤磷素活化剂是生产绿色大豆、保护生态环境、提高大豆产量、增加经济效益、具有良好应用前景的生物菌肥.     

花生土壤磷素适宜值及磷肥最佳用量研究

通过不同磷素水平土壤的田间肥效试验，研究了棕壤土花生施磷效果，确定出土壤中有效磷的适宜值及适宜的N／P和P／K比值，研究出根据土壤养分和空白产量水平进行定量施肥的技术。     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区土壤磷与磷肥产量效应变化

为了给作物持续高产下科学施用磷肥提供依据,采用1978年以来土壤有效磷变化的大数据分析、不同时段磷肥定位试验、大面积磷肥产量效应试验等方法分析了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区土壤有效磷变化、土壤和肥料磷的产量效应。结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区土壤有效磷含量平均为22.43 mg/kg,表现为太行山山麓平原﹥冲积平原。1996—1999年,太行山山麓平原、冲积平原区供试土壤有效磷含量分别为15.09,11.90 mg/kg,冬小麦P₂O₅用量180 kg/hm²时土壤供磷能力：冬小麦分别为83.9%,75.8%,夏玉米分别为83.3%,89.7%。冬小麦秸秆还田下,土壤磷收支表观平衡分别为盈余52.8%,55.4%。2010—2012年,太行山山麓平原土壤有效磷27.22 mg/kg,冬小麦、夏玉米P₂O₅用量分别为108,60 kg/hm²时土壤供磷能力：冬小麦为84.6%,夏玉米为90.1%。小麦秸秆不还田下,土壤磷收支表观平衡：冬小麦盈余6.7%,夏玉米亏缺4...     

土壤磷的动态积累及土壤有效磷的产量效应

采用田间磷肥试验和田间定位监测相结合的方法,研究了不同磷用量下土壤磷素的动态积累对土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)在大白菜和辣椒上的产量反应,探讨用土壤有效磷反映土壤供磷能力和作为推荐磷肥用量的依据。结果表明:磷肥和土壤Olsen-P在白菜和辣椒上的产量效应均符合一元二次式。土壤磷素收支平衡33.7%~680.4%,土壤Olsen-P占土壤磷积累量的17.7%~28.9%。0~20 cm日光温室土壤磷素收支平衡124.1%~293.6%,0~20 cm土壤Olsen-P的年均积累量为23.1~32.2 mg/kg,土壤Olsen-P占土壤磷积累量的16.6%~24.2%。20~100 cm日光温室土壤Olsen-P的增加量随着施磷时间的延长而逐渐增加。土壤Olsen-P在植物上的产量效应符合一元二次式。农田磷的积累量与土壤Olsen-P的增加量呈直线正相关,土壤Olsen-P的增加量占农田积累磷的17.7%~28.9%。土壤供磷能力和磷素平衡是确定磷肥用量的重要参数。     

西秀区土壤有效磷分布状况及变异特征分析

以安顺市西秀区2014年采集的669个耕地土样有效磷测试数据为研究对象,运用地统计学与GIS技术相结合的方法分析土壤有效磷分布状况及变异特征。结果表明,土壤有效磷含量(mg/kg)的平均值26.4,最小值5.2,最大值89.2,极差84。半方差分析模型拟合比较,指数模型拟合效果最好,块基比为0.48,说明土壤有效磷的分布状况是结构性因素(自然因素)和随机性因素(人为因素)共同作用的结果。普通克里格法内插得到土壤有效磷分布状况图,参照第2次土壤普查土壤养分分级标准划分西秀区土壤有效磷为4个等级,经面积统计汇总,26.32%的耕地有效磷处于中等水平,68.12%的耕地有效磷处于丰富状态,4.85%的耕地有效磷偏高,有效磷缺乏的仅占0.76%。有效磷中等的耕地应稳定磷肥施用量,确保土壤有效磷不下降;有效磷丰富的耕地可在配方施肥设计上适量降低磷肥施用量;有效磷偏高的耕地采取隔季施磷的措施,充分发挥利用土壤中的残磷。     

长期不同施肥模式对稻田土壤磷素及水稻营养的影响

基于16年长期定位试验,选取了无肥对照(CK)、无肥基础上的有机物循环利用(C)、NPK化肥配施(NPK)、NPK化肥基础上的有机物循环利用(NPK+C)、减量施肥(F+1/2C) 5个处理,通过测定各处理土壤P素肥力指标和水稻植株P含量,研究了不同施肥模式对土壤P素肥力特性和水稻P营养的影响。结果表明,长期不同施肥模式显著改变了0~20 cm土壤P素肥力特性和水稻对土壤P素的吸收利用,对20~40 cm土壤P素肥力影响不大。NPK化肥配施与无肥对照相比,耕层土壤Olsen-P和全P含量分别提高了108.8%和31.9%,各生育期水稻植株P含量(含稻谷)差异显著。NPK化肥配施基础上的有机物循环利用与NPK化肥配施相比,耕层土壤Olsen-P和全P含量分别提高了84.3%和19.4%,土壤P素活化系数达到2.96,差异显著,各生育期水稻植株P含量(稻谷除外)差异显著。无肥基础上的有机物循环利用与无肥对照相比,耕层土壤P素肥力指标、水稻植株P含量(含稻谷)差异均不显著。减量施肥处理与NPK化肥配施相比,土壤肥力性状无明显差异,植株中P含量略有下降,稻谷中P含量差异不显著。施NPK化肥基础上的有机物循环利用明显改善了土壤P素肥力性状,提高了土壤P素活化度,促进了水稻对P素的吸收利用。     

磷肥种类和用量对土壤磷素有效性和棉花产量的影响

田间试验研究了两种磷肥不同用量对土壤磷素、棉花全生育期磷素的有效性以及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:增施磷肥能增加棉田土壤速效磷、全磷含量、磷素活化系数以及棉花产量,土壤速效磷和磷素活化系数平均比对照处理增加302%和180%。同时,也能增加棉花对磷素的吸收和干物质的积累。但过量施用磷肥并不能显著增加棉花产量、吸磷量和干物质积累量。棉花对磷素的吸收和干物质积累以施磷量150kg.hm-2最优。两种磷肥比较显示,重过磷酸钙对棉田速效磷含量和磷素活化系数的贡献高于磷酸二铵,分别比磷酸二铵高244%和325%。     

土壤耕作和水分管理对水稻土壤肥力性状的影响

为了探讨耕作方式和水分管理对水稻土壤肥力性状的影响,以金优253为材料进行大田试验,设置常耕、免耕二种土壤耕作方式,浅水层灌溉、交替灌溉、水气平衡灌溉三种水分管理方式,然后在水稻成熟期测定分析土壤肥力因子的变化。结果表明,土壤碱解氮含量以浅水层灌溉最高,水气平衡灌溉次之,交替灌溉的最低,土壤有效磷含量从高到低分别为水气平衡灌溉、交替灌溉、浅水层灌溉;土壤速效钾含量从高到低分别为交替灌溉、水气平衡灌溉、浅水层灌溉;土壤有机质含量从高到低分别为水气平衡灌溉、浅水层灌溉、交替灌溉;土壤pH值从高到低分别为水气平衡灌溉、交替灌溉、浅水层灌溉。三种灌溉方式下常耕稻田土壤碱解氮、有效磷和有机质含量含量高于免耕稻田,免耕稻田pH值、土壤速效钾含量却高于常耕稻田。水分管理对土壤肥力的影响比耕作方式的影响更大。     

不同土壤耕作模式对双季水稻生理特性与产量的影响

为探明双季稻区不同土壤耕作模式下双季水稻生理特性、干物质积累及产量的变化,本文以双季稻–紫云英大田定位试验为平台,设双季水稻翻耕+秸秆还田(CT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、双季水稻免耕+秸秆还田(NT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆不还田(RTO,对照)4种土壤耕作处理,于2016—2017年取样,系统分析了不同处理对双季水稻植株叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。研究结果表明,早、晚稻各个主要生育时期CT和RT处理植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于RTO处理(P0.05),而叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于RTO处理(P0.05)。CT处理植株叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶片气孔导度(Gs)均显著高于RTO处理(P0.05),均表现为CTRTNTRTO。CT和RT处理水稻植株物质生产能力强,干物质积累多,而且在各器官间的分配合理。2个年份的早稻产量均以CT处理最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P0.05),比RTO处理增加731.1～733.3 kg hm–2;晚稻产量均以CT处理为最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P0.05),比RTO处理增加582.5～717.6 kg hm–2。总之,土壤翻耕、旋耕结合秸秆还田处理有利于提高双季水稻叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性和干物质积累量,为水稻高产奠定了生理和生物学基础。     

水气平衡栽培不同栽植方式对水稻生长及产量的影响

于2009年在广西三江侗族自治县开展水稻水气平衡栽培法不同栽植方式小区对比试验.结果表明:抛栽和品字形移栽的水稻返青快、分蘖早,且在分蘖盛期和灌浆期根系发达并具有较强活力;栽植方式对水稻产量构成因素的影响依次为每667m2有效穗数>每穗实粒数>结实率>千粒重.品字形移栽和抛栽分别比对照(常规手插)每667m2增产81.22kg和41.60kg,增幅分别达15.46%和7.92%.     

长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量及肥料效益影响

摘要：通过对红壤旱地13年连续监测研究,发现在红壤地区红壤旱地上：长期使用化学肥料,其肥料利用率和作物产量表现为逐步下降的趋势。在N处理中,前5年比CK处理,玉米平均增产213%,小麦增产96%;10年以后,玉米平均减产45%,小麦减产85%;在NP、NK、NPK处理中,与N处理具有相同的趋势;在NPKM、M处理中,玉米和小麦产量表现为平稳和轻微的上升趋势。肥料的利用率变化与产量变化具有同一性。为提高红壤旱地玉米和小麦子粒的品质,使用化学氮肥是一项必不可少的技术措施,同时化学氮肥对玉米和小麦子粒品质提高效果大于有机氮。     

Potential impacts on climate change on paddy rice yield in mountainous highland terrains

Crop models are suitable tools to assess the potential impacts of climate change on crop productivity. While the associated assessment reports have been focused on major rice production regions, there is little information on how climate change will impact the future rice crop production in mountainous highland regions. This study investigated effects of climate change on yield of paddy rice (Oryza sativa) in mountainous highland terrains of Korea using the CERES-Rice 4.0 crop model. The model was first calibrated and validated based on observed data and then applied to simulations for the future projections of rice yield in a typical mountainous terrain which borders North and South Korea, the Haean Basin in Kangwon Province, Republic of Korea. Rice yield in the highland terrain was projected to increase by 2050 and 2100 primarily due to elevated CO₂ concentration. This effect of CO₂ fertilization on yield (+10.9% in 2050 and +20.0% in 2100) was also responsible for increases in water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency. With management options, such as planting date shift and increasing nitrogen application, additional yield gains were predicted in response to the future climate in this area. We also found that improving genetic traits should be another option to get further yield increases. All in all, climate change in mountainous highland areas should positively influence on paddy rice productivity.     

红壤旱地不同覆盖方式对玉米产量及生态经济效益的影响

干旱严重制约了红壤旱地的开发利用。为减轻干旱对农业生产的影响,实现红壤旱地作物生产的可持续发展,作者于2004年7—10月对红壤旱地玉米进行了不同覆盖方式效益的比较试验。结果表明,覆盖种植有利于蓄水保墒,改善土壤物理性状,培肥地力,为玉米生长创造了良好的生态环境,有利于增产增收;特别是秸秆覆盖,在高温干旱季节可以降低土壤温度0.9 ℃,提高土壤含水量0.36 %~1.96 %,使土壤保持较高的含水量,其抗旱效果更佳。而地膜覆盖可提高土壤含水量0.59 %~2.94 %,提高0 cm土壤温度2.8℃,但温度过高不利于玉米生长,再加上地膜消耗,增产增收效应不明显,因此,地膜覆盖在高温的夏季不宜采用。     

全生物降解地膜覆盖对旱地土壤水分状况及春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ecological effect of full biodegradable film mulching and its effect on the production of spring wheat, and to seek a green, efficient and sustainable coverage in the semi-arid area of the Northwest Loess Plateau. Taking the uncovered land as the control (CK), to systematically studied the effects of full biodegradable film mulching (BM) and the polyethylene film mulching (PM) with bunch planting on soil water status, rain fallow efficiency and its impact on yield and water use efficiency of dryland spring wheat from 2015 to 2018. The results showed that both BM and PM significantly increased the water storage of 0-200 cm soil layer and rain fallow efficiency in each growth period of spring wheat, but there was not significant differences between BM and PM. From 2015 to 2018, the water storage of BM increased by 9.5 mm, 14.2 mm, 25.0 mm, and 39.0 mm respectively compared with CK. In the fourth year of continuous cropping, the water storage of PM, BM and CK 0-200 cm soil layers were 347.5 mm, 345.5 mm and 320.0 mm, respectively. Compared with CK, the rain fallow efficiency of BM and PM increased by 39.63% and 43.98%, respectively, which effectively alleviated the risk of spring drought in the next season. BM was similar to PM in seedling rate, the number of productive ears and the percentage of productive spike, and significantly higher than CK. The number of BM seedlings increased by 15.87% compared with CK in dry year, the number of productive ears increased by 14.70% on average in other years except 2015, and the percentage of productive spike increased by 3.08% on average in four years. The total amount of dry matter accumulation of BM was basically the same as PM, and before anthesis was slightly lower than PM, but higher than PM after anthesis, which was more conducive to grain filling and yield formation, and the amount of dry matter accumulation of both BM and PM are significantly higher than CK in each growth period. The annual average water consumption of PM, BM and CK was 287.46 mm, 289.76 mm, and 276.06 mm, respectively, and compared with PM, BM increased the evaporation water consumption. Compared with CK, the grain yield of BM and PM increased 48.07% and 54.95% respectively, and water use efficiency increased 46.08% and 56.07% in four years, there was not significant differences between BM and PM. There was not significant differences in soil water effect and yield effect between the full biodegradable film and PE film, and the full biodegradable film can be applied to the whole field soil-plastic mulching with bunch planting of spring wheat in dry land and provide technical support for the green and efficient production of wheat in dry land.     

Effects of controlled irrigation and drainage on growth,grain yield and water use in paddy rice

Rice is subjected to excessive waterlogging and flash-flooding on large areas in south China. A study on water use, growth and yield effects of controlled irrigation and drainage (CID) of paddy rice at four stages was conducted in specially designed experimental tanks. The treatments were (1) CID during Stage I of tillering stage (CID-Stage I), (2) CID during Stage II of booting stage (CID-Stage II), (3) CID during Stage III of heading to flowering stage (CID-Stage III), (4) CID during Stage IV of milky stage (CID-Stage IV), (5) alternate wetting and drying irrigation during the whole stage (CK). Compared with CK, CID reduced drainage volume with 15.8–31.3% in 2008, and 13.5–28.3% in 2009, and increased the efficiency of available rainfall and irrigation by 1.98–3.46% in both years. Irrigation water application during the whole growing season across the 2 years, on average, was only 81.8%, 91.1%, 93.9%, and 94.5%, respectively, of that applied to CK. A strong reduction in root length, root weight, root-shoot ratio and harvest index were observed, however, shoot weight and total dry mass is increased from the treatments of CID-Stage II, CID-Stage III and CID-Stage IV. The highest radiation use efficiency values were for CID-Stage IV. The responses of CID from vegetative plants at Stage I and Stage II were greater than in generative plants at the latter two stages. CID-Stage II had only a small effect on subsequent development and grain yield. This decrease in grain yield to less than 7.88% and 5.72% of CK was due to reduced number of spikelets per panicle in one trial, and reduced panicle number per unit area in another. The CID-Stage I treatment showed the lowest grain yield among the treatments and reduced it by 23.3% in 2008 and by 17.3% in 2009, due to the decreases in the percentage of filled grains and total number of panicles. The effect of stress was associated with low dry matter production during the flooding stress period as well as during the stress withdrawal period following the stress. With regards to irrigation water use efficiency, it was increased under the first two treatments, and by from a minimum of 101% to a maximum of 110%.     

控失尿素减施及不同配比对夏玉米产量及氮肥效率的影响

添加纳米矿物类控失剂的控失尿素可通过吸附作用,减少施入土壤后的氮素损失,明确该控失尿素施用量、与常规尿素合理配比在夏玉米上的效应,可为夏玉米一次性施肥、氮肥减施增效提供依据。在不同产量水平(高、中、低产田)土壤上,通过田间试验研究常规尿素(纯氮210 kg hm^–2)、控失尿素常量及减施(减量10%,即纯氮189 kg hm^–2;减量20%,即纯氮168kghm^–2)、控失尿素与常规尿素配施(配比分别为7∶3、5∶5和3∶7)对夏玉米产量、地上部生物量、养分积累量、光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,氮肥施用可显著提高夏玉米产量,常量控失尿素施用下夏玉米增产率达22.96%～27.55%,在高、中产田上产量较常规尿素有显著提升。与常量控失尿素相比,控失尿素减施10%和20%通过提升穗粒数使得高、中产田夏玉米产量不降低,控失尿素减施20%处理下高产田氮肥利用率高达41.60%。控失尿素与常规尿素7∶3配施下的氮素积累量与常量控失尿素处理无显著差异,高产田和中产田夏玉米产量、秸秆干物重均未显著降低,同时可显著提高低产田夏...     

Seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in Arkansas is seeded from late March through early June each year. Farmers need new rice cultivars that not only produce both high rough rice yields and high head rice across this range of seeding dates but do so consistently. Thus, a seeding date study was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Stuttgart, Arkansas, to study seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability. Fourteen rice cultivars were seeded at five dates ranging from late March through mid-June. Kang's yield-stability statistic was used to select cultivars for both high rough rice yields and high head rice as well as stability for both traits. Plant stands from March seedings of each year were significantly lower than for the later seeding dates. Maturity (days to 50 percent heading) was extended at the early seeding dates. Some rice cultivars, such as ‘LaGrue’, had lower and more variable head rice when seeded early. In the June seeding dates each year, ‘Kaybonnet’ produced rough rice yields that were more consistent with yields when planted at the earlier planting dates. ‘Bengal’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Kaybonnet’, and ‘Newbonnet’ were cultivars selected by Kang's stability statistic, which was targeted to select cultivars with stable, high rough rice yields and stable, high head rice. The validity of using Kang's yield-stability statistic for cultivar selection is also evident empirically by the adaptation and wide use of these four cultivars by southern U.S. rice producers. These results indicate that seeding date studies and stability analyses would be useful tools for rice breeders to identify cultivars that will be readily adapted and grown by rice producers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.