外来刺萼龙葵与本地龙葵的比较

外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵与我国本地龙葵在分类学上同属茄科（Solanaceae）茄属（Solanum）,但在形态特征、发生分布、生物学特性、化学成分及生物活性、重要性及利用价值方面却存在差异。本文主要从以上几个方面对刺萼龙葵和龙葵进行论述比较,以期为这2种茄属植物的深入研究提供参考。     

Effects of shading and soybean Glycine max (L.) interference on Solanum ptycanthum (Dun.) (eastern black nightshade) growth and development

Summary. Solanum ptycanthum (Dun.) vegetative and reproductive growth was evaluated under shade and in the field with soybean interference. In full sunlight without soybean interference, a S. ptycanthum plant produced 243 g shoots and 5957 berries in 20 weeks, but only 38 g and 576 berries in 11 weeks. Plants grown in 94% shade produced 3 g of shoots and 23 berries in 20 weeks, and 1 g and 1 berry in 11 weeks. S. ptycanthum plants that emerged with the soybeans and were positioned between 75-cm rows produced 43 g shoots and 264 berries, whereas plants positioned in 75-cm rows and emerging 6 weeks after the soybeans produced 1 g and 16 berries. When grown between 37·5-cm rows for the same period of time this weed produced 12 g and 2 berries plant⁻¹; plants positioned in 37·5-cm rows produced shoots less than 1 g in weight and one berry plant⁻¹. Shoot growth and berry production of S. ptycanthum increased from 80 to 200% in a 2-week period between the initiation of soybean leaf abscission and maturity. In a season about 50 000 seeds weed⁻¹ were produced in full sunlight; 20 000 or less were produced under soybean interference. When grown in irradiance levels from full sunlight to 94% shade, viable seeds were first detected 10 days after anthesis and essentially all seeds in the berry were viable 24 days after anthesis     

Etudes préliminaires sur la concurrence entre Solanum nigrum ssp. eu-nigrum L. (morelle noire) et Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomate) en culture repiquée

L'accroissement de production des tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) de conserverie en semis direct et l'utilisation d'herbicides sélectifs ont entraîné la prolifération de Solanum nigrum L. dans le Sud-est de la France. Les estimations réalisées sur le terrain ont montré l'action préjudiciable de faibles populations de morelles; un essai a été mis en place afin de déterminer un seuil de nuisibilité. Dans les conditions d'essai, une droite de régression a pu être tracée en fonction de la densité de morelle/m linéaire et du logarithme du rendement.     

Orobanche ramosa L. (broomrape) control in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with chlorsulfuron, glyphosate and imazaquin

Chlorsulfuron, giyphosate and imazaquin were evaluated in pot and field studies for their efficacy in controlling broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Northern Greece. All herbicides were applied four to five weeks after tomato transplanting, when the crop was at early flowering stage and broomrape had started to develop underground attachments. The number of emerged broomrape shoots and underground attachments were less affected by herbicide treatments than the dry weight, suggesting that the herbicides suppress the growth of broomrape rather than kill its underground organs. In the pot experiments, chlorsulfuron applied at 5 g AI ha^?1 was the most effective treatment for broomrape control and the least toxic to the crop. Imazaquin and glyphosate applied at 37 and 180 g AI ha^?1, respectively, controlled broomrape but imazaquin reduced crop yield. In the field, similar rates of glyphosate and higher rates of imazaquin were not toxic to the crop but were less effective on broomrape. Chlorsulfuron applied at 10 g AI ha^?1 controlled broomrape emergence by 88%. When the herbicide was applied twice (5+10 g AI ha^?1), it gave complete control of broomrape but delayed crop maturity. The yield of tomato was not increased as a result of these treatments because of low broomrape infestation and a short competition period.     

Assessment of two biotypes of Solanum ptycanthum that differ in resistance levels to imazamox

Glasshouse and laboratory experiments were conducted on acetolactate synthase (ALS) homozygous resistant Solanum ptycanthum biotypes from Illinois (IL‐R) and Indiana (IN‐R), and homozygous susceptible biotypes from Illinois (IL‐S) and Indiana (IN‐S). Genetic similarity of biotypes was assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, which determined that the Illinois biotypes are more similar to each other than to the IN‐R biotype. ALS enzyme activity from the IL‐R and IN‐R biotypes had I₅₀ values of 362 and 352 μM imazamox respectively. Dose–response experiments using three‐ to four‐leaf‐stage plants of the IL‐R and IN‐R biotypes had GR₅₀ values of 242 and 69 g ae ha⁻¹ imazamox respectively. Whole‐plant and ALS enzyme results are different than previously reported values in the literature, which was attributed in the current study to the original IN‐R population having individuals that were segregating for ALS resistance. Metabolism studies showed no difference in percentage [¹⁴C]imazamox remaining between the IL‐R and IN‐R biotypes up to 72 h after treatment. The IL‐S biotype metabolised [¹⁴C]imazamox approximately two times faster than the IL‐R and IN‐R biotypes and this trait was heritable. Response of F₃ plants containing homozygous ALS‐resistant alleles from the IL‐R biotype in a genetic background of 50% Illinois and 50% Indiana biotypes suggests that genetic factors other than an altered target site or metabolism may also contribute to the magnitude of resistance at the whole‐plant level in resistant biotypes.     

Gibberellin antagonizing the nematicidal effects on two hydrolyzing enzymes,protease and invertase,and related chemical metabolites in Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum melongena

The paper reports the effects of two nematicides, oxamyl and ethylene dibromide (EDB), alone and with gibberellic acid (GA₃), on the activity of two important hydrolyzing enzymes of the seed germination stage, protease and invertase, and their related chemical metabolites in the seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena). Both the nematicides substantially inhibited the activity of the two enzymes whereas GA₃ alone tended to promote it. When used together, GA₃ antagonized the nematicidal effects to an appreciable extent. Of the two nematicides, EDB was the most inhibitory. The contents of proteins and nonreducing sugars were lowered with simultaneous increases in amino acids and reducing sugars in GA₃-treated seedlings. However, there was little decrease in the level of proteins and reducing sugars but a substantial increase in amino acids and nonreducing sugars after the application of the nematicides. Gibberellin A₃, when administered with nematicides, brought back the proteins and reducing sugars to a level similar to that of the control and tended to counteract the effect of the nematicides on free amino acids.     

番茄几种有机挥发组分对尖镰孢的抑制作用

 用悬滴法测定了番茄10种主要有机挥发组分对尖镰孢孢子萌发和芽管生长的影响。结果表明:10种化合物中除(+)-2-蒈烯外,其它对尖镰孢孢子萌发都有抑制作用。但各化合物的作用效果有较大的差异,3类化合物中抑制作用最强的化合物分别是(E)-2-己烯醛(EC₅₀,1.2 μmol/L)、丁子香酚(EC₅₀,1.9μmol/L)和1R-α-蒎烯(EC₅₀,13.0μmol/L);这些化合物对芽管生长的抑制作用强于对孢子萌发的抑制作用,且各组分间除(+)-2-蒈烯外,其它没有很大差异。表明番茄是通过多组分共同作用来抑制病原菌的。     

Insights on gene expression response of a characterized resistant genotype of Solanum commersonii Dun. against Ralstonia solanacearum

Solanum commersonii is a wild species related to the cultivated potato. Some S. commersonii genotypes have been proven to be resistant to the pathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes damage in potato and other economically important crops. Here an expression analysis of the response of a resistant S. commersonii genotype against R. solanacearum was performed using microarrays. The aims of this work were to elucidate the molecular processes involved in the interaction, establish the timing of the response, and contribute to identify genes related to the resistance. The response to the treatment was already initiated at 6 h post-inoculation (hpi) and was established at 24 hpi; during this period, a high number of genes was differentially expressed and several candidate genes for the resistance of S. commersonii to R. solanacearum were identified. At an early stage, the photosynthetic process was highly repressed and several genes encoding proteins related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were differentially expressed. The induction of ERF and ACC-oxidase genes related to the ethylene pathway and PR1 related to the salicylic acid pathway suggested the induction of both pathways, and back up the previously reported hemibiotrophic nature of the pathogen. Five genes related to plant defence and observed to be differentially expressed at the first two time points were validated by real time PCR. This work gives a glimpse to the molecular processes involved in S. commersonii resistance and identifies the species as a valuable genetic source for potato breeding against bacterial wilt.     

Root growth, development and nutrient uptake of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Chenopodium album

Growth, development and nutrient uptake of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) and fathen (Chenopodium album L.) roots were investigated under glasshouse and natural conditions. There were no significant differences between the two species in total root dry weight up to 3 weeks after emergence, although C. album had a lower proportion of root dry weight in the top soil layers (0–10, 10–20 cm) and higher proportions at greater depths (20–30, 30–40 cm) for the first 2 weeks. Under natural conditions, C. album had a greater root dry weight than tomato in the top soil layer (0–10 cm) and at depths between 40 and 70 cm. Root dry weight of C. album was not greatly changed but that of tomato decreased with depth in soil layers between 10 and 60 cm. C. album had lower concentrations of N and Ca in the roots than tomato at all growth stages, but higher concentrations of P, K and Mg in the shoots. Total K and Mg uptake per unit root mass (root efficiency) was higher for C. album than tomato at all growth stages, while N and P uptake was higher from 5 and 4 weeks, respectively. Croissance, developpement et alimentation racinaires chez la tomate Lycopersicon esculentum et Chenopodium album La croissance, le développement et l'alimentation racinaires ont étéétudiés en serre et en conditions naturelles pour la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) et le chenopode blanc (Chenopodium album L.). Il n'y a pas de différences significative entre les 2 espèces pour le poids sec racinaire total jusqu'à 3 semaines après la levée, bien que C. album ait une plus faible proportion de poids sec racinaire dans les couches superficielles de sol (0–10, 10–20 cm) et plus élevés dans les couches plus profondes (20–30, 30–40 cm) pendant les 2 premières semaines. En conditions naturelles, C. album a un poids racinaire plus élevé que la tomate dans la couche superficielle du sol (0–10 cm) et à des profondeurs entre 40 et 70 cm. Le poids sec racinaire de C. album n'est pas très variable, celui de la tomate diminue avec la profondeur du sol entre 10 et 60 cm. C. album a des concentrations en N et Ca plus faibles dans les racines que la tomate à tous les stades végétatifs, mais des concentrations en P, K et Mg plus élèves dans les tiges. Le total de l'absorption de K et Mg par unité de masse racinaire (efficacité racinaire) était plus élevé chez C. album que dans la tomate à tous les stades, tandis que l'absorption de N et P était plus élevée à partir de 5 et 4 semaines respectivement. Wurzelwachstum, Entwicklung und Nährstoffaufnahme von Tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) und Chenopodium album L. Das Wurzelwachstum, die Entwicklung und die Nährstoffaufnahme von Tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) und Weißem Gänsefuß (Chenopodium album L.) wurden im Gewächshaus und unter Freilandbedingungen untersucht. 3 Wochen nach dem Auflaufen gab es zwischen den beiden Arten keine signifikanten Unterschiede der Gesamttrockenmasse, doch hatte Chenopodium album in den ersten 2 Wochen in den oberen Bodenschichten (0…10, 10…20 cm) einen geringeren Anteil der Wurzeltrockenmasse und in größerer Tief (20…30, 30…40 cm) einen höheren. Unter Feldbedingungen entwickelte Chenopodium album in der obersten Bodenschicht (0…10 cm) und in Tiefen zwischen 40 und 70 cm eine größere Wurzeltrockenmasse als die Tomate. Die Wurzeltrockenmasse nahm bei der Tomate mit der Bodentiefe zwischen 10 und 60 cm ab, während sie bei Chenopodium album nicht sonderlich verändert war. Chenopodium album hatte in allen Entwicklungsstadien in den Wurzeln geringere N-und Ca-Konzentrationen als die Tomate, aber in den Sprossen höhere P-, K-und Mg-Konzentrationen. Die gesamte K-und Mg-Aufnahme pro Wurzeltrockenmassen-Einheit war bei Chenopodium album in allen Entwicklungsstadien höher als bei der Tomate, während die N-und P-Aufnahme ab der 5. bzw. 4. Woche größer war.     

三叶草斑潜蝇对不同番茄品种的取食与产卵选择

为明确三叶草斑潜蝇对不同番茄品种的选择性,研究了三叶草斑潜蝇在8种不同番茄品种上的取食和产卵情况.结果表明,在可选择条件下,三叶草斑潜蝇在不同番茄品种上的取食斑数量由多到少依次为浙杂205＞浙粉202＞喜庆红株＞金秋福禄＞浙杂206＞浙杂203＞浙杂809＞合作903;在浙杂205上产卵量最高,在金秋福禄上产卵量最少.在非选择条件下,三叶草斑潜蝇在合作903上取食斑最多,在浙杂809上的取食斑最少;而在各番茄品种上的产卵量没有明显差异.     

Effects of acid extracts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.)wastes from the food industry on the growth of some crops and weeds

The effects of acid extracts of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot ( Daucus carota L.) juice wastes from the food industry on the growth of five species of crops and four weeds were examined. The acid extract of the tomato juice waste promoted the shoot and root growth of tomato, Chinese cabbage, corn, and radish, but not the growth of oat seedlings. The extract did not promote the shoot growth of weeds tested, and it inhibited the root growth of the weeds that included barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa oryzicola Ohwi), southern crabgrass ( Digitaria ciliaris Koel.) and Japanese barnyard millet ( Echinochloa utilis Ohwi). The carrot juice waste was also examined as another waste from the food industry. The effect of the acid extract of carrot juice waste showed significant promoting effects on the root growth of Chinese cabbage; however, the effects on other plants were lower than that of tomato juice waste. It also did not inhibit the growth of weeds. These results suggested that the acid extract from tomato juice waste is useful as plant-growth substances because they have a promoting effect on the shoot and root growth of crops, and an inhibitory effect on the root growth of some weeds.     

TRANSLOCATION AND PERSISTENCE OF 2,4-D IN POPULUS TREMULA L.

Summary. Treatment of aspen ( Populus tremula L.) with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), using a leaf spray, basal bark spray or a stem injection method of application, resulted in some reduction of stump regrowth although downward translocation of 2,4-D was slight. Persistence of 2,4-D in dead leaf tissue and in woody tissue near the injection sites was observed. This persistence could in certain circumstances be noted 6 years after treatment.
Migration et persistance du 2,4-D chez Populus tremula L.     

Translocation of 2,4-D, asulam and amitrole in water hyacinth

In glasshouse experiments foliar application or ¹⁴C-labelled herbicides to water hyacinth plants at the 4-leaf stage indicated that amilroie transport from the treated leaf blade was faster and greater than 2.4-D. but a little less than asulam. From the treated leaf 14·2, 25·9. 39·7. 44·5 and 51·8% of the recovered ¹⁴CNamitrole was translocated at intervals of 6 h. and 1. 3. 6 and 12 day., respectively. Both xylem and phloem transport of asulam and amitrole was evident, whereas 2.4-D moved only from ‘source to sink’. Movement of the herbicides from the mother to the connected daughter plant or vice versa was dependent upon the size of the latter. Maximum transport of these herbicides in either direction took place at the 2-leaf stage of daughter plants. With any increase or decrease in the number of leaves on daughter plants, the transport of herbicides was reduced. As an exception, daughter plant to mother plant movement of amilroie was maximum at the 1-leaf stage. After extraction, fractionation and TLC separation of foliage applied ¹⁴C-2.4-D 76–4 and 72·1% of the radioactivity was detected in the chloroform phase of the leaf extract at 3 and 6 day intervals, respectively. In another pot culture experiment, it was observed that after spraying the mother plants with 2.4-D-amine at 0–75 kg/ha the connected daughter plants at 1 to 4-leaf stages werckilled if the culture solution was contaminated while spraying, or by dying leaves. When contamination was totally avoided, the connected but unsprayed daughter plants at 3 to 4-feaf stages survived.     

Effect of Dicamba/2,4-D on Production of Wheat in U.A.R.

Abstract

At two sites in the U.A.R. we investigated the possibility of improving wheat production by spraying 2,4-D amine, mixtures of 2,4-D with dicamba as amine salts, or dicamba alone as the dimethylamine salt. The best results followed application of a mixture of dicamba at 0.084 lb per feddan (90.7 g/ha) with 2,4-D at 0.84–1.12 lb per feddan (907–1210 g/ha). The mixture controlled many species of weeds; it significantly increased the average number of grains per ear, the yield of grain, the protein content of grain and also the yeild of straw. Compared with the hand-weeded controls, treatment with dicamba/2,4-D raised the grain yield by 14% and increased its protein content by 10%.     

Resistance in Lycopersicon esculentum Intraspecific Crosses to Race T1 Strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato

ABSTRACT We used molecular markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that confer resistance in the field to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria race T1, a causal agent of bacterial spot of tomato. An F(2) population derived from a cross between Hawaii 7998 (H 7998) and an elite breeding line, Ohio 88119, was used for the initial identification of an association between molecular markers and resistance as measured by bacterial populations in individual plants in the greenhouse. Polymorphism in this cross between a Lycopersicon esculentum donor of resistance and an elite L. esculentum parent was limited. The targeted use of a core set of 148 polymerase chain reaction-based markers that were identified as polymorphic in L. esculentum x L. esculentum crosses resulted in the identification of 37 markers that were polymorphic for the cross of interest. Previous studies using an H 7998 x L. pennellii wide cross implicated three loci, Rx1, Rx2, and Rx3, in the hypersensitive response to T1 strains. Markers that we identified were linked to the Rx1 and Rx3 loci, but no markers were identified in the region of chromosome 1 where Rx2 is located. Single marker-trait analysis suggested that chromosome 5, near the Rx3 locus, contributed to reduced bacterial populations in lines carrying the locus from H 7998. The locus on chromosome 5 explained 25% of the phenotypic variation in bacterial populations developing in infected plants. An advanced backcross population and subsequent inbred backcross lines developed using Ohio 88119 as a recurrent parent were used to confirm QTL associations detected in the F(2) population. Markers on chromosome 5 explained 41% of the phenotypic variation for resistance in replicated field trials. In contrast, the Rx1 locus on chromosome 1 did not play a role in resistance to X. campestris pv. vesicatoria race T1 strains as measured by bacterial populations in the greenhouse or symptoms in the field. A locus from H 7998 on chromosome 4 was associated with susceptibility to disease and explained 11% of the total phenotypic variation. Additional variation in resistance was explained by plant maturity (6%), with early maturing families expressing lower levels of resistance, and plant habit (6%), with indeterminate plants displaying more resistance. The markers linked to Rx3 will be useful in selection for resistance in elite x elite crosses.     

The determination of residues of 2,4-D in post-emergence-treated triticale

A gas chromatographic method, using electrolytic conductivity detection, is presented for the determination of 2,4-0 as its methyl ester in triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). The method was used to monitor the dissipation of 2,4-0 residues in triticale over a growing season at two sites following post-emergence application of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D at 0.56 kkg ha^?1. Initial residues, in the order of30 mg kg^?1. on the day afer application (3- to 4-leaf stage of the crop), decreased to non-detectable levels in the mature straw and seed. Recoveries of 2,4-D were greater than 90% fiom green tissue fortified at 0.1 mg k^?1., and in the order of 75% from seed fortified at 0.05 mg kg^?1.     

2,4-滴异辛酯的水解及光解特性

为明确2,4-滴异辛酯的环境行为规律,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了2,4-滴异辛酯在不同温度、pH值、水体及初始浓度下的水解特性及其在不同pH值、水体、光源和初始浓度下的光解特性。结果表明:中性 (pH = 7) 条件下,初始质量浓度为5 mg/L的2,4-滴异辛酯在15、25 和35 ℃ 下的水解半衰期分别为346.6、231.0和173.3 h;25 ℃下,5 mg/L的2,4-滴异辛酯在pH值分别为4、7 和9 的缓冲溶液中的水解半衰期分别为77.0、231.0 和138.6 h;2,4-滴异辛酯在稻田水、自来水和河水中的水解速率高于其在蒸馏水中的水解速率,4 种条件下的半衰期分别为23.1、25.7、40.8 和63.0 h;初始质量浓度分别为1、3和5 mg/L的2,4-滴异辛酯在pH值为7的缓冲溶液中的水解半衰期分别为231.0、173.3和138.6 h。300 W汞灯照射下,2,4-滴异辛酯在酸性条件下的光解速率大于其在中性和碱性条件下,半衰期分别为49.5、77.0 和138.6 h;2,4-滴异辛酯在河水和稻田水中的光解速率高于其在自来水和蒸馏水中的光解速率,4 种条件下的半衰期分别为6.7、7.6、43.3 和46.2 h;2,4-滴异辛酯在不同光源下的光解速率依次为500 W汞灯 > 300 W汞灯 > 500 W氙灯;初始质量浓度分别为1、3和5 mg/L的2,4-滴异辛酯在pH值为7的缓冲溶液中的光解半衰期分别为63.0、43.3和40.8 h。2,4-滴异辛酯水解及光解的主要产物是2,4-滴,其降解机制主要是酯水解反应。研究结果可为2,4-滴异辛酯的合理使用及其环境风险评估提供参考。     

Signal interactions in pathogen and insect attack: systemic plant-mediated interactions between pathogens and herbivores of the tomato,Lycopersicon esculentum

Plant-mediated interactions (i.e., induced resistance) between plant pathogens and insect herbivores were investigated using several pests of the cultivated tomato,Lycopersicon esculentum. Single leaflets of tomato leaves were injured by allowing a third-instarHelicoverpa zealarva to feed on the leaflets or by inoculating the leaflets withPseudomonas syringaepv.tomato(the causal agent of bacterial speck in tomato;Pst) or withPhytophthora infestans(the causal agent of late blight). Leaflets on separate plants were sprayed with benzothiadiazole, a chemical inducer of resistance toPst. The effects of these treatments on the resistance of uninoculated or undamaged leaflets to bothPstandH. zeawere then assessed after appropriate periods of time. The levels or activities of several defense-related proteins were determined in parallel. Infection of leaflets byPstdecreased the suitability of uninoculated leaflets of the same leaf for bothH. zeaand forPst. Similarly, feeding byH. zeacaused leaf-systemic increases in resistance to bothH. zeaandPst. Infection of leaflets byP. infestans, in contrast, had no effect on resistance of leaflets toH. zea. Treatment of leaves with benzothiadiazole induced resistance toPstbut improved suitability of leaflets forH. zea. Feeding byH. zeacaused the systemic accumulation of proteinase inhibitor mRNA and the systemic induction of polyphenol oxidase activity; in contrast, treatment with benzothiadiazole and inoculation withP. infestanscaused the systemic accumulation of pathogenesis-related protein mRNA and the systemic induction of peroxidase activity. Inoculation of leaflets withPstcaused the leaf-systemic accumulation of both pathogenesis-related protein and proteinase inhibitor mRNA and the systemic induction of both peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity. These results provide clear evidence for reciprocal induced resistance involving certain pathogens and arthropod herbivores of tomato. In addition, these results provide several insights into the integration and coordination of the induced defenses of tomato against multiple pests and suggest that the expression of resistance against some pests may compromise resistance to others.