THE VOLUME AND POROSITY OF SOIL CRUMBS

A simple and inexpensive apparatus (a test-tube, burette, and pin) is described for measuring volumes by liquid displacement to an accuracy of greater than 0.5 per cent. This has been adapted to measure soil crumb porosities, ε_c, by saturating 3–4 g samples of crumbs with kerosene, measuring the weight of kerosene retained internally, then measuring their volume by displacement. Three estimates of crumb porosity from these measurements are compared. Experimental values range from ε_c= 0.205 for the headland of an arable field to ε_c= 0.351 for a permanent pasture. Crumb porosity is proposed as a measure of structural status for soils because it assesses the degree to which soil management has succeeded in holding the constituent primary particles apart from the positions of inherent closest packing that they would ultimately assume in an unstable soil. By comparison, the inter-crumb porosity, ε_v, can be used as a measure of cultivation status. In the form expressed, these two porosities are related to the more frequently encountered total porosity ε_t by the relation      

RAINDROP IMPACT STRESS AND THE BREAKDOWN OF SOIL CRUMBS

The stress produced by raindrop impact, calculated as the rate of change of momentum divided by area of contact, was found to be only partly satisfactory in studies of breakdown of paper tissue and soil crumbs. The calculated stresses for failure did not agree closely with values found by other methods, and varied systematically with raindrop size. The differences were related to the effect of duration of application of stress, and to the concentration of stress around the periphery of the drop.     

DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF OXYGEN IN SOIL AGGREGATES AND IN COLUMNS OF FINE SOIL CRUMBS

The micro electrode of Evans and Naylor was modified to permit measurements of oxygen concentration in soil and was used to determine the distribution of oxygen in (a) agar which contained yeast and glucose and served as a model of a respiring water-saturated soil; (b) saturated spherical soil aggregates; (c) partly saturated columns of fine soil crumbs. Measurements in (a) and (b) but not in (c) agreed closely with predictions by diffusion theory. The disagreement appeared to result from water being unevenly distributed in the columns.     

THE STABILITY OF DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE IN SOIL

The rate of dissolution of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP) when incorporated in moist soil was investigated using ³²P. The moisture content of the DCP-soil mixture, the surface area of the DCP particles and the temperature of incubation of the system are all directly related to the rate of dissolution of the DCP. These results may be explained using a diffusion model in which phosphate ions diffuse from a water film adjacent to the DCP towards a sink provided by the soil.     

土壤水空间分布结构的时间稳定性

通过在野外 3 5m× 3 5m的正方形试验区域高密度布置多个电极和定时扫描测定土壤电阻的方法 ,利用反演计算和土壤电阻率与含水量之间的关系 ,计算出了不同时间的土壤含水量在三维空间上的分布。通过对由此获得的含水量资料的分析 ,探讨了土壤水在三维空间上的分布特征及其在时间上的稳定性。结果表明 ,试验区的土壤含水量在三维空间上的分布是非均质的和各向异性的 ,这种非均质性不是随机的而是具有一定的结构或模式 ,这一结构或模式在时间上是相对稳定的。     

土壤转化酶活性的测定方法

许多研究者^{[1,2,3,4,5,6]}的工作指出,土壤酶的活性与土壤肥力存在着一定的关系。     

土壤中有机酸比色法测定的研究

对Montgomery(1962)比色法测定有机酸总量的方法作了若干改进。根据化学反应的平衡关系,将欲测试的土壤提取液水浴蒸干脱水,大大提高了有机酸的酯化程度,也就提高了测定的准确度。由于提取液浓缩至干,故测定一般可不受吸取的提取液体积和其中有机酸浓度高低的影响。结合温度、时间、pH等条件试验得到了测定的最佳条件。乙酸和丁酸的回收率分别可达99%和102%。几种有机肥料淹水培育10天用气相色谱测定的乙酸含量为本文提出的比色法测定总量的86%。采用这一方法测定土壤有机酸的量,可以在一定程度上反映有机物在土壤中腐解时产生有机酸的实际情况。     

关于目前我国常用的几种土壤反应混合指示剂在使用上的探讨

一.引言随着农业生产事业的日益发展与农业科学技术的日益推广,农民们对于测定土壤反应的要求也日益增长,因此,一个简单而准确的反应混合指示剂已十分迫切需要。但是我国目前所用的指示剂,种类很多,即使是同一类型的混合指示剂,各地的配制方法     

非反应性物质在土壤中的迁移及其参数确定

采用一维对流－水动力弥散方程研究了非反应性化学物质在土壤中的迁移行为。通过实验研究了土壤团聚体大小和孔隙水流速对非反应物质在土壤中迁移的影响。结果表明,对流－水动力弥散方程能较好地预报氚（＾３Ｈ２Ｏ）的穿透英线和迁移行为,随着团聚体由小变大,＾３Ｈ２Ｏ在其土柱中的穿透曲线的溶质出流提前,而淋洗结果推迟,峰值变小,最佳拟合Ｄ值由小变大。流速增加,Ｄ值增大,扩散现象加剧,Ｄ和流速呈正比。这为进一步研究     

ORIGINS AND STABILITY OF SOIL POLYSACCHARIDE

Recent work on the origin of soil polysaccharide and its biological stability in soil is reviewed. It is concluded that much of the constituent hexose and deoxyhexose sugars are of microbial origin, whereas the pentose sugars are derived from plant residues. The stability of soil polysaccharide in its native state is not related to its chemical composition but to its unavailability. This is caused by inaccessibility within undecomposed biological residues and to insolubility resulting from adsorption on clay, the formation of metal complexes, or tanning by soil humic substances. Complexing by metals and tanning may also inhibit enzymic hydrolysis.     

面包糠辐照杀菌工艺研究

研究了面包糠辐照杀菌工艺。结果表明 ,剂量均匀性和堆码高度与产品转向有着密切关系 ,杀菌效果与剂量呈正相关 ,色泽与剂量呈负相关。面包糠粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、碳水化合物、微量元素和 1 7种氨基酸含量辐照前后无显著差异 ;提出了适宜杀菌剂量为 6～ 1 0kGy ,可将面包糠保质期延长至 1年。     

红壤结构的稳定性及其在土壤分类上的意义

良好发育的红壤,常有一种特殊的稳固结构,它与氧化铁、铝的胶结有关.这种结构经泡水后基本稳定;还原处理或络合处理能致使较多的破坏;还原与络合联合处理能达到最大程度的破坏.从试验中还说明红壤结构的破坏率都与铁、铝溶出量成正相关.铁、铝积聚是红壤化作用的基本特征,与铁、铝直接有关的结构状况,从理论上说,应可作为分类上的参考指标.又因结构状况还受到矿物类型、粘粒含量、酸度等因素的影响,所以还具综合性的意义.同时按田间观察,它在生产上的意义也较大.工作中看到红壤的结构状况,至少可对红壤的发育度、熟化度以及母质因素的影响等做出有规律的反映,这也表明了它在分类上的现实意义.     

DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN SOIL

The organic carbon contents of a range of soils and of various organic materials (mostly of plant origin) were determined by the titrimetric methods of Tinsley and Walkley and Black, and the results compared with those obtained by Shaw's wet combustion method. Tinsley's method gave more reliable results with soils than Walkley and Black's method, but neither is satisfactory for precise work. Both give high results with organic materials less oxidized than elemental carbon and low results with organic materials more oxidized, although this effect is masked with materials which do not react completely under Walkley and Black conditions. Quantitative results were obtained on a range of whole plant materials with both Tinsley's and Walkley and Black's methods. The latter thus provides a very rapid method for the determination of carbon in plants. The carbon contents, determined by Tinsley's method, of a range of pure organic compounds agreed with the predicted values. Tinsley's method does not give quantitative results with certain soils, partly because of the oxidation level of the organic matter in these soils and partly because oxidation is incomplete.