国外私有林现状及发展趋势

国外私有林历史悠久，私有林在提供林产品、林副产品、森林游憩等方面发挥了重要的作用，时至今日，私有林仍是国外林业建设与发展中的一支重要力量，各国政府对私有林十分重视，文中系统地概述了国外私有林的现状、组织形式、经营模式，分析了当前私有林存在的主要问题，预测了私有林的发展趋势。     

工业化国家的林业产业政策

工业化国家林业产业当前面临的主要问题是环境污染对大面积森林构成的严重危胁和对分散的私有林无法进行现代化经营。此外,尚有财政危机和某些国家的林产品过度依赖进口等问题。在90年代,甚至更长的时期内,发达国家林业产业政策的调整方向是,保护和改造现有林,通过实施分类经营战略发挥森林的多种效益,兼用行政和经济手段引导私有林的发展,进一步调整林产品结构和大力发展木材培育业。     

美国私有林经营管理对我国发展非公有制林业的启示

私有林在美国处于重要地位。全国私有林面积占全国森林面积的60%,私有林年木材产量达到全国木材产量的90%。通过立法来规范私有林主的行为是美国实施行政管理的主要手段。借鉴美国私有林发展的经验,将有助于我国非公有制林业的发展。     

灵台县走出非公有林业经济发展新路子

近年来,甘肃省灵台县立足资源优势,把非公有林业作为产业开发的主导模式,累计发展私有林85.7万亩,建办私有林产品加工企业48户,组建果行8个,引进资金5368.4万元。初步走出了一条依靠非公有制形式发展林业经济的新路子。主要做法是:     

美国林业发展现状和值得借鉴的林业管理经验（连载一）

一、美国林业发展现状1．美国林业资源概况美国森林资源主要分布在北部、南部、洛基山区以及太平洋沿岸等地区。美国现有森林面积2．98亿hm2，占国土面积33％，其中：公有林45％，林产工业企业私有林10％，个体私有林为45％。全美共有商业用材林1．98亿hm2，占全部森林面积的66％。其中：公有林为27％，林产工业企业私有林14％，个体私有林为59％，可见私有林在美国林业经济中占主导地位。2．美国林业管理机构美国联邦农业部内的林务局是专门管理林业的行政机构。各州在农林厅内设林务处，林务处根据本州林业资源分布情况在各地设派出机构，…     

美国私有林所有权分散化对林业生产的影响

美国私有林规模正在被划分得越来越小，而私有林所有权的分散化对未来木材产品的供应、购买和采伐木材的成本以及土地价格都将产生一定影响，导致国内木材价格上涨，加速林产品工业向海外的转移，而且不利于实现森林可持续经营的目标，还会降低公众对森林经营的支持力度。随着私有林所有权的分散化，林业将面临着如下问题：     

美国私有林管理及其对广东民营林业发展的启示

美国政府十分重视私有林的发展，通过立法明确私有林产权、规范私有林主行为，实行积极的经济和科技扶持政策，使私有林业成为美国的重要产业之一。美国私有林已建立了一整套完善的管理制度，积累了许多成功的经验，为广东省民营林业的发展提供了有益的启示。     

社区林业政策对尼泊尔农村生计的影响

尼泊尔引入社区林业管理已有20多年。虽然有社区林业管理促进了公有林和私有林树木生长的报道,但其对当地社区获得林产品,如木材、薪柴,以及其他非木材林产品(NWFP)的促进作用还没有完全得到证实。此外,社区林业的介入有明显的社会效益。通过资料收集和实地考察分析了尼泊尔中部山区执行社区林业政策对社会经济的影响。     

美国的公共政策对私有林的影响

美国的公共政策和计划对美国私有林经营具有悠久而深远的历史影响。公共利益对私有林的关注主要有两方面：第一是鼓励私有林的持续投资，以便获得私有林所提供的广泛利益。由于森林经营周期长，以及许多林产品缺乏市场，妨碍了私有林主对其森林进行投资；第二是通过公共政策的实施来减轻森林经营和木材采伐活动的负面影响，如野生动物生境的损失、水质量下降、土壤侵蚀以及景观质量下降等。     

国际私有林主协会(IFFA)机构简介

1IFFA的任务1·对私有林业的价值和挑战进行相互沟通;2·宣传私有林主对可持续、多用途林业的重要贡献;3·向消费者推介天然、可更新、可循环利用的森林产品;4·向公众宣传私有林业对净化水源、清洁空气、保护土壤、生物多样性、景观和旅游等方面的贡献。2 IFFA的目标1·以国际私有林主组织间的非正式协作的形式开展活动;2·宣传私有林主的共同价值;3·提供国际林业政策的有关信息和建议;4·确定主要利益相关者,提供决策咨询;5·促进私有林业的生存、发展和优势,倡导政策支持;6·为经验、思想和信息交流提供论坛;7·交流森林经营者土地…     

Ecological and anthropogenic niches of sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forest and prospects for multiple-product forest management - a review

Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forests cover over 11 millionha in India, Nepal and Bangladesh, and these forests are conventionallymanaged for timber. Recently, interest in producing multipleproducts from sal forests has increased; accordingly, a silviculturalregime for managing sal forest for multiple products is a centralconcern. Forest managers need a comprehensive scientific understandingof natural stand development processes and anthropogenic factorsaffecting sal forest when designing silvicultural regimes formultiple-product management. We review ecology and productivityplus anthropogenic niches of sal forests. Information on edaphicfactors, phenology and stand development processes (regeneration,growth characteristics, soil nutrient requirement, growth allocation,nutrient cycling, stand structure and successional stages) isimportant for designing scientific forest management of salforest; likewise, knowledge of anthropogenic factors associatedwith use of sal forest is also required for effective implementationof the recently paradigmed management efforts. Sal forest silviculturehas been evolving since the beginning of the twentieth centurymainly concentrating on timber production, though the sal forestshave always been used also for grazing and collection of fodder,fuelwood, litter and many other products. Instead of integratingthese products in sal forest management, governments have attemptedto control these additional uses through enforcing forest legislation.These attempts resulted in the persistent conflicts betweenthe interests of local people and the government, and the deterioratingcondition of sal forests. Community-based forestry in this regionemerged in response to the severe degradation of forest resources,and local people initiated protection practices and demonstratedthe success of sal forest from coppice. The coppice systemsallow managing forests with intermittent products (non-timberforest products, including fodder and litter) while producingtimber in the long term. Accordingly, a policy has been developedto manage coppice sal forest for multiple products. Managingthe sal forest for multiple products is, however, a relativelyrecent development and scientific investigations on variousaspects of multiple-product forest management need to be initiated.Ecological processes indicate good prospects of managing salforest for multiple products. The review indicates that theecological processes and anthropogenic factors form sound basisfor developing multiple-product management.     

Investment Potential of Private Forests in Croatia

This paper presents a comprehensive financial analysis of the investment potential of seven private forest categories in the Republic of Croatia (total study area of 268,072 ha). It covers the period from 2018 to 2048 and includes forest purchase costs, management simulation, timber transport to mills, timber processing and veneer production, and finally the selling of sawmill, veneer and forest products. Data from the Croatian National Forest Inventory and forest habitats map were used as a basis for analyses. Spatial data on private forests, roads and timber process plants at the national level were also integrated into the analyses. For the forest management simulation, the MOSES 3.0 simulator was used, and the QGis 3.4 software was used for spatial analyses of forests, roads and mils. Based on data from several world stock exchanges that cover companies of the forestry sector, a real (inflation-free) discount rates were used. The financial analyses showed which forest categories have positive investment potential and under which conditions. Results pointed out that multi-aged European beech forests have the highest internal rate of return (8.45%) and are the only one which would meet the expectations of a financially rational investor using criteria of a risk-adjusted inflation-free discount rate of 8%.     

森林认证助推世界私有林及我国非公有制林业的发展

世界上绝大部分森林是私有林, 而随着我国集体林权改革的深入和国家政策的支持, 我国非公有制林业发展迅速。森林认证对促进世界私有林和我国非公有制林业的发展和可持续经营发挥了重要作用。在分析世界私有林和我国非公有制林业认证发展现状、模式和作用的基础上, 对如何推动我国非公有制林业认证提出了意见与建议。     

葡萄牙林业发展现状

介绍葡萄牙森林资源、林业政策法规、林业机构和管理体制、森林经营、森林保护、林产品贸易、林业科研教育现状, 分析其林业发展存在的主要问题, 在此基础上提出对我国林业发展的3点建议:1)在完善分类经营管理体系的基础上, 划分出适当区域和适当比例的森林作为多功能森林, 并且按照相应的经营管理体系对公益林、商品林和多功能林进行管理; 2)为了降低林产品对外依存度, 维护木材安全, 大力发展用材林特别是珍贵用材林战略储备基地建设; 3)大力培育林农合作组织, 提高森林经营管理效率。     

In Search of Optimum Institutions for Forest Management

There is a variety of forest management institutions ranging from state management to community and private management. This article attempts to identify the conditions under which one institution outperforms the others in the efficiency of forest management based on a review of the literature, empirical evidence on the dominant forest management institutions, and theoretical arguments. In conclusion, we argue that the community management system performs best for nontimber forests, whereas a mixed management system, in which forest protection is carried out communally and tree management is carried out individually, is likely to work best for timber forests.     

Property rights and multipurpose mountain forest management

Mountain forest management is, and has always been, multipurpose-oriented. It should provide for private goods, such as timber, as well as public goods, such as protection against natural forces. This paper investigates private, state and common property regimes in terms of theoretical managerial performance, since empirical studies are scarcely available. Private property rights are sufficient for the production of private goods, whereas public goods have to be safeguarded by state intervention. The performance of state property regimes depends on objectives set by society and their implementation by public officials. Whereas state intervention in private and public property regimes in mountain forests is a necessary condition for multipurpose forest management, common property regimes would be less dependent on it. Usually, the rights holders of common property regimes use mountain forests for the production of both private and public goods. One can conclude that common property regimes are promising for the multipurpose management of mountain forests. In practice, however, common forest property regimes in Switzerland and Austria have become very dependent on public support. Research is recommended in order to investigate into the underlying reasons.     

Willingness of Private Forest Owners to Supply Woody Biomass in Croatia

Renewable energy sources have received significant attention in European countries as a result of increasing dependence on energy imports and concerns over high prices of fuels and climate change. Although private forests in Croatia account for less than one quarter of all forests, they may play an important role in woody biomass energy production, due to their underutilized exploitation. The objective of this paper is to identify the willingness of private forest owners to supply woody biomass and to understand how this willingness is affected by certain owner, management and forest property characteristics. A survey conducted in Croatia in 2012 of a random sample of 350 private forest owners shows that almost half of them were willing to supply woody biomass. A random utility model was used to determine the factors influencing private forest owners’ willingness to supply woody biomass. The results showed that willingness to supply woody biomass was influenced by property size, management objectives (production of fuel wood for personal needs and using the forest for outdoor recreation), cooperation with other forest owners and owner age. In order to enhance woody biomass mobilization from private forests it is important to identify the owners who are willing to supply it and to provide them with financial and administrative support using a mix of developed forest policy instruments.     

Private native forest policies in New South Wales,Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania

Private native forests in Australia perform a dual production and conservation role, providing an important source of timber, and complementing formal conservation reserves. A comparison of policies for private native forests in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania illustrates the scope for timber harvesting, the provision for environmental values, and initiatives for responsible and sustainable forest management. The sustainable management of Australia’s forests requires initiatives by both government and landowners to accommodate changes in community attitudes, new management strategies, integrated catchment management principles and both commercial and non-commercial opportunities for forest use. Of all of the Australian states, New South Wales has the most restrictive laws in terms of forest management and harvesting. Queensland and Victorian legislation have a more commercial focus, while Tasmania has a balance of both environmental and commercial objectives. The duty of care for private native forests is a responsibility that falls to the landholder, and while this should be enforced by legislation, the private provision of community benefits requires both recognition and reward. The presence or absence of incentives potentially determines the effectiveness of forest codes of practice.