Impact of tillage and crop rotation on light fraction and intra-aggregate soil organic matter in two Oxisols

It is well known that no-tillage (NT) practices can promote greater stocks of soil organic matter (SOM) in the soil surface layer compared to conventional tillage (CT) by enhancing the physical protection of aggregate-associated C in temperate soils. However, this link between tillage, aggregation and SOM is less well established for tropical soils, such as Oxisols. The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of SOM stabilization in Oxisols as affected by different crop rotations and tillage regimes at two sites in southern Brazil. Soils were sampled from two agricultural experiment sites (Passo Fundo and Londrina) in southern Brazil, with treatments comparing different crop rotations under NT and CT management, and a reference soil under native vegetation (NV). Free light fraction (LF) and intra-aggregate particulate organic matter (iPOM) were isolated from slaking-resistant aggregates. Of the total C associated with aggregates, 79–90% was found in the mineral fraction, but there were no differences between NT and CT. In contrast, tillage drastically decreased LF-C concentrations in the 0–5 cm depth layer at both sites. In the same depth layer of NT systems at Londrina, the concentrations of iPOM-C were greater when a legume cover crop was included in the rotation. At Londrina, the order of total iPOM-C levels was generally NV > NT > CT in the 0–5 cm depth interval, but the difference between NT and CT was much less than in Passo Fundo. At Passo Fundo, the greatest concentrations and differences in concentrations across tillage treatments were found in the fine (53–250 μm) iPOM fractions occluded within microaggregates. In conclusion, even though no aggregate hierarchy exists in these Oxisols, our results corroborate the concept of a stabilization of POM-C within microaggregates in no-tillage systems, especially when green manures are included in the rotation.     

Simulating trends in soil organic carbon of an Acrisol under no-tillage and disc-plow systems using the Century model

Soil organic matter (SOM) and its different pools have key importance in nutrient availability, soil structure, in the flux of trace gases between land surface and the atmosphere, and thus improving soil health. This is particularly critical for tropical soils. The rates of accumulation and decomposition of carbon in SOM are influenced by several factors that are best embodied by simulation models. However, little is known about the performance of SOM simulation model in an acid tropical soil under different tillage systems including no-tillage (NT). Our objective was to simulate soil organic matter dynamics on an Acrisol under no-tillage and different plowed systems using Century model. Tillage systems consisted of no-tillage, disc plow, heavy disc harrow followed by disc plow, and heavy disc harrow. Soil C stocks simulated by Century model showed tendency to recovery only under no-tillage. Also, simulated amounts of C stocks of slow and active pools were more sensitive to management impacts than total organic C. The values estimated by Century of soil C stocks and organic carbon in the slow and passive pools fitted satisfactorily with the measured data. Thus fitted, except for the active pool, Century showed acceptable performance in the prediction of SOM dynamics in an acid tropical soil.     

Microaggregate-associated carbon as a diagnostic fraction for management-induced changes in soil organic carbon in two Oxisols

Carbon stabilization by macroaggregate-occluded microaggregates (Mm) has been proposed as a principal mechanism for long-term soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in temperate alternative agricultural and (af)forested systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the Mm fraction for long-term C stabilization in Oxisols and to validate its diagnostic properties for total SOC changes upon changes in land use. Soil samples were taken from the 0-5 and 5-20 cm soil layers of native forest vegetation (NV), conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems at an experimental site near Passo Fundo and one near Londrina in Southern Brazil. After aggregate-size separations by wet-sieving, macroaggregate-occluded water-stable microaggregates (53-250 μm) (Mm) were isolated from large (>2000 μm) and small (>250 μm) macroaggregates. Particulate organic matter located inside the Mm (intra-Mm-POM) and the mineral fraction (< 53 μm) associated with the Mm (mineral-Mm) were separated from the POM fraction located outside the Mm (inter-Mm-POM) by density flotation followed by mechanical dispersion. Sand-free Mm-C concentrations on a macroaggregate basis were generally greater under NV and NT compared to CT in the 0-5 cm depth at both sites. Our findings support the importance of Mm (especially the mineral-Mm fraction) as long-term C-stabilization sites in highly weathered tropical soils under sustainable agricultural and natural systems. At both sites, significant differences in total SOC stocks (g C m⁻²) among different land use systems were always accompanied by parallel Mm-C stock differences. Though total SOC did not differ among land use systems in the 0-20 cm depth at both sites, Mm-C stocks were greater under NT compared to the CT treatment in the 0-20 cm depth at the Londrina site. We concluded that in these highly weathered tropical soils the Mm-C fraction is a more responsive fraction to management changes than total SOC and represents a diagnostic fraction for present as well as potential total SOC changes upon land-use change.     

Simulation of soil organic carbon dynamics under different pasture managements using the RothC carbon model

Recently, soil carbon sequestration in agro-ecosystems has been attracting significant interest as soil organic carbon (SOC) can potentially offset some atmospheric carbon dioxide. The objectives of this study were to use the RothC model to simulate soil carbon sequestration and determine the proportion of pasture production as carbon input for SOC sequestration under different pasture types and pasture management in a long term experiment established in 1992. There were two types of pastures, annual and perennial pastures, with or without application of limestone. Simulation results showed that with an initial setting for the stubble retention factor of 0.65 and root/shoot ratio of 0.5 for annual pasture and 1.0 for perennial pasture, RothC can adequately simulate SOC for both pasture types, especially annual pasture. Using an inverse modelling technique, the root/shoot ratio was determined as 0.49 and 0.57 for annual pasture and 0.72 and 0.76 for perennial pasture with and without limestone application, respectively. There was a large improvement in model performance for perennial pasture with and without limestone application. The root mean squared errors (RMSE) reduced from 3.19 and 2.99 t C ha⁻¹ in the initial settings to 2.09 and 2.10 t C ha⁻¹, while performance efficiency (PE) increased from 0.89 and 0.91 to the same value of 0.95 when the root/shoot ratio of 0.72 and 0.76 were used for limed and unlimed perennial pastures. However, there was little improvement for annual pasture as RMSE had little change and PE was the same. As the stubble retention factor and root/shoot ratio can be combined into one factor that measures an equivalent amount of total above-ground pasture production allocated for soil carbon input, the modelled results can be summarised as 1.2 times and 1.4 times the above-ground dry matter for annual and for perennial pasture, respectively, regardless of liming. Our results provide useful information for simulation of soil carbon sequestration under continuous pasture systems.     

耕作、残茬及施肥管理对土壤有机质动态变化影响的情景分析

Based on data from 10-year field experiments on residue/fertilizer management in the dryland farming region of northern China, Century model was used to simulate the site-specific ecosystem dynamics through adjustment of the model＇s parameters, and the applicability of the model to propose soil organic carbon （SOC） management temporally and spatially, in cases such as of tillage/residue/fertilization management options, was identified v/a scenario analysis.Results between simulations and actual measurements were in close agreement when appropriate applications of stover,manure and inorganic fertilizer were combined. Simulations of extreme C/N ratios with added organic materials tended to underestimate the measured effects. Scenarios of changed tillage methods, residue practices and fertilization options showed potential to maintain and enhance SOC in the long run, while increasing inorganic N slowed down the SOC turnover rate but did not create a net C sink without any organic C input. The Century model simulation showed a good relationship between annual C inputs to the soil and the rate of C sequestration in the top 20 cm layer and provided quantitative estimations of changes in parameters crucial for sustainable land use and management. Conservation tillage practices for sustainable land use should be integrated with residue management and appreciable organic and inorganic fertilizer application, adapted according to the local residue resource, soil fertility and production conditions. At least 50% residue return into the soil was needed annually for maintenance of SOC balance, and manure amendment was important for enhancement of SOC in small crop-livestock systems in which crop residue land application was limited.     

黑碳添加对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

通过室内培养试验,向土壤中分别添加不同温度制备的黑碳,热解温度分别为350℃(T350)、600℃(T600)和850℃(T850),研究了黑碳添加对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,不同温度条件制备的黑碳在15℃和25℃培养条件下,土壤CO2释放速率总的趋势是前期分解速率快,后期缓慢。在整个培养过程中(112天),随着培养时间的延长,土壤CO2释放速率下降趋势逐渐降低,CO2释放速率相对值的大小随着培养温度的的升高而增大。在不同温度培养条件下,添加黑碳后土壤CO2-C累计量均是T350>T600>T850,T350土壤CO2-C累计量最高分别为415.26 mg/kg和733.82 mg/kg。添加不同黑碳后,土壤有机碳矿化增加率存在极显著差异(p<0.01),表明不同温度制备的黑碳对土壤有机碳矿化的影响显著。     

土壤团聚体中有机碳研究进展

增加土壤有机碳有助于农业可持续发展, 同时对缓解温室气体增加造成的全球气候变暖等具有重要意义。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分, 影响土壤的各种物理化学性质。土壤团聚体和有机碳是不可分割的, 前者是后者存在的场所, 后者是前者存在的胶结物质。本文在综合各方面研究的基础上, 阐述了土壤团聚体和有机碳的依存关系, 影响团聚体固碳的几大因素, 团聚体对有机碳的物理保护机制以及目前应用比较广泛的团聚体内有机碳的研究方法, 为以后的研究提供理论和方法上的支持。     

基于Century模型和1:500 000土壤数据库的华东旱地土壤有机碳动态模拟

Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils influence soil quality and greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Dry farmland covers more than 70% of the whole cropland area in China and plays an important role in mitigating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In this study, 4109 dry farmland soil polygons were extracted using spatial overlay analysis of the soil layer (1:500000) and the land use layer (1:500000) to support Century model simulations of SOC dynamics for dry farmland in Anhui Province, East China from 1980 to 2008. Considering two field-validation sites, the Century model performed relatively well in modeling SOC dynamics for dry farmland in the province. The simulated results showed that the area-weighted mean soil organic carbon density (SOCD) of dry farmland increased from 18.77 Mg C ha1 in 1980 to 23.99 Mg C ha1 in 2008 with an average sequestration rate of 0.18 Mg C ha1 year?1. Approximately 94.9% of the total dry farmland area sequestered carbon while 5.1% had carbon lost. Over the past 29 years, the net SOC gain in dry farmland soils of the province was 19.37 Tg, with an average sequestration rate of 0.67 Tg C year1. Augmentation of SOC was primarily due to increased consumption of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure. Moreover, SOC dynamics were highly differentiated among dry farmland soil groups. The integration of the Century model with a fine-scale soil database approach could be conveniently utilized as a tool for the accurate simulation of SOC dynamics at the regional scale.     

温度与土壤水分对有机碳分解速率的影响

试验研究温度与土壤水分对有机碳分解速率的影响,结果表明:相同水分条件下,培育初期(1～20d)各处理CO2排放速率较高,相对值表现为35℃处理>25℃处理>15℃处理>5℃处理;随培育时间延长(>20d),CO2排放速率渐趋平稳。相同温度条件下,30%～90%田间持水量时培育初期(1～20d)各处理CO2排放速率初始值较高,之后降低,当趋于某一定值时,相对值大小随土壤水分含量增加而增加。相同温度与土壤水分条件下,CO2排放速率相对值大小随土壤有机碳含量增加而增加。     

SOCRATES—A simple model for predicting long-term changes in soil organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems

The maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC) in terrestrial ecosystems is critical for long-term productivity. Simulation models of SOC dynamics are valuable tools in predicting the impacts of climate on carbon storage and developing management strategies for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, however, their utility is generally reduced due to need for specific data. The SOCRATES model is a simple process based representation of soil SOC dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems, which requires minimal data inputs and specifically designed to examine the impact of land use and land use change on soil carbon storage. SOCRATES was successful in predicting SOC change at eighteen long-term crop, pasture and forestry trials from North America, Europe and Australasia. These trials ranged from 8 to 86 years in duration, over a wide range of climates and soil types with annual changes in SOC ranging from −3.0 to 4.2%.     

高寒草原土壤有机碳与腐殖质碳变化及其微生物效应

基于多区域重复采样,研究了藏北高原不同状态(正常、轻度和严重退化)高寒草原表层(0～10 cm)、亚表层(10～20 cm)土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)、腐殖质碳(Humus carbon,HC)、胡敏酸碳(Humic acid carbon,HAC)和富里酸碳(Fulvic acid carbon,FAC)的变化,以及土壤微生物群落、微生物生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)、纤维素分解酶活性(Cellulolytic enzyme activity,CEA)对其产生的影响与作用。结果表明:高原寒旱环境中土壤的HC/SOC比例过低,但PQ值(HAC/HC)很高。随土层加深,不同状态草地SOC、HC、HAC含量、HC/SOC比例在总体上趋于不同程度的下降,PQ值则均呈一定程度的提高。相对于正常草地,随草地退化加剧,表层SOC、HC(HAC、FAC)增幅分别表现出略呈下降、大幅提高,亚表层降幅则均呈大幅下降。反映到0～20 cm土层,SOC、HC、HAC含量均表现出正常草地严重退化草地轻度退化草地,HC/SOC比例、PQ值则分别呈严重退化草地正常草地轻度退化草地、正常草地轻度退化草地严重退化草地,说明草地退化在促进表层SOC、HC(HAC、FAC)形成与积累的同时,更"激发"了亚表层的矿化,尤其是严重退化草地有机残体的分解过程,但腐殖质品质并未随土壤腐殖化程度的提高而得到相应改善。MBC、CEA与SOC、HC及组分高度一致的土体分布格局影响并决定了上述过程,草地退化有利于真菌、放线菌对土壤、尤其是亚表层土壤有机残体的分解与转化。     

长期施肥对黄壤有机碳平衡及玉米产量的影响

基于长期定位试验,以黔中典型黄壤为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、可持续性指数、稳定性指数等方法对长期定位试验获取的数据进行分析和比较,以探讨长期不同施肥处理对黄壤有机碳含量、有机碳平衡量、玉米产量稳定性、可持续性及其相互关系的影响。结果表明:(1)与施化肥和对照处理相比,施有机肥处理土壤有机碳含量明显升高,按大小排序依次为:MMNPK1/2M+1/2NPK1/4M+3/4NPK;(2)施有机肥处理黄壤有机碳平衡量为正值,且随有机肥施用量增加而增加,相反,施化肥和对照处理均为负值,大小依次为:MNPK、M1/2M+1/2NPK1/4M+3/4NPKNPKNKNPN、CKPK,各处理差异显著;(3)有机肥与化肥配施、有机肥单施及氮磷钾化肥协调施用更有利于提高玉米产量,排序为:MNPK1/4M+3/4NPK、1/2M+1/2NPKNPK、MNPNK、PK、NCK;(4)适量有机肥与化肥配施可提高玉米产量稳定性和可持续性(可持续性指数0.6,变异系数0.3),其中,1/4M+3/4NPK处理玉米产量稳定性和持续性最好;(5)玉米年产量与黄壤有机碳平衡量相关度较高,而玉米可持续性、稳定性则主要受有机碳含量影响。综上,有机肥与化肥配施有利于黄壤有机碳含量提升、玉米维持高产稳产。按适量"减肥"原则,以25%有机肥配施75%氮磷钾化肥效果最佳。     

Modeling long-term soil carbon dynamics and sequestration potential in semi-arid agro-ecosystems

Long-term soil carbon (C) dynamics in agro-ecosystems is controlled by interactions of climate, soil and agronomic management. A modeling approach is a useful tool to understand the interactions, especially over long climatic sequences. In this paper, we examine the performance of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to predict the long-term soil C dynamics under various agricultural practices at four semi-arid sites across the wheat-belt of eastern Australia. We further assessed the underlying factors that regulate soil C dynamics in the top 30 cm of soil through scenario analysis using the validated model. The results show that APSIM is able to predict aboveground biomass production and soil C dynamics at the study sites. Scenario analyses indicate that nitrogen (N) fertilization combined with residue retention (SR) has the potential to significantly slow or reverse the loss of C from agricultural soils. Optimal N fertilization (N_opt) and 100% SR, increased soil C by 13%, 46% and 45% at Warra, Wagga Wagga and Tarelee, respectively. Continuous lucerne pasture was the most efficient strategy to accumulate soil C, resulting in increases of 49%, 57% and 50% at Warra, Wagga Wagga and Tarlee, respectively. In contrast, soil C decreases regardless of agricultural practices as a result of cultivation of natural soils at the Brigalow site. Soil C input, proportional to the amount of retained residue, is a significant predictor of soil C change. At each site, water and nitrogen availability and their interaction, explain more than 59% of the variation in soil C. Across the four sites, mean air temperature has significant (P < 0.05) effects on soil C change. There was greater soil C loss at sites with higher temperature. Our simulations suggest that detailed information on agricultural practices, land use history and local environmental conditions must be explicitly specified to be able to make plausible predictions of the soil C balance in agro-ecosystems at different agro-ecological scales.     

黑土农田土壤有机碳演变研究进展

在我国, 由于国家粮食安全的需要, 关注黑土、研究黑土的人越来越多, 尤其是黑土可持续利用及其与环境的关系已成为当今研究的热点问题。黑土研究领域中最活跃的部分是黑土农田土壤有机质(碳)的研究。基于此, 本文依据有关文献资料, 简述了我国黑土的分布、黑土开垦历史、农田土壤有机碳的演变及其在农业上的贡献, 系统分析了国内外农田土壤碳研究的方法及其进展, 指出了开展我国黑土农田土壤碳演变及其预测研究的现实意义及其潜在价值, 建议未来应侧重黑土农田土壤有机碳的变化与调控方面的研究, 即在黑土农田土壤有机碳的定向培育技术、指标体系和量化表征评估方法、预测模型等方面有所突破, 最终形成黑土农田土壤有机碳保护和利用的理论和方法。     

土壤有机碳稳定性影响因素的研究进展

增加土壤碳汇是应对全球气候变化的有效措施,作为土壤碳汇来源之一的有机碳在其中发挥重要作用。过去几十年,土壤有机碳的分子结构性质被认为是预测有机碳在土壤中循环的主要标准。然而最近的研究结果表明有机碳的分子结构并非绝对地控制着土壤有机碳的稳定,而土壤环境因子与有机碳的相互作用显著降低了土壤有机碳被降解的可能性。土壤微生物不仅参与有机碳的降解,其产物本身也是土壤有机碳的重要组成成分。非生物因子直接或间接地控制着土壤有机碳的稳定,包括土壤中的无机颗粒、无机环境以及养分状况等。其中,有机碳与土壤矿物的吸附作用和土壤团聚体的闭蓄作用被普遍认为高效地保护了有机碳。土壤矿物的吸附作用取决于其自身的矿物学性质和有机碳的化学性质。土壤团聚体在保护有机碳的同时也促进了有机碳与矿物的吸附,而有机-矿物络合物同样可以参与形成团聚体。此外,土壤无机环境也影响着有机碳循环。总之,土壤有机碳的稳定取决于有机碳与周围环境的相互作用。同时,有机碳的结构性质也受控于环境因素。然而,无论有机碳的结构性质,还是其所处的生物与非生物环境,都是生态系统的基本属性,且各属性间相互影响、相互作用。因此,土壤有机碳的稳定是生态系统的一种特有性质。     

基于Landsat遥感影像和1∶50 000土壤数据库的福州市耕地有机碳动态变化研究

耕地土壤碳库是全球碳库中最为活跃的部分,其变化对全球气候变化产生重要影响。目前对耕地土壤有机碳估算多采用中、小系列比例尺的土壤数据库,较少结合遥感影像与大比例尺土壤数据库进行估算。基于此,本研究采用Landsat遥感影像和1∶50 000高精度土壤数据库,以福建省福州市为例,基于遥感与碳循环过程模型对1987年和2016年耕地土壤有机碳动态变化进行研究。结果表明,利用Landsat影像反演得到的耕地土壤基础呼吸与土壤有机碳相关性强,建立的1987年和2016年模型R²分别为0.637和0.752。研究期间,全市耕地土壤有机碳密度从东部沿海向西部内陆地区递增,整体发挥着“碳汇”作用,有机碳密度和储量分别增加0.20 kg·m^-2和2.946×10⁵ t。从不同土壤类型比较得出,黄壤、红壤和水稻土是“碳汇”,有机碳密度分别增加0.70 kg·m^-2、0.40 kg·m^-2和0.19 kg·m^-2;其他土类为“碳源”,其中,水稻土碳储量最大,两期在全市总碳储量中占比均超过90%。从不同行政区比较得出,仓山区、长乐区、马尾区和连江县为“碳源区”,其他地区为“碳汇区”,其中,仓山区碳储量一直为全市最低,两期占比均不足0.5%,而福清市则一直居于全市首位,占比均高于20%。总体而言,福州市耕地土壤有机碳30年间空间动态变化显著,在不同土类和行政区间存在差异,今后应根据不同耕地土壤类型和行政区的有机碳情况有针对性进行耕地管理。     

秸秆和地膜覆盖条件下玉米农田土壤有机碳组分生长季动态

基于黄土高原8 a的春玉米覆盖定位试验,研究了秸秆和地膜覆盖下土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在可矿化碳及颗粒有机碳在作物不同生育期的季节变化特征,探讨旱作农田不同碳组分对地表覆盖的响应规律。结果表明:1)秸秆和地膜覆盖下土壤有机碳及其各组分含量在玉米生长期间总体呈苗期下降、拔节期上升、大喇叭口—抽雄期下降、灌浆和收获期回升的变化趋势。2)与不覆盖对照相比,秸秆覆盖在大部分作物生育期均显著提高了土壤有机碳各组分含量,有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳;而地膜覆盖在作物生育后期导致土壤有机碳及各组分含量显著下降。3)秸秆覆盖下表层土壤颗粒有机碳对总有机碳变化具有重要贡献,地膜覆盖后土壤有机碳变化可能主要来自于潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳,而土壤微生物量碳相对含量在不同处理间差异不大。4)对照和地膜覆盖处理土壤潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳的相对含量在大喇叭口—抽雄期均有显著下降,而秸秆覆盖下两种组分的相对含量则保持平稳,表明秸秆覆盖对生育后期土壤潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳有重要的补给作用。总之,黄土高原的春玉米田秸秆覆盖具有明显的提升土壤有机碳及组分含量的作用,地膜覆盖则无明显效果,且在春玉米生育后期降低了土壤总有机碳及各组分的含量。     

Use of organic carbon and loss-on-ignition to estimate soil organic matter in different soil types and horizons

Summary Loss-on-ignition (LOI) and the organic C content have been used to estimate soil organic matter. Organic matter is often estimated from organic C by applying a factor of 1.724. Several authors have examined the relationship between LOI, used as an estimate of organic matter, and C by simple linear regressions. In the present study, this approach was examined in relation to two sets of data. LOI overestimates organic matter in soils with significant proportions of clay minerals because of bound water, and correcting for bound water gives some LOI: C ratios of less than 1. It is concluded that differences in the nature of the organic matter in different soils and horizons make the simple regression approach unsuitable. More attention needs to be paid to studies of the nature of the organic matter.     

水力侵蚀影响下土壤有机碳和微生物数量动态变化特征

土壤侵蚀是土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)动态过程的重要驱动因素,明确土壤侵蚀如何影响土壤微生物进而作用于SOC,有助于准确把握土壤侵蚀在全球碳循环中的作用。通过野外径流小区模拟降雨试验,结合定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,q PCR)技术,研究了水力侵蚀后短期内(10 d)坡耕地表层土壤微生物数量和SOC含量动态变化特征,并在此基础上探讨了微生物与SOC间的关系。结果表明:与雨前相比,降雨侵蚀后表层土壤SOC含量没有显著差异,而表层土壤细菌数量显著降低,为雨前细菌数量的58.76%(坡上)、55.22%(坡中)、55.82%(坡下);降雨侵蚀同样显著改变了表层土壤真菌数量,雨后真菌数量为雨前真菌数量的105.51%(坡上)、2.29%(坡中),12.20%(坡下);降雨侵蚀后,SOC、细菌和真菌数量均在短时间内显著增加,达到峰值后下降;相关性分析表明,细菌和真菌数量与SOC之间的关系均未表现出显著正相关关系,仅有坡下细菌,坡中、坡下以及整个坡面真菌与SOC含量表现出显著正相关关系。     

苜蓿作物轮作模式对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

本研究以苜蓿?作物轮作试验为研究对象,探讨了苜蓿?苜蓿(L-L)、苜蓿?休闲(L-F)、苜蓿?小麦(L-W)、苜蓿?玉米(L-C)、苜蓿?马铃薯(L-P)和苜蓿?谷子(L-M)6种轮作模式对陇中黄土高原雨养农田苜蓿土壤团聚体稳定性以及土壤总有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:不同轮作模式下土壤机械稳定性团聚体以≥0.25 mm团聚体为优势团聚体,均占72.17%以上,而土壤水稳性团聚体以0.25 mm团聚体为优势团聚体,均占95.18%以上。随着土层深度的增加,各处理≥0.25 mm的团聚体数量及平均重量直径(MWD)均随之增加,而水稳性大团聚体数量及MWD值无明显规律性。与L-L处理相比,L-C和L-P处理0~30 cm耕层土壤≥0.25 mm的团聚体含量分别增加5.94%和1.12%,L-C处理的MWD表现为最高,而其他轮作处理则不同程度降低了≥0.25 mm团聚体含量及MWD;随着土层深度的增加,6种不同轮作模式的土壤有机碳含量均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,在0~30 cm的耕层土壤,较之L-L处理,L-W、L-C、L-P和L-M处理均从不同程度上降低了土壤有机碳含量,其中L-P处理有机碳含量最低,降低了18.68%。相关性分析表明,土壤总有机碳分别与2~5 mm、1~2 mm、0.5~1 mm和0.25~0.5 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体比例以及MWD表现出极显著正相关,而与0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体呈极显著负相关。综上所述,苜蓿?玉米轮作模式能明显增加土壤团聚体机械稳定性,而不同苜蓿?作物轮作模式对土壤团聚体的水稳性影响较小,土壤有机碳含量在很大程度上影响着土壤水稳性团粒结构的形成与稳定性,二者密切相关。