盐胁迫对多叶型苜蓿种子萌发的影响

对收集到的6种多叶型苜蓿品种(wL323MF、8925、Phabulous、Forerunner、Grandeur、8920MF)种子进行了NaCl和Na2SO4溶液胁迫下的萌发特性研究。在两种盐的6个不同浓度梯度下对6种多叶型苜蓿种子的发芽势、发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长、根芽比及全株重等指标的测定结果表明，NaCl溶液胁迫多叶型苜蓿种子萌发的耐受临界水平为51～86mmol／L；Na2SO4溶液胁迫多叶型苜蓿种子萌发的耐受临界水平为70～113mmol／L，超过上述浓度水平对种子萌发存在显著的抑制作用。     

NaCl胁迫对野生苜蓿种子萌发特性的影响

以2种野生牧草杂花苜蓿(Medicago varia)和黄花苜蓿(M.falcata)为试验材料,测定了NaCl浓度0、50、100、150、200mmol/L处理下种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和苗长、胚根长等萌发指标,分析2种野生牧草种子萌发期耐盐性变化规律.结果表明:1)NaCl胁迫对2种野生苜蓿种子发芽都产生了抑制作用,高浓度NaCl胁迫对黄花苜蓿发芽率影响大,且高浓度下黄花苜蓿的发芽率高于杂花苜蓿.2)NaCl浓度为0～50 mmol/L时黄花苜蓿的发芽势低于杂花苜蓿,100～200 mmol/L时高于杂花苜蓿.3)杂花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿种子发芽指数在100 mmol/L时均较对照下降50％.对照活力指数黄花苜蓿种子是杂花苜蓿种子的2倍.4)2种野生苜蓿种子在NaCl胁迫下胚芽长和胚根长表现出不同的下降规律,NaCl胁迫对黄花苜蓿胚芽长度下降较杂花苜蓿大,但杂花苜蓿的胚根长下降较黄花苜蓿大.利用隶属函数对2种野生牧草萌发期各指标综合评价得出:黄花苜蓿的耐盐性较杂花苜蓿强,可用于盐渍化土壤的建植.     

碱性盐胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发的影响

对收集到的6种东北地区常见苜蓿品种（肇东、公农1号、敖汉、龙牧801、龙牧803及美国苜蓿王（Alfalfa King）进行了Na2CO3溶液胁迫下种子萌发特性的研究。在碱性盐的6种不同浓度梯度下,测定了6种苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽速度、胚根及胚芽的相对长度等指标。结果表明,Na2CO3溶液胁迫苜蓿种子萌发的耐受临界水平为0．002g／100mL,超过上述浓度水平对种子萌发存在显著的抑制作用。     

盐胁迫对超干处理苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以陇东苜蓿为材料,研究超干处理苜蓿种子在盐胁迫下的萌发和幼苗生长情况.将NaCl和Na2SO4按9:1摩尔比混合,模拟典型盐胁迫环境,设置0,10,20,40,60和100 mmol/L 6个盐胁迫梯度,以未超干种子进行发芽试验并选择出最适盐胁迫浓度作为盆栽试验处理浓度.同时采用硅胶室温干燥法对种子进行不同时间的超干处...     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(24-epibrassinolide,EBR)对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗伤害的缓解作用,以中苜3号和陇中苜蓿为材料,在150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,研究不同浓度EBR处理对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)150mmol/L NaCl胁迫显著抑制了苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及根系活力,降低了幼苗的地上、地下生物量;(2)外源EBR可有效的缓解NaCl胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及根系活力的抑制作用,并具有明显的浓度效应;(3)综合发芽试验、幼苗生长试验,在150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,10-1μmol/L EBR处理显著地提高了苜蓿种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和胚芽长、胚根长、萌发期幼苗干重,并显著增加了苜蓿幼苗的叶片数、茎粗、株高、主根长、侧根数和地上、地下生物量,提高了苜蓿萌发期、幼苗期的根系活力水平,对盐胁迫下苜蓿幼苗的缓解效果最好。说明外源EBR能够促进NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子的萌发及幼苗的生长发育,EBR在诱导植物抗盐性上具有积极作用。     

盐胁迫对达乌里胡枝子种子萌发的影响

通过对达乌里胡枝子在浓度为1、2、3、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15 mg/L的NaCl,Na2CO3和Na2SO4胁迫下种子发芽的试验研究。结果表明:在3种盐不同浓度的胁迫下,种子的发芽率均低于对照,在NaCl胁迫下,盐浓度为8 mg/L时发芽率最高,浓度为10 mg/L时发芽率出现一低峰;在Na2SO4处理下,盐浓度为10 mg/L时发芽率也出现一低峰;在Na2CO3处理下,浓度为6 mg/L时所有种子不发芽;NaCl处理组种子发芽率高于Na2SO4处理组,3种盐的耐受程度大小为:NaCl>Na2SO4>Na2CO3。     

盐碱胁迫下羊草种子的萌发特性

时羊草Leymus chinensis种子在NaCl,Na2CO3和混合盐胁迫下的发芽率进行测定.在NaCl 12.5～600mmol/L,Na2CO312.5～150 mmol/L和混合盐37.5～250 mmol/L条件下羊草的发芽率均高于对照,在NaCl,Na2CO3浓度为1 2.5 mmol/L,混合盐75 mmol/L时发芽率最高,并且NaCl胁迫下的发芽率高于Na2CO3和混合盐,表明适宜的盐碱能促进种子发芽,中性盐更有助于促进种子发芽.方差分析表明羊草种子在3种胁迫下的发芽响应已产生分化,发芽率的变异系数为64.190 5%～66.625 5%.在不同环境条件下,羊草种子具有生态可塑性.     

盐胁迫对赖草种子萌发及其胚生长的影响

在NaCl、Na2CO2和二者混合盐溶液6个不同浓度胁迫下,对赖草种子的发芽率、初始萌发时间、发芽速度以及胚根、胚芽的生长情况等进行了测定和分析。结果表明,赖草种子的发芽率、发芽速度随NaCl溶液浓度的增大先升高后降低,随Na2CO3溶液浓度的增大而降低。其中,50 mmol/L NaCl、5 mmol/L Na2CO3溶液处理下, 赖草种子的初始萌发时间最早,发芽率最高,发芽速度最快。混合盐溶液显著抑制种子萌发,随其浓度的增大,初始萌发时间延后,发芽率、发芽速度显著低于对照。NaCl、Na2CO3和二者混合盐溶液对种子发芽率和萌发进程的影响为混合盐>Na2CO3>NaCl。随着溶液浓度的增大,对胚根生长的抑制作用均不断加大,其影响为Na2CO3>混合盐>NaCl。NaCl、Na2CO3和二者混合盐溶液对胚根生长的抑制作用明显大于对胚芽的抑制作用。     

盐胁迫对赖草种子萌发及其胚生长的影响

在NaCl、Na2CO3和二者混合盐溶液6个不同浓度胁迫下,对赖草种子的发芽率、初始萌发时间、发芽速度以及胚根、胚芽的生长情况等进行了测定和分析.结果表明,赖草种子的发芽率、发芽速度随NaCl溶液浓度的增大先升高后降低,随Na2CO3溶液浓度的增大而降低.其中,50 mmol/L NaCl、5 mmol/L Na2CO3溶液处理下,赖草种子的初始萌发时间最早,发芽率最高,发芽速度最快.混合盐溶液显著抑制种子萌发,随其浓度的增大,初始萌发时间延后,发芽率、发芽速度显著低于对照.NaCl、Na2CO3和二者混合盐溶液对种子发芽率和萌发进程的影响为混合盐>Na2CO3>NaCl.随着溶液浓度的增大,对胚根生长的抑制作用均不断加大,其影响为Na2CO3>混合盐>NaCl.NaCl、Na2CO3和二者混合盐溶液对胚根生长的抑制作用明显大于对胚芽的抑制作用.     

外源甜菜碱对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗抗性的影响

甜菜碱(glycine betaine, GB)作为一类重要的渗透调节物质,与提高植物抗逆性密切相关。为了探究外源甜菜碱对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)种子萌发及幼苗抗逆性的影响,本研究选取‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿为供试材料,采用150 mmol·L–1的NaCl溶液模拟中度盐胁迫,设置外源甜菜碱6个梯度浓度(0、10、20、30、40、50 mmol·L–1),并采取叶施和根注两种施用方式,分别对种子萌发和盆栽幼苗生长进行处理,通过分析种子萌发过程及幼苗期生长过程中的相关指标,探究外源甜菜碱缓解NaCl对苜蓿胁迫的生理机制。结果表明:1)苜蓿受到NaCl胁迫后,种子萌发期的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、胚芽胚根长显著降低(P 0.05),苗期的株高、组织含水量、叶绿素、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸各指标显著降低,MDA显著升高,SOD、POD及CAT的活性增强。2)添加不同浓度的外源甜菜碱后,6项萌发性状和8项生理抗逆指标都显著升高,MDA显著降低。结果显示,叶施30 mmol·L–1与根注40 mmol·L–1时抗逆效果最佳,不仅有效提高了苜蓿种子及幼苗的抗盐能力,还能促进苜蓿在盐渍环境下的生长发育。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein