杧果露水斑病病原菌生物学特性测定

【目的】明确杧果新病害露水斑病病原菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)的生物学特性,以便为该病害的发生规律研究提供理论依据。【方法】测定了不同条件对病原菌菌丝生长、产孢量和孢子萌发的影响。【结果】菌丝在杧果葡萄糖琼胶培养基和PDA培养基上生长最佳,最适生长温度20℃,最适p H值7~8,光照对菌丝生长影响不明显,菌丝对有机碳源乳糖和有机氮源氨基乙酸利用最好,菌丝致死温度为50℃、10 min;产孢量以25℃、p H 6、光暗交替、麦芽糖为碳源、L-胱氨酸为氮源时最大;分生孢子萌发率以25℃、p H7、液态水、有机碳源阿拉伯糖、有机氮源L-天冬氨酸为最适条件,分生孢子致死温度50℃、10 min。【结论】杧果露水斑病菌喜好20~25℃、弱酸至弱碱、高湿、富含有机营养的环境。     

杧果拟盘多毛孢叶枯病菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

分离鉴定杧果苗圃叶枯病病原菌并研究其生物学特性。结果表明,该病原菌鉴定为杧果拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis mangiferae(P.Henn.)Steyaert。菌丝在Richard+杧果叶煮沸汁液培养基上生长最佳,在Czapek培养基上不产孢。菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的适宜温度分别为20～25℃和25～30℃,适宜pH值分别为5.0～6.0和4.5～6.0。供试碳源中蔗糖和D-葡萄糖较利于菌丝生长,乳糖和蔗糖较利于孢子萌发;供试氮源中硝酸钠和硝酸钾较利于菌丝生长,硝酸铵较利于孢子萌发。完全光照和光暗交替各12小时有利于病菌菌丝生长和产孢,完全黑暗不利于菌丝生长且不产孢。分生孢子致死温度为52℃水浴10分钟。     

合欢枯萎病病原菌的生物学特性研究

从培养基种类、温度、光照、pH、微量元素及不同氮源和碳源等方面对合欢枯萎病致病菌的生物学特性影响进行了研究。结果表明:该菌最适生长培养基为PDA培养基和PSA培养基;菌丝生长的温度范围在25~35℃,最适温度为30℃,分生孢子萌发的最适温度为30℃,该菌的致死温度为60℃;菌丝在pH 6~12之间均能生长,以pH 6时分生孢子萌发率最高;光照对菌丝生长无明显影响,黑暗条件有利于病菌产孢;病菌对蔗糖和可溶性淀粉利用较好,对硝酸钠和硝酸钙利用较好;微量元素中硫酸锰有利于菌丝生长,硫酸亚铁能够较好地促进分生孢子的萌发。     

营养因素与培养条件对Pilidium concavum病菌菌丝生长及产孢量的影响

为了探讨不同培养基、碳氮源、温度、pH值、光照对Pilidium concavum(Desm.)Hohn.菌丝生长及分生孢子产量的影响。试验采用十字交叉法测量菌丝生长量,用血球计数板法测量产孢量。结果表明:该菌在PDA上生长最适,在PYA上产孢最多。在最适培养基上培养,菌丝生长的适宜温度为15~30℃,最适温度为25℃,产孢最适温度为30℃;在pH值6~11范围内该菌均能生长和产孢,菌丝生长的最适pH值为6,pH值为11产孢最多;光照对菌丝生长、产孢无显著影响;在供试的碳氮源中,菌丝生长及产孢以葡萄糖、酵母膏最适。     

甘肃省甜瓜黑斑病菌（Alternaria tenuissima）的分离鉴定

对甘肃省白银市甜瓜黑斑病菌进行分离、鉴定和生物学特性测定。结果表明,分离物98BYT2-1菌落呈青褐色圆形,分生孢子单生或串生,倒棍棒状或卵圆形,具纵、横隔膜,大小为（21.94～52.10）μm×（7.01～13.93）μm,ITS、CAL和gpd基因序列分析表明其与细极链格孢（Alternaria tenuissima）同源性达到100%,且在系统发育树上聚在一起,将其鉴定为细极链格孢（A. tenuissima）。生物学特性测定表明,最适菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的碳源分别为淀粉、乳糖和葡萄糖;最适菌丝生长的氮源为酵母膏和牛肉膏、培养基为PDA,最适产孢和孢子萌发的氮源均为蛋白胨、培养基为PCA;最适菌丝生长和孢子萌发的pH均为7、温度为30℃,最适产孢的pH为6、温度为15℃;黑暗条件不利于菌丝生长但利于产孢和孢子萌发。该研究结果为甘肃省甜瓜黑斑病的诊断和综合防治提供了理论依据。     

杧果枝枯病拟茎点霉菌生物学特性研究

以杧果枝枯病拟茎点霉Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad为供试菌,采用菌丝生长速率法,比较不同温度、pH值、碳源、氮源、温度+时间、光照时间及不同杧果组织对其菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,菌丝生长最适温度范围为25~30℃,以28℃生长最好;最适pH值7,最佳碳源麦芽糖,最佳氮源蛋白胨、牛肉膏;光照时间和不同杧果组织培养对菌丝生长影响不明显;致死温度为50℃处理30min或55℃处理20min;     

葡萄炭疽病菌生物学特性及药剂的毒力测定

采用生长速率法和测定产孢量,研究了葡萄炭疽病菌的生物学特性,并测定了8种杀菌剂的毒力。结果表明,PDA培养基最适宜菌落生长,葡萄糖蛋白胨琼脂培养基产孢量最多。菌丝生长的适宜温度范围为5~40℃,最适温度25℃;菌落产孢能适应较广的pH值,以pH值为3时产孢量最多;菌丝的致死温度为56℃。菌落生长对光照的要求不严格,但以全暗条件最适宜产孢。在测试的碳源中,麦芽糖和蔗糖较适宜菌丝生长,乳糖最适宜产孢;氮源中以蛋白胨、酵母膏和牛肉膏较适宜菌丝生长,牛肉膏最适宜产孢。采用生长速率法测定了8种杀菌剂对病菌的抑制作用,其中氟啶胺、多菌灵、咪鲜胺锰盐和吡唑醚菌酯的毒力较高。     

杧果炭疽病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

对杧果炭疽病菌进行分离鉴定及生物学特性研究。结果表明,杧果炭疽病病原菌鉴定为胶孢炭疽Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.。菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发适宜温度分别为25~32℃和20~32℃;适宜pH值分别为6~9和5~8。供试7种碳源中,蔗糖和葡萄糖最有利于菌丝生长,蔗糖和麦芽糖最有利于分生孢子萌发;供试7种氮源中,蛋白胨有利于菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发。光暗交替有利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发,分生孢子致死温度和时间为55℃处理15分钟。     

杧果畸形病病菌(Fusarium mangiferae)生物学特性及杀菌剂对其室内毒力测定

为进一步了解杧果畸形病病原菌Fusarium mangiferae的生物学特性,筛选出防治效果较好的药剂应用于生产,系统研究了该菌在不同培养基、温度、光照和碳氮源条件下的生长特性,并测定了9种杀菌剂对该菌的抑制作用。结果表明,病菌在OMA培养基上生长速度最快,在液体PDA中生长量最大,最佳产孢培养基为PSA;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最佳温度均为25～28℃;光照时间和酸碱(pH 4～10)对病菌菌丝生长速度、孢子产生及萌发的影响不明显。病原菌生长的最佳碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和酵母提取物。室内9种杀菌剂病原的毒力测定结果表明:25%咪鲜胺乳油对病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,EC50和EC95分别为1.200 4 mg·L-1和2.623 9 mg·L-1;25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂能够强烈抑制病菌分生孢子的萌发,EC50和EC95分别为0.531 2 mg·L-1和2.974 1 mg·L-1。25%咪鲜胺乳油和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂对杧果畸形病病菌具有较好的抑制作用,可进一步进行田间药效试验。     

柿树炭疽病菌的生物学特性及其抑菌药剂筛选

通过十字交叉法和血球计数板法测定柿树炭疽病菌Colleltrichum horri的生物学特性,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法分别测定16种常用杀菌剂对该菌菌丝生长的抑制作用和对孢子萌发的影响。柿树炭疽病菌菌丝生长的最适温度为25℃,最适产孢温度为28℃,适合菌丝生长的pH值为4.0~6.0,最适产孢pH值为4.0;最佳碳源为葡萄糖和麦芽糖,最佳氮源为牛肉膏。16种常用杀菌剂中,33.5%喹啉铜悬浮剂、25%溴菌腈乳油和70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂对柿树炭疽病菌菌丝生长和产孢的抑制效果最好,可作为防治柿树炭疽病的优选药剂,其次为70%代森联水分散粒剂、400g·L~(-1)氟硅唑乳油和50%福美双可湿性粉剂,可作为备选药剂。该研究结果可为柿树炭疽病的有效防治提供依据。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.