Effect of Film-forming Polymers on Control of Lily Leaf Blight Caused by Botrytis elliptica

The effectiveness of film-forming polyelectrolytes for the control of lily leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica was evaluated using laboratory a leaf disk assay, greenhouse tests and field trials. Among the six polyelectrolytes, 400ppm FO4240SH, FO4490SH and FO4550SH reduced the disease severity of lily leaf blight in leaf-disk tests. Both FO4240SH and FO4490SH also suppressed sporulation of the pathogen on leaf disks. In greenhouse tests, the number and size of lesions on leaves of Lilium oriental hybrid cv. Star Gazer were markedly reduced by FO4490SH and FO4550SH. Field trials showed that the effectiveness of FO4490SH was similar or better than that of procymidone on the reduction of lily leaf blight disease severity. The polymers had no harmful effects on the lily plants. The cationic polyelectrolytes FO4240SH, FO4490SH and FO4550SH reduced the percentage of conidial germination, inhibited germ-tube growth, and also suppressed the esterase production by germ tubes of B. elliptica. All the above evidence indicates that the disease control achieved with polyelectrolytes is due, at least in part, to the reduction of esterase secretion by B. elliptica.     

Evidence of induced systemic resistance against Botrytis elliptica in lily

Lily leaf blight, caused by Botrytis elliptica, is an important fungal disease in Taiwan. In order to identify an effective, nonfungicide method to decrease disease incidence in Lilium formosanum, the efficacy of rhizobacteria eliciting induced systemic resistance (ISR) was examined in this study. Over 300 rhizobacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of L. formosanum healthy plants and 63 were identified by the analysis of fatty acid profiles. Disease suppressive ability of 13 strains was demonstrated by soil drench application of bacterial suspensions to the rhizosphere of L. formosanum seedlings. Biocontrol experiments were carried out with Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas putida strains on L. formosanum and Lilium Oriental hybrid cvs. Acapulco and Star Gazer in greenhouse and field studies. Plants treated with B. cereus strain C1L showed that protection against B. elliptica on L. formosanum could last for at least 10 days and was consistent with high populations of B. cereus on lily roots. Analysis of the expression of LfGRP1 and LsGRP1, encoding glycine-rich protein associated with L. formosanum and cv. Star Gazer, respectively, revealed different responses induced by B. cereus or by the pathogen B. elliptica, suggesting that plant defense responses elicited by each follows a different signaling pathway. According to the results of biocontrol assays and LfGRP1/LsGRP1 gene expression analyses with culture filtrates of B. cereus strain C1L, we propose that eliciting factors of ISR are generated by B. cereus and some of them exhibit thermostable and heat-tolerant traits. This is the first report about ISR-eliciting rhizobacteria and factors effective for foliar disease suppression in lily.     

Production and viability of sclerotia from fungicide-resistant and fungicide-sensitive isolates of Botrytis cinerea, B. elliptica and B, tulipae

Production of sclerotia by isolates of three Botrytis spp. differing in resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides was compared in vitro. Sensitive isolates of B. cinerea and B. tulipae produced fewer sclerotia than benzimidazole-resistant isolates, but there were no differences in the size of sclerotia within each species. For B. elliptica, sclerotia of dicarboximide-resistant isolates were larger and less numerous than those of sensitive isolates. Sclerotia from fungicide-resistant and -sensitive isolates of B. elliptica. B. tulipae and B. cinerea were produced in vitro, placed in nylon bags, set in loam soil at soil depths of 0, 10 and 20 cm, and recovered periodically after 1-18 months. Sclerotial viability declined during the 18 months, and was lowest at the soil surface for sclerotia of B. cinerea and B. tulipae. For B. elliptica, sclerotial viability of fungicide-sensitive isolates was reduced to 50% after 18 months, compared to 21 % for dicarboximide-resistant isolates, when averaged over all depths. Sensitive isolates of B. tulipae maintained a trend of higher viability than benzimidazole-resistant ones, and fungicide-sensitive isolates showed greater viability at 18 months (49%) than did benzimidazole-resistant ones (27%). No differences in sclerotial viability were apparent between the fungicide-resistant and -sensitive isolates of B. cinerea, with an average viability of 77% after 18 months. After 18 months of field exposure, all isolates retained their original fungicide-resistance groupings, indicating the persistence of fungicide resistance in sclerotia.     

不同百合品种对百合灰霉病的抗病性鉴定

为明确不同百合品种对灰霉病的抗病能力,本试验采用离体叶片菌丝块接种和田间孢子液喷雾2种方法测定了百合7个不同品种对百合灰霉病的抗病性。离体测定结果表明,供试的7个品种对百合灰霉病的抗病性存在显著差异,其中‘法兰西’和‘罗蒂娜’为高感品种,‘康斯坦萨’和‘索邦’为高抗品种,‘马可波罗’、‘提拔’和‘西伯利亚’为中抗品种;田间接种发病的测定结果除‘西伯利亚’为高抗品种外其余结果与离体接种结果一致;离体接种和田间接种发病情况的系统调查分析得知,感病品种‘法兰西’和‘罗蒂娜’发病早,病情发展速度快,病情指数高;‘提拔’、‘康斯坦萨’、‘西伯利亚’和‘索邦’等抗病品种发病晚,病情发展缓慢,病情指数低;随着品种抗病性的增强,发病速度和病情指数逐渐降低。     

Unusual or interesting records of plant pathogenic Oomycetes

The following records from the UK are discussed: Peronospora grisea on Hebe gauntlettii (forming oospores), H. elliptica x pimelioides cv. Carl Teschner and H. hulkeana ; Peronospora fragariae on Potentilla recta ; Peronospora hariotii on Buddleia davidii cv. Pink Delight and B. globosa ; Pythium tracheiphilum on Lactuca sativa . The following records from other countries are discussed: Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica on Cymbidium sp. in Western Australia; Phytophthora palmivora on Zizyphus jujuba in Taiwan (a new record on this host); Plasmopara halstedii on Arctotis sp. in New Zealand (a new record of this species for Australasia).     

Estimation of rates of recombination and migration in populations of plant pathogens-a reply

ABSTRACT We find that the maximum likelihood method proposed by J. K. M. Brown has deficiencies that limit its usefulness for actual data sets. We propose two alternative statistical methods based on maximum likelihood that could be used to quantify rates of recombination and immigration in fungal populations. We also show that minor modification of our original method, which was based upon posterior probabilities, leads to a result that is identical to one of the maximum likelihood methods. Our previous estimates of the relative contributions of sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, and immigration to the genetic structure of a Mycosphaerella graminicola population did not change significantly following reanalysis of our data with these new methods.     

极旱环境中两种梭梭蒸腾的生理生态学特点

白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)和梭梭(H.ammodendron)是我国干旱荒漠区的优良固沙植物,列入我国第一批保护植物,白梭梭主要分布在新疆北部的古尔班通古特沙漠,梭梭除了分布在新疆外,还分布在青海、甘肃、内蒙古等地,对于它们的生物生态学特性的研究,国内已先后做过不少工作,关于生理方面的研究也有报导。本项工作是从水分生理观点着手,结合     

包膜控释尿素对大棚番茄的增产与品质提高效应

对施用包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的大棚番茄进行了田间生产条件下产量与品质对比分析试验。结果表明:与普通尿素相比施用控释尿素有显著的增产效果。D 60控释处理(控释期60 d)产量最高,为68.85 t/hm2,比对照增产19.39 t/hm2,增产率为39.2%;比尿素增产10.10 t/hm2,增产率为17.2%;D 90(控释期90 d)比对照增产15.37 t/hm2,增产率为31.0%;比尿素增产6.08 t/hm2。增产率为10.3%;D 90与D 60两种控释尿素之间产量差异不显著。控释尿素具有增加单株果数、单果重的效果。D 90与D 60氮素当季利用率比普通尿素分别高65.5%和108.8%。硝酸盐含量,以D 90为最低,仅比对照高4.4%,比普通尿素低56%;D 60比对照高15%,比尿素处理低51.6%;尿素处理比对照高137.3%。V c和氨基酸含量,D 90为最高,分别比对照高1.00倍和2.46倍;比普通尿素处理高22%和100%;D 60与尿素两处理V c含量差异不显著,但氨基酸总量前者却比后者高48%。可溶性糖含量以D 60较高,普通尿素为最低。综合品质指标为:D 90>D 60>U。说明控释尿素具有显著地增产效应和提高蔬菜品质的突出效应,特别在提高蔬菜的安全品质方面贡献最大。综合各项,在番茄生产中以选用控释期为60 d的包膜控释尿素为最好。     

粘虫幼虫对苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体低度敏感的机理探讨

比较了粘虫和家蚕对苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克亚种菌株ＨＤ┐１的伴孢晶体在幼虫中肠液中的体外活化过程。ＳＤＳ┐ＰＡＧＥ结果表明,伴孢晶体或溶解的１３０ｋＤａ原毒素在粘虫中肠液中活化后形成的毒性肽的浓度比家蚕低,原因是１３０ｋＤａ原毒素在粘虫中肠液中发生了过度降解。蛋白酶活性检测结果表明,粘虫中肠液中含有较高的蛋白酶活性。     

两种杀菌剂对棉花黄萎病的防治效果比较

棉花黄萎病对棉花产量造成极大影响,目前仍无很好的解决办法。因此,需要筛选最佳化学药剂,为棉花黄萎病的防治提供科学依据。本文通过室内抑菌试验、田间药剂防治和产量测定研究两种低毒杀菌剂80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂和0.3%四霉素水剂对棉花黄萎病的防治效果。室内毒力结果测定显示,0.3%四霉素水剂浓度在0.6g/L时,抑菌效果最好,抑菌率可达98.44%;田间喷施药剂显示,在推荐剂量下,0.3%四霉素水剂防效为39.8%,显著高于80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂,试验结果与室内毒力测定一致;0.3%四霉素水剂施药区棉花产量比对照区高30.28%,比示范区低10.78%,80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂仅比对照区高4.06%。四霉素能有效减缓棉花黄萎病蔓延,减少病害对棉花产量造成的损失,在化学防治棉花黄萎病时,可推荐使用0.3%四霉素水剂为防治药剂。     

丁草胺对水稻分蘖影响的研究

通过盆栽试验,探讨了丁草胺施药量、施药时期、施药时水层深度对水稻分蘖的影响。结果表明:在供试水稻品种中施用丁草胺会降低其分蘖质量;在同一品种中,随施药量增加,分蘖数量减少;缓苗后施药比缓苗前施药的水稻分蘖多;施药时保持4 cm水层(未没过心叶)对水稻分蘖的影响小于保持8 cm水层(没过心叶)。初步明确了不同水稻品种对丁草胺的敏感性不同,本试验中的东农419水稻对丁草胺的敏感性高于绥粳4号。     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.     

Digital Image Analysis of Internal Light Spots of Appressoria of Colletotrichum acutatum

ABSTRACT The initial penetration process of appressoria of Colletotrichum acutatum on almond leaves was studied using digital image analysis of light micrographs and scanning electron microscopy. For image analysis, a series of sequential, partially focused digital micrographs of appressoria was analyzed to generate a single, completely focused montage image with a continuous in-focus depth of field. In studies on the development of the internal light spot (ILS), we observed that 50.4% of the appressoria formed an ILS after leaves were inoculated and incubated for 12 h at 20 degrees C, and that this increased to 95.8% after 24 h. Comparative image analyses of appressoria with and without ILSs using depth relief mapping and line profile software options showed that the ILS had a depth relief that was below that of the leaf surface. Depth relief analysis in the ILS region during incubation revealed an increase in depth in this area of up to 1.8 mum in some of the appressoria. A comparative morphological study of the ILS in montage images and the penetration pore of appressoria in scanning electron micrographs showed similar shapes and dimensions of the two structures in the appressorium. Light micrographs of histological sections confirmed fungal penetration and internal vesicle formation in almond leaves within 36 h after inoculation and incubation at 20 degrees C. This study represents the first direct evidence that the ILS in appressoria corresponds to the penetration pore and the developing penetration peg using a rapid, digital image analysis technique.     

Effect of Population Density of Pseudomonas fluorescens on Production of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol in the Rhizosphere of Wheat

ABSTRACT The role of antibiotics in biological control of soilborne pathogens, and more generally in microbial antagonism in natural disease-suppressive soils, often has been questioned because of the indirect nature of the supporting evidence. In this study, a protocol for high pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is described that allowed specific identification and quantitation of the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) produced by naturally occurring fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. on roots of wheat grown in a soil suppressive to take-all of wheat. These results provide, for the first time, biochemical support for the conclusion of previous work that Phl-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. are key components of the natural biological control that operates in take-all-suppressive soils in Washington State. This study also demonstrates that the total amount of Phl produced on roots of wheat by P. fluorescens strain Q2-87, at densities ranging from approximately 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/g of root, is proportional to its rhizosphere population density and that Phl production per population unit is a constant (0.62 ng/10(5) CFU). Thus, Phl production in the rhizosphere of wheat is strongly related to the ability of the introduced strain to colonize the roots.     

Cytology of Infection of Maize Seedlings by Fusarium moniliforme and Immunolocalization of the Pathogenesis-Related PRms Protein

ABSTRACT We have investigated the histology of infection of maize seedlings by Fusarium moniliforme in association with a biochemical host defense response, the accumulation of the PRms (pathogenesis-related maize seed) protein. Light microscopy of trypan blue-stained sections and scanning electron microscopy revealed direct penetration by F. moniliforme hyphae through the epidermal cells of the seedling and colonization of the host tissue by inter- and intracellular modes of growth. Pathogen ingress into the infected tissue was associated with the induction of defense-related ultrastructural modifications, as exemplified by the formation of appositions on the outer host cell wall surface, the occlusion of intercellular spaces, and the formation of papillae. Cellular and subcellular immunolocalization studies revealed that PRms accumulated at very high levels in those cells types that represent the first barrier for fungal penetration such as the aleurone layer of germinating seeds and the scutellar epithelial cells of isolated germinating embryos. A highly localized accumulation of PRms within papillae of the inner scutellar parenchyma cells also occurred, suggesting that signaling mechanisms that lead to the accumulation of PRms in papillae of cell types that are distant from the invading pathogen must operate in the infected maize tissues. Our study also revealed the presence of a large number of fungal cells with an abnormal shape that showed PRms-specific labeling. PRms was found to accumulate in clusters over the fungal cell wall. Taken together, the occurrence of PRms in cell types that first establish contact with the pathogen, as well as in papillae, and in association with fungal cell walls suggests that PRms may have a function in the plant defense response.     

干旱胁迫对沙地云杉生态型保护酶活性的影响

通过不同干旱胁迫处理,测定了3种生态型(紫果型、绿果型和红果型)沙地云杉叶片和根部的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASP)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性.结果表明:在叶片中,无论哪种生态型,SOD活性先上升,后下降;紫果型沙地云杉CAT活性一直上升,但变化幅度不大,红果型和绿果型则先升后降;ASP和POD活性变化趋势一致,紫果型一直以较大幅度增加,红果型和绿果型开始迅速增加,而后又迅速下降.在根部,酶活性的变化与叶片中基本一致.因此得知,紫果型沙地云杉抗旱能力最强,绿果型最弱.     

毛竹黑叶蜂的危害对竹叶次生物质的影响

研究表明,毛竹受毛竹黑叶蜂危害后,竹叶中单宁含量随着危害的加重显著增加,干物质单宁的含量由未受害时0.386 mg/g增加到重度受害时的0.553 mg/g;总酚含量随着受害程度的加重呈显著下降趋势,由未受害时3.763 mg/g下降到中度受害时的3.126 mg/g,再下降到重度受害时的2.653 mg/g;竹叶中黄酮的含量呈上升趋势,由未受害时2.631 mg/g增加到重度受害时的3.658 mg/g。试验得出:毛竹受毛竹黑叶蜂危害后竹叶中单宁、总酚、黄酮含量变化均属于毛竹受害后的生理应激反应。     

两个地理种群蠋蝽的生物学特性差异比较

蠋蝽Arma chinensis Fallou是一种优良的捕食性天敌昆虫, 在多种农林害虫的生物防治中发挥着重要作用?为明确不同地理来源的蠋蝽种群的生物学特征, 指导蠋蝽的扩繁及在不同地区的释放应用, 本研究测定并比较了河北廊坊和贵州六盘水两个地区蠋蝽种群的表观形态?发育历期?成虫寿命和繁殖能力等生物学指标?结果表明, 贵州六盘水蠋蝽种群的体型显著大于河北廊坊种群; 河北廊坊蠋蝽种群的若虫期虽长于贵州六盘水种群, 但二者无显著差异; 河北廊坊种群配对饲养的雄虫和单雌饲养的雌虫其寿命显著长于贵州六盘水种群, 配对饲养的雌虫寿命两种群间无显著差异; 两个种群蠋蝽雌虫均在羽化后5~8 d进入产卵高峰期, 贵州六盘水种群的产卵前期较短, 且配对饲养条件下其单雌产卵量显著高于河北廊坊种群?     

陕西黄土高原中南部土壤CO2释放量变化研究

本文根据 NaOH溶液吸收CO_2的方法 ,对陕西黄土高原中南部4个观测点的土壤CO_2释放量时行了昼夜观测。观测结果表明 ,不同地区、不同气候和不同土质土壤CO_2释放量存在差异 ,冷干地区较暖湿地区土壤CO_2释放量少,凉季较暖季土壤CO_2释放量少;粘性硬质土较松散黄土CO_2 释放量少。长武、洛川、西安南郊土壤CO_2释放量变化再次证明 ,在厚层黄土发育的地区 ,土壤CO_2释放量变化相对于大气温度变化具有滞后性,从当日早晨至次日早晨,CO_2释放量具有由低变高再变低的普遍规律。     

油菜素内酯对三个树种苗木抗旱性影响的综合评价

采用盆栽控水模拟土壤干旱环境,根系浸蘸和叶面喷施不同浓度的油菜素内酯(BR)溶液,对黄土丘陵区3个主要造林树种沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)、山杏(Prunus armeniaca L. var.ansu)、紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)苗木20项抗旱性指标进行了测定,应用主成分分析法对3种苗木受油菜素内酯影响的抗旱性变化做了多指标的综合评价.实验结果显示当BR施用浓度在0.1-0.3 mg/L时,对3种苗木抗旱性影响的有效值均高于对照,其中能够有效提高3种苗木抗旱性的BR最佳施用浓度为0.2 mg/L.