氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

稻米：一百年,一千年,一万年

大致说来,一万年前是中国稻作的起源时期,一千年前则是中国稻作传统的形成时期,而最近一百年则是中国稻作发展最快的时期。用一百年、一千年、一万年这三个大致的时间节点,全景展示中国稻米的历史、稻米对于国计民生的重要性、千百年来中国人民为解决吃饭问题所做的努力、近百年来中国稻作科技的发展与进步,展望未来稻米所可能遇到的挑战和前景。     

Detection,Occurrence,and Survey of Rice Stripe and BlackStreaked Dwarf Diseases in Zhejiang Province,China

The major viral diseases that occur on rice plants in Zhejiang Province, eastern China, are stripe and rice black-streaked dwarf diseases. Rice stripe disease is only caused by rice stripe tenuivirus （RSV）, while rice black-streaked dwarf disease can be caused by rice black-streaked dwarf fijivirus （RBSDV） and/or southem rice black-streaked dwarf fijivirus （SRBSDV）. Here we review the characterization of these viruses, methods for their detection, and extensive surveys showing their occurrence and spread in the province.     

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages, and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthoppcr (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.     

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages,and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.     

稻鳖鱼虾鳅生态种养关键技术

稻鳖鱼虾鳅生态种养关键在于选择优质水稻品种及优质水生动物品种.从水稻种植、稻田管理、水生动物养殖、病虫害防治等方面介绍了稻鳖鱼虾鳅生态种养技术.     

Total phenolics,flavonoids, antioxidant capacity in rice grain and their relations to grain color,size and weight

Total phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity from a wide collection of rice germplasm were measured, and their relations to grain color, grain size and 100-grain weight were investigated. Highly significant genotypic differences were observed in total phenolics, flavonoid contents and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ehylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation antioxidant capacity. They displayed an increasing order in the white rice, red rice and black rice, yet several white rice had higher phenolics and flavonoids contents than the red rice. Significant positive pair-wise correlations were found among the phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity, and the coefficient between the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity was extremely high (r = 0.96). Among all rice accessions, the grain color parameters had negative correlations with the phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (p < 0.001). The negative correlation between a* and antioxidant capacity, and the positive correlation between H° and antioxidant capacity were consistent within the respective white rice and red rice groups. Flavonoid contents had positive correlation with grain length and length to width ratio, and had negative correlation with the 100-grain weight among all rice accessions. It was also found that 100-grain weight still had negative correlations with phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity within the white rice genotypes. These relationships may serve as indexes to indirectly select breeding lines high in the phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. Principal component analysis including the information for phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, grain color parameters, grain size and 100-grain weight extracted five principal components that explained 83.7% of the total variances. The results of this study may provide new opportunities for rice breeders and eventually commercial rice growers to promote the production of rice with enhanced nutritional quality.     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw, and nitrogen management

In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.     

Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Weedy Rice in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China

Microsatellite markers and morphological charactedstics were used to explore the genetic diversity and possible origin of weedy dce in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Fifty-two weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions were compared with two wild rice, four hybdd rice and five cultivars using 22 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. A total of 107 fragments were amplified, averaging 5.6 alleles per primer pair. The polymorphic index content (PIC) values ranged from 0.3077 to 0.7951, averaging at 0.5870. The average genetic distance of all samples ranged from 0.02 to 0.46 with an average of 0.262. The genetic distance among Taizhou weedy rice ranged from 0.03 to 0.44 with an average of 0.224. Cluster analysis showed that all the weedy rice accessions from Taizhou City were indica, and could be subdivided into different genotypes. The majority (86%) of weedy rice was most closely related to hybrid rice. The Taizhou weedy dce accessions were morphologically similar, but still could be delineated into indica or japonica group by some morphological traits. it is suggested that the levels of genetic and morphological diversities of weedy rice in Taizhou City are low and these weedy rice plants originated from the segregating progenies of hybrid rice that had naturally introgressed with cultivated rice.     

Bacillolysin,papain, and subtilisin improve the quality of gluten-free rice bread

Protease has been shown to be an effective food additive for improving the quality of gluten-free rice bread. In this study, we found that bacillolysin (Protin SD-NY10, metallo protease), papain (cysteine protease), and subtilisin (Protin SD-AY10, serine protease) increased the specific volume of gluten-free rice breads by 30–60% compared with untreated breads. These proteases also decreased crumb hardness by 10–30% compared with untreated breads. Many fine bubble cells were observed in the crumb of the protease-treated rice breads using scanning electron microscopy. Optical microscopic observation revealed fine networks of small protein aggregates stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) in the rice batter of the improved gluten-free rice breads. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of protein in the rice batter suggested that the amount of low molecular weight proteins (less than 10 kDa) increased with the use of Protin SD-NY10, Protin SD-AY10 and papain treatments compared with untreated rice batter. Thus, we considered that the small proteins aggregates were formed through disulfide bonds. This fine network was effective for retaining CO₂ gas during the fermentation process, resulting in an increase in the specific volume and a decrease in the crumb hardness of gluten-free rice bread.     

Rice Storage Proteins: Focus on Composition,Distribution, Genetic Improvement and Effects on Rice Quality

Rice storage proteins(RSPs) are plant proteins with high nutritional quality. As the second largest type of storage substance in rice, it is the main source of protein intake for people who consume rice as a staple food. The content and type of RSPs affect the appearance, processing quality and eating quality of rice. These effects involve the distribution of RSPs in rice grains as well as the interactions of RSPs with other components such as starch in rice grains. In the past two decades, some...     

水稻-再生稻体系干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用

【目的】 阐明水稻-再生稻体系的干物质积累及氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用规律,为其科学施肥提供理论依据。【方法】 通过2年的田间试验,以深两优5814为材料,在养分供应充足的条件下,于水稻关键生育期(分蘖期、幼穗分化期、孕穗期、齐穗期、灌浆期、完熟期)进行取样,测定各器官的干物质量及氮、磷、钾养分含量,计算养分积累量,研究头季稻和再生稻干物质积累和氮、磷、钾养分吸收积累动态及分配、转运规律。【结果】 头季稻总干物质积累量在整个生育期表现为“慢-快-慢”的增长趋势,茎、叶干物质快速积累期分别在分蘖-齐穗期和孕穗前,增长量分别占其最大积累量的81.1%和43.8%,且茎、叶的干物质积累量在灌浆-完熟期之间没有明显降低;从齐穗期至灌浆中期是穗的干物质快速积累期,在此期间增加的干物质积累量占总量的58.8%。再生稻的总干物质积累呈“S”形曲线,茎、叶的干物质积累量分别在灌浆期和齐穗期达到最大;头季稻桩的干物质积累量从头季收割后呈下降趋势。养分吸收结果显示,头季稻氮的总积累量以及茎、穗两个器官的氮素积累量的变化规律与其干物质积累量相似,磷和钾的总积累量在灌浆后期降低;茎和叶的各养分积累量分别在齐穗期和灌浆期达到最大。头季收获后,头季稻桩的氮、磷和钾养分积累量表现为下降的趋势,茎和叶的养分积累量先增加后减少,穗的养分积累量则表现为不断增加。从齐穗期到完熟期,各器官的氮转运量表现为叶>茎>头季稻桩,磷转运量表现为茎>头季稻桩>叶,钾转运量表现为头季稻桩>叶>茎。【结论】 头季稻孕穗期至灌浆中期是其干物质和养分的快速积累期,从头季收获至再生季齐穗期间是再生稻干物质及养分积累的关键时期,头季稻桩中的养分会在头季收获后转移至再生器官中。满足头季稻抽穗灌浆期间的养分需求,及时补充再生芽萌发生长期间的养分供应是水稻-再生稻体系高产的基础和保障。     

太湖流域粳稻地方品种的微卫星分析

 采用45对SSR引物对224份太湖流域粳稻地方品种进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到162个等位变异,每个位点等位基因数的变幅为2～7,平均为3.6。各位点Nei基因多样性指数变异较大,为0.009（RM169）～0.663（RM444）,平均为0.197。青稻、黄稻、红稻和白稻各传统生态型均具较低的遗传多样性。分子方差分析表明,SSR遗传变异绝大部分存在于传统生态型内。青稻与红稻间、青稻与白稻、红稻与白稻、红稻与黄稻间遗传分化显著。太湖流域粳稻地方品种SSR多样性较低,稀有类型等位基因较多。这对科学制定太湖粳稻地方资源的保护和利用策略具有指导意义。     

两个籼稻品种垩白对稻米蒸煮食味与营养品质的影响

以冈优527(杂交籼稻)和窄叶青8号(常规籼稻)为材料,研究垩白对稻米蒸煮食味品质及营养品质的影响。与非垩白米相比,冈优527垩白米的直链淀粉含量极显著升高,最终黏度、消减值、回复值显著升高,胶稠度、峰值黏度、崩解值显著降低,RVA谱的其余指标无显著变化。窄叶青8号垩白米与非垩白米的上述各指标间无显著差异。窄叶青8号垩白米的粗蛋白含量显著低于非垩白米,而冈优527垩白米的粗蛋白含量与非垩白米相比无显著变化。2个品种垩白米的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、赖氨酸含量与非垩白米间无显著差异, 但谷蛋白含量显著低于非垩白米。     

施用硅肥对水稻稻瘟病、生长及产量的影响

用3个不同的硅肥施用量对7个生产上的水稻主栽品种进行了稻瘟病、生长及产量田间试验,结果表明：施用硅肥对穗颈瘟具有一定的防治效果,对水稻的生长具有一定的促进作用和增产效应,但存在品种间差异,其中以施用225 kg/hm2效果最好;施用硅肥防控稻瘟病安全环保,有利于绿色食品的生产。     

Status and Prospects of Hybrid Rice Breeding in Jiangsu, China

HISTORY OF HYBRID RICE DEVELOPMENT China is the first country to use heterosis successfully and commercially in rice. Hybrid rice research was initiated in 1964, the genetic tools essential for breeding hybrid rice combinations, such as the cytoplasmic male sterile line (CMS line or A line), the maintainer line (B line) and restorer line (R line), were developed in 1973. Several hybrid combinations with good heterosis and higher yield potential were identified in 1974. The hybrid…     

氮肥对稻株含水量和伤流液的影响及其与对褐飞虱为害耐性的关系

 在实验室测定了不同含氮量稻株的含水量和叶鞘伤流液以及被褐飞虱为害后稻株相对含水量的变化，在温室监测和评价了不同氮肥施用量条件下稻株对褐飞虱的耐性。结果表明，随着稻株含氮量的增加，稻株的含水量和相对含水量均显著增加，但叶鞘伤流液总量却明显减少。被高密度的褐飞虱若虫为害后，高氮肥施用量稻株的相对含水量显著低于低氮肥施用量稻株的相对含水量。这些结果可能是高氮肥条件下稻株对褐飞虱为害的敏感性增加的主要原因。     

Effects of Polishing on Proximate Composition,Physico-Chemical Characteristics,Mineral Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Pigmented Rice

The effects of polishing on proximate compositions,physico-chemical characteristics,mineral compositions and antioxidant properties of the rice flours obtained from three different pigmented rice varieties(Chak-hao Angangba,Chak-hao Amubi and Chak-hao Poireiton) were investigated.The rice varieties were significantly(P 0.05) different in the contents of the test characteristics.Lipids,ash,minerals,phytochemicals(phenolic acids and flavonoids) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) activity of rice flours were decreased after polishing(9% degree of milling),while amylose content and lightness were increased.X-ray diffraction pattern of rice flours exhibited A-type crystalline pattern with reflections at 15.1o,17.1o,18.2o and 23.0o.Pasting properties and transition temperatures were decreased after polishing treatment.Polishing resulted in changes in the crystallinity,enthalpy and morphology of rice flours.     

直播稻区稻水象甲种群动态及分布

对浙江省象山县山谷小平原直播稻区的稻水象甲种群动态和田间分布进行了系统调查。稻水象甲成虫在山坡地和直播稻田埂等越冬场所出蛰后取食杂草,并于5月初同期出现成虫高峰。这些成虫约7 d后直接迁入直播稻田,形成直播稻田稻水象甲的迁入高峰。稻水象甲在直播稻田的取食、产卵和分布表现出明显的喜水习性。在同一丘直播稻田内,离田边越近,越冬代成虫和一代卵、幼虫、茧蛹的数量越大;在同一畦内,畦边多于畦中。稻水象甲在直播稻田完成一个世代约需50 d,增殖倍数（一代成虫峰值/越冬代成虫峰值）为7.23,明显低于移栽稻田,主要原因是稻水象甲在直播稻上的产卵量较低。7月底一代成虫向山坡地和直播稻田埂等越夏越冬场所回迁。根据直播稻区稻水象甲种群动态和分布特点,提出了相应的虫情调查和测报防治建议。     

稻草还田对土壤养分及水稻生物量和产量的影响

稻草还田作为最便捷的水稻秸秆利用方式,对水稻生产和土壤培肥具有重要意义。为探明稻草还田对土壤养分和机插水稻生长的影响,设置稻草还田(HR)和稻草不还田(BR)两个处理,通过测定水稻生育特性和产量等指标,土壤全量养分和速效养分等性状,进行对比试验。结果表明:稻草还田能显著降低机插水稻株高达4.1cm,使每蔸水稻平均增加3.2个有效分蘖,显著增加水稻有效穗数达22.54%,从而显著提高水稻成熟期生物量达18.95%,增加当季水稻产量达18.88%,其中穗部生物量增幅达15.3%。稻草还田显著增加成熟期水稻地上部总氮、磷、钾素积累量,其中穗部氮、磷、钾素积累量增幅分别为13.2、5.2、4.73 kg/hm^2。稻草还田能显著增加种植后土壤碱解氮含量达14.67%。