南海北部金线鱼流刺网渔业情况分析

根据“粤阳东18023”渔船2006年1月至2007年12月的渔获销售记录,结合春、秋2季的渔获抽样测量数据,对使用单片刺网在南海北部作业的大型金线鱼流网船的生产情况进行了分析。结果显示,渔获以底层和近底层种类为主,带鱼Trichiurus haumela、长尾大眼鲷Priacanthus tayenus和金线鱼Nemipterus virgatus为渔获优势种,占产量的29．7％、13．3％和10．5％,占产值的27．4％、24．4％和15．7％;渔船全年作业,汛期在11月至翌年3月,其中1月为旺汛期,休渔期的产量和产值在全年中所占比重很小;优势种渔获以成鱼为主,其CPUE的高值期与汛期基本一致。     

Influence of stock levels, fishing effort and environmental factors on anglers' catches of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L.

Abstract. Monthly catches of Atlantic salmon, Salmosalar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L., by anglers in a west of Ireland fishery were analysed. Data were available for 50 months from the years 1971 to 1981. The most important single determinant of catch was found to be fishing effort measured in boat-days. An additional 10 boat days were found to correspond to a catch of almost 6 salmon and 23 sea trout. The relationship between catch and stock was weaker, though a relatively high catchability of sea trout at low stock levels was recorded. Slock levels, fishing effort and environmental factors accounted for much, but not all, of the variation in catch from month to month and from year to year. Most of the effect of rainfall, sunshine and water level was attributable to variations in fishing effort associated with these factors.     

Modelling the impacts of removing seal predation from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, rivers in Scotland: a tool for targeting conflict resolution

Abstract  Bioenergetics were used to model the potential impacts on adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., stocks and rod fisheries of removing harbour seals, Phoca vitulina L., from three rivers of different scales in the Moray Firth, Scotland, viz: the Spey (large), Conon (medium) and Moriston (small). Overall, seals had the greatest impact on the Moriston, where removal of a single animal could increase cumulative catch by 17% during the fishing season. On the Conon and Spey the impacts were negligible, and resulted in increased catches of <1% annually. On all rivers eliminating seal predation had the greatest impact during the spring due to the smaller size of spring salmon sub-stocks. A generalised model of seal removal illustrated that stocks and catches increased by >33% in rivers with monthly rod catches ≤10 fish, but declined to <10% for rivers with catches >34 fish. The outputs of the models are qualitative, but provide a management tool for targeting action to resolve seal-salmon fishery conflict. Smaller salmon population units, and spring salmon sub-stocks and fisheries in particular, are most vulnerable to predation. The merit of this approach is discussed regarding the management of Special Areas of Conservation for salmon and seals.     

Saving the largest makes a difference: exploring effects of harvest regulations by model simulations for noble crayfish,Astacus astacus

Abstract Harvesting regulations for crustacean decapods generally focus on total catch and minimum legal size of individuals. However, there are trade‐offs between total catch and minimum size, and possibly also for maximum size. The outcome of various harvesting restrictions was assessed by model iterations for one lake based on a long time series (29 years) of crayfish population size and annual harvesting. The paper explores how this decline might have been avoided by alternative harvest regulations based on a strong decline in the surveyed population and use of a deterministic model with two stable equilibria. The results of the model simulations suggested that the decline may have been avoided by reducing the annual catches by 15% without changing the minimum size regulation of 95 mm. The decline may also have been avoided by protecting the largest (and most fecund) individuals, e.g. by allowing harvesting of crayfish between 50 and 98 mm without reducing the total catches. The latter strategy might also have counteracted a long‐term evolution towards smaller crayfish caused by selective harvesting of the largest individuals.     

Remotely sensed spatial dynamics of the Illex argentinus fishery, Southwest Atlantic

Illex argentinus, the Argentine short-finned squid, is an important species within the Patagonian shelf ecosystem, where it supports a major multi-national fishery. The fishing fleet operating in this region is comprised of jigging vessels which attract squid using powerful incandescent lights. These fishing lights are detectable in remotely sensed satellite imagery which makes the fishery unusually amenable to a large-scale analysis of its spatial dynamics. In this paper, long-term inter-annual variability in fleet distribution and extent is examined using imagery from the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) for the period 1993–2005. The fishery was found to occupy a wide area across the shelf and slope, with regions of consistent fishing activity observed on the high seas (45–47°S) and to the north of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Distribution of the fishery over the 13-year study period was variable, with 28% of the fished area occupied in 1–2 years, and 7% of the area occupied in 12–13 years. Annual catch levels were positively associated with the extent of the area occupied by the fleet. Higher catches corresponded to the fishery occupying a wide latitudinal range, whereas lower catches were observed during 2004 and 2005 corresponding to a contraction of the fishery away from the south of its range. In years of very high catches, fishing took place along almost the entire latitudinal range of the species. Due to the intensity of fishing, changes in the distribution of the fleet can reflect shifts in the distribution of I. argentinus; this has potential for the long-term monitoring of this highly variable squid fishery.     

Effects of mesh size,fishing depth and season on the catch and discards of short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma gillnet fishery at the mouth of Pattani Bay,Thailand

This study evaluates the impacts of mesh size of the net, fishing depth and season on the catches of target, non-target and discarded species for short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma gillnet fishery in the vicinity of Pattani Bay, Gulf of Thailand. The catches were examined for species composition, catch efficiency and size of catch. Samples were obtained monthly from February 2019 to February 2020 at three fishing depths (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 m) using gillnets with three different mesh sizes (3.0, 4.0 and 4.5 cm). Including the target species, 112 species were collected, the majority of which were non-targeted fishes and crustaceans. The target species, Rastrelliger brachysoma, contributed only 6.0% by number and 8.76% by weight to the total catches. The 111 non-target species were classified into five categories based on potential sale prices. A total of 18 species, equivalent to 3.04% by weight of the total catches, were considered to be of negligible value and discarded or sold for the production of fish meal. Temporal variability was observed for number of individuals and biomass of total catches; the compositions of the catches clustered to two distinct seasons from December to March and from April to November, respectively. Spatial variability in this study focused on the depth profile which was found to significantly influence species richness and sizes of some fish species. For 12 species, mesh sizes of the gillnets significantly affected the number of individuals caught, as well as their weight and sizes. The novel findings of this study provide essential information that can be used for the sustainable management of the Rastrelliger brachysoma fishery in the Gulf of Thailand.

     

Crayfish in central and southern Ukraine with special focus on populations of indigenous crayfish Astacus pachypus (Rathke, 1837) and their conservation needs

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Changing population structure of eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii and A. australis) from southern New Zealand

Abstract –  Commercial catches of longfin and shortfin eels ( Anguilla dieffenbachii and A. australis ) were sampled from southern New Zealand in the mid-1990s to determine the status of the eel population. We compared this with historical information on eel populations to highlight changes in the status, and then investigated the likely causes of these changes. A total of 20,722 longfins and 2366 shortfins were sampled from 216 landings. Longfins dominated catches comprising 53–100% (mean = 90%) of eel numbers. Shortfins were predominantly, but not exclusively, coastal in their distribution, whereas longfins were widely distributed through all reaches sampled. Mean size of shortfin was invariably larger than longfin and for both species generally increased with distance inland, particularly for longfin in the longest rivers. There was no clear geographical separation of longfin sexes although females were more common further inland in the longer rivers. Longfin sex ratio was about 4:1 (male:female), whereas in shortfin it was nearly 100% female. There have been marked changes in the status of the eel population in southern New Zealand over the last 60 years. We suggest that commercial fishing has resulted in a reduction in the size of both species, and for longfins a skewing of the sex ratio toward males – fishing may have favoured differentiation into males as well as the removal of the longer-lived longfin females. Skewed sex ratio and small size of longfins compared with those of shortfin suggest that this species has been more affected by fishing pressure than shortfins, possibly allowing shortfins to expand their range further inland.     

Catch rates, size structure and sex ratio of Melicertus kerathurus (Decapoda: Penaeidae) from an Aegean Sea trawl fishery

Otter-trawl catch rates and population structure of the prawn Melicertus kerathurus were studied at the fishing ground of Thermaikos Gulf (North Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean), where the stock is exploited both by otter-trawlers and the artisanal local fleet. Sampling was conducted on board commercial trawlers on a monthly basis in two consequent open fishing seasons (October to May 2000–2001 and 2001–2002) resulting to a total of 70 hauls. Samples were also obtained through experimental trawling (24 hauls) during the closed season. The main trawling ground is located near the border between the outer and the inner gulf, and along the western and northeastern coasts of the outer gulf in depths ranging from 35 to 70 m (most frequently at 40–50 m). Catch per unit effort (CPUE) varied significantly with month but not with fishing season (mean CPUE 3.18 and 1.78 kg/h for the 2 successive years) or depth. Catches were at maximum (up to 7.5 kg/h) at the beginning of the open season in autumn and decreased sharply as the season proceeded (<2.5 kg/h), which is likely to be due to induced fishing mortality in the preceding months, to prawn dispersal and/or to its tendency for longer burrowing. Commercial fishing trips consisted of multiple, short efforts when catches were high, whereas low yields during winter–spring led to less hauls of longer duration: ln CPUE = 2.974 − 2.047 ln HD, r = −0.57. Prawn size ranged from 17 to 60 mm CL, showing a consistent difference in favor of females. A weak recruitment to the fishery was observed from autumn through winter, while, as shown by experimental trawling, the main recruitment pulse to the fishery occurs just prior to the season's opening. The delayed arrival of the prawns on the fishing ground during the second fishing season, accompanied by smaller prawn size and shallower exploitation depth, was possibly related to decreased autumn rainfall. In both years, sex ratio showed a temporal pattern, which seems to be the result of sex-related differences in fishing vulnerability, in timing of inshore migration and in mating mortality.     

The reef fisheries surrounding the south-west coastal cities of Madagascar

The artisanal fishery in south-west Madagascar, around the coastal cities of Morondava, Morombe and Tuléar, is particularly active. In the Morombe and Tuléar regions, fishing pressure focuses on coral formations close to landing sites and reef fish constitute the main part of the catch (Lethrinidae, Haemulidae, Siganidae). In Morondava, fishing is practised very close to the shore on sandy substrates, but also on offshore reef shallows. The catches are more diverse and made up of reef fish (Serranidae, Lutjanidae) and non-reef species. Fishing from Morondava targets the highest trophic level of the coral reefs (piscivores/macroinvertebrate feeders: 87% of the catch) whereas in Tuléar and Morombe the higher fishing effort means that lower trophic levels are targeted to maintain catches. Despite the high fishing effort, especially around Morombe and Tuléar (standardizing fishing effort of 5200 hook h km^–2 year^–1 and of 12 300 hook h km^–2 year^–1, respectively), the catch per unit effort (CPUE) is still relatively high; it varies from 0.6 to 2 kg h^-1 per person over the whole zone and seems to be more linked to the fishing method used and to the degree of professionalism than to variations in the abundance of the resources surrounding the three cities. The relatively high CPUE can probably be explained by a continual immigration and/or recruitment on these fishing grounds. The fish originate from sectors that are far from towns and weakly exploited. A sociological study was carried out concurrently with the fishing survey and focused on present-day transformations within the fishing community.     

Effects of forestry clear-cutting on numbers and sizes of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in lakes of the Mastigouche Wildlife Reserve, Québec, Canada

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), angling data, collected between 1971 and 1991, were analysed before, during, and after logging operations for 20 lakes located within 200 m of a clear-cutting area and 16 reference lakes undisturbed by logging. The mean weight of catches by anglers remained unchanged over the three periods, while catches per unit of effort (CPUE) and biomass per unit of effort (BPUE) decreased, respectively, by 18% and 22% after clear-cutting. These changes reflected a significant modification in population dynamics probably caused by logging operations. Results indicated that the negative impacts on aquatic fauna were felt more strongly on water bodies located in watersheds where deforestation was more severe; CPUE was inversely correlated with a cumulative cutting index ( CI ) developed from physiographic parameters. An increasing interannual trend of the spring-flood discharge in the order of 8% was noted. It was hypothesized that this increase might damage spawning and nursery habitats, hence affecting recruitment and offering a possible part of the explanation for the variations in fishing success. The cause-to-effect links and the mechanisms associated with changes affecting fish populations following deforestation remain to be clarified.     

肖四海湖五种渔具的鳜渔获结构特征及其对鳜资源的影响

为评估不同渔具对鳜资源的影响,于2007年5月和12月对长江中游浅水湖泊肖四海湖刺网、延绳钓、网簖、电拖网和电捕仪5种渔具捕获的鳜渔获物结构特征进行了调查分析.结果发现,共采集鳜样本359尾,全长分布范围为92 ～600 mm,优势全长集中于251～350 mm;体质量分布范围为10～3 380 g,优势体质量集中于300 ～500 g.种群由5个年龄组构成,2～3龄为优势龄组,占总数的74.6％.刺网、延绳钓和网簖对鳜有较强的捕捞选择性,网目大小为80 mm和100 mm刺网的鳜渔获物中2龄及以上成熟个体占总数的93.3％,个体平均体质量466 g,“标鳜”(0.4 ～0.75 kg)个体占总数量的57.0％;延绳钓捕获的鳜渔获物中2龄及以上成熟个体占总数的86.9％,“标鳜”个体占总数量的43.5％;网簖捕获的鳜渔获物中90％以上为1龄的未成熟个体.电拖网和电捕仪捕获的鳜全长范围明显较大,其渔获物以1龄和2龄个体为主.综合分析表明,刺网适于作为鳜捕捞的主要渔具,延绳钓可以作为一种鳜捕捞的辅助渔具.网簖对鳜补充群体有较大危害,不适于作为鳜的捕捞网具.电拖网和电捕仪均属于违法渔具,对鳜资源危害巨大,应该加大监管力度,严禁使用.     

挪威海洋捕捞及渔船管理概述

本文概要介绍了挪威海洋捕捞业和渔船管理状况:2011年,捕捞量230万t,产值159亿挪威克朗(约26.8亿美元);渔民数量12 791人,渔船数量6 252艘;近10年的捕捞量基本稳定,年均捕捞量为250万t,与此同时,渔船和渔民数量则呈持续下降态势,说明挪威渔船的捕捞能力显著增强,捕捞效率明显提升。挪威的渔业管理制度和法规建设比较完善,这为控制捕捞强度、保护海洋渔业资源奠定了法律基础。挪威的经验具有借鉴意义。我国现阶段以实行渔船控制等投入控制制度为主、其他管理方式为辅的渔业资源管理制度,比较符合我国实际。实践证明,减船转产政策是控制捕捞渔船规模和降低海洋捕捞强度行之有效的措施之一。     

闽东海区张网渔业调查与分析

本文根据 1981～ 2 0 0 2年闽东海区张网渔业的生产统计数据及 1998～ 2 0 0 2年资源监测资料 ,分析了闽东海区张网渔业的作业类型、桁位分布、渔获组成、经济效益及其存在问题。结果表明 :闽东海区张网渔业的作业类型多种多样 ,但在渔船、网具数量和产量所占比例较大的类型仅有板缯、冬猛和企桁 3种 ;1981年以来 ,闽东海区张网作业桁位不断向深水海域拓展 ,渔船、网具向大型化发展 ,捕捞强度逐年增长 ,对渔业资源的损害程度有增无减 ;全海区张网年产量随着捕捞强度的增大不断增长 ,一直居各种海洋捕捞作业的首位 ;张网捕捞强度盲目增长的原因之一是沿岸海区网箱养殖业的发展 ,对饵料鱼需求量增长 ,使张网作业比较效益处于较高的地位 ;张网作业渔获物中经济幼鱼、幼体的比重达 2 0 .0～ 30 .0 % ,尤其是 6～ 7月间 ,高达 4 0～ 6 0 % ,其中带鱼幼体体重大多小于 10g。据此 ,作者提出削减现有张网作业捕捞强度和调整禁渔期等建议。     

低气压对渔获量的关系

气压变动能引起渔获量显著的变动,这是渔民在长期生产实践中所了解的事实,在国内过去的文献中,也曾有些记载,在国外,日本学者多从数理统计方法着手,曾进行了低气压对渔获量丰、歉的影响等研究。 探明低气压对渔获量的关系,可为渔情预报提供渔获丰、歉的依倨,对掌握渔场,提高产量来说,具有重大意义。 在本文中根据历年渔汛资料,讨论了低气压对小黄鱼、大黄鱼及带鱼渔获量的关系。小黄鱼是根据1957—1964年吕泗渔场春汛(4—5月)资料;大黄鱼是根据1961—1964年吕泗渔场春汛(5—6月)资料;带鱼是根据1963年舟山渔场冬汛(11—12月)资料。     

Population size estimation of the pond smelt Hypomesus nipponensis in Lake Kasumigaura and Lake Kitaura,Japan

We estimated the population size of the pond smelt Hypomesus nipponensis at the beginning of the fishing season in Lake Kasumigaura and Lake Kitaura, Japan using two DeLury methods and cohort analysis. A growth curve was estimated on the basis of monthly standard length. The relationship between standard length and weight was utilized for calculating the mean weight on the survey day in a particular month. Total monthly catches in Lake Kasumigaura and Lake Kitaura were calculated using partial monthly pond smelt catch obtained from processing plants located near the lakes between July and December. The total monthly catch was calculated from the total monthly catch weight and the monthly mean weight. The number of boats operating each month, compiled by the Kasumigaura-Kitaura Fisheries Office of Ibaraki Prefecture, was also employed. The estimated initial population sizes were compared with the population level index (PLI) estimated from survey data before the start of the fishing season. No significant differences were detected among the initial population sizes estimated by DeLury method, cohort analysis and PLI. The estimates ranged from 7.4 million to 410 million in Lake Kasumigaura, and from 7.7 million to 44 million in Lake Kitaura.     

Variation in the population density of adult sea-trout, Salmo trutta, in 67 rivers in England and Wales

Abstract– Analysis of annual rod and commercial catches of adult seatrout demonstrated strong positive relationships between large-scale spatial variance (S²_s, variation in catches between rivers for each year) and spatial mean density (x?_s, mean catch per year), and also between temporal variance (S²_t, variation in catches between years for each river) and temporal mean density (x?_t, mean catch for each river). Both relationships were described by a power function, s²=ax^-b. For spatial variability, there were no significant differences between power functions for both rod and commercial catches from the North West, Welsh and South West regions. As the power b was not significantly different from two, relative spatial variability (measured by coefficients of variation (CV)) was fairly constant between years. Significantly higher values of b were obtained for the Wessex (GM b= 2.233) and North East (GM b=2.824) regions, and therefore the increase in CV with mean annual catch was significant but slight for Wessex rivers and marked for North East rivers. For temporal variability, there were no significant differences between power functions for both rod and commercial catches from all 5 regions and therefore a common power function was fitted to the data from all 67 rivers. As the power b was significantly less than two (GM b= 1.729), relative temporal variability (measured by CV) decreased significantly with increasing mean catch per river. Some limitations and implications of this analysis are discussed. Similar results from different regions for both rod and commercial catches suggest that such data do reflect adult population density, in spite of the different methods used to catch the sea-trout, variations in fishing effort and failures to report catches. The analysis of temporal variability provides a basis for classifying the major sea-trout rivers according to their mean annual catch and their relative variability in catches between years (using the CV).     

捕捞压力和气候变化对东海马面纯渔获量的影响

为了研究捕捞压力和气候变化对东海马面纯（Navodon spp．）渔获量的影响,对1976年～2006年的东海马面纯渔获量进行了分析。东海马面纯渔获量可划分成因捕捞效应所产生的趋势变化和因气候变动所导致的渔获量变动,前者可用Fox模型来拟合。Fox模型拟合结果显示,东海马面纯渔获量与捕捞努力量显著相关（P〈0．01）。移除捕捞压力增长引起的变化趋势后,其渔获量变动与热带气旋影响指数、东海海表温度、东海冬季季风和黄海夏季季风呈显著正偏相关（P〈0．03）,与热带气旋影响指数、黄海冬季季风及长江流域和东海沿岸降雨呈显著负偏相关（P〈0．03）。根据捕捞努力量和气候变量对东海马面纯渔获量进行拟合,结果显示,拟合的渔获量与实际渔获量显著相关（R=0．91,P〈0．01）,说明捕捞压力和气候变化显著影响东海马面纯渔获量的变动。此外,由于未来气候的变化,东海马面鲍渔获量可能出现更大波动。     

Dynamics of floodplain fisheries in Bangladesh, results of 8 years fisheries monitoring in the Compartmentalization Pilot Project

Floodplain fisheries were monitored from 1992 until 2000 in the Compartmentalization Pilot Project in Tangail, Bangladesh. In permanent floodplains about 165 ± 28 kg ha^?1 of fish was caught annually. For seasonal floodplains, this figure was 83 ± 23 kg ha^?1 yr^?1. The fish catch exhibited a strong seasonal variation, with the highest catch in October, when the floodwater recedes towards the river, and the lowest catch during the dry season in April/May. The annual catch varied with the extent of flooding, with high catches in wet years and low catches in dry years. The extent of flooding was quantified through a Flood Index. Plotting the annual yields against this Flood Index provided a significant relation (P < 0.05), confirming the existence of a flood pulse. The fishing effort (f) and the catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) were significantly related (P < 0.05), whereby the fishing effort increased with increasing CPUE. The results are discussed within the frame of fisheries management in Bangladesh and highlight the need for long‐term data for proper evaluation of fisheries projects and the development of management schemes, and the difficulty of applying standard surplus production models in floodplain fisheries.     

Integrating fishing and conservation in a risk framework: A stochastic population model to guide the proactive management of a threatened freshwater crayfish

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