向日葵抗盐碱生理生化机制与生长发育特性分析

以Y05-222A和Y06-136R杂交得到的135株F₂群体为研究材料,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）等6个生理指标,并进行方差分析、相关性分析和通径分析,对F₂群体进行偏度及峰度分析。结果显示,以上6个生理指标在F₂群体中P>0.05,分布频率符合正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象;相关性分析和通径分析显示,这些指标与抗盐碱系数均呈极显著相关（正相关或负相关）,且相关系数与总间接通径系数方向一致。POD活性的直接通径系数为0.5003,可见POD直接影响抗盐碱性;CAT活性和Pro含量的直接通径系数分别为-0.1317和-0.0384,间接影响抗盐碱性;SOD活性、MDA及可溶性蛋白含量直接或间接影响抗盐碱性。POD、SOD、Pro、CAT、可溶性蛋白和MDA各生理指标的抗盐碱作用表现为POD>CAT>Pro>可溶性蛋白>MDA>SOD。叶片数、株高、茎粗和盘径与抗盐碱系数呈极显著正相关,其相关性表现为叶片数>盘径>株高>茎粗。以上结果可为研究油用向日葵抗盐碱性提供一定的理论基础。     

Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.     

On Fengshui and Rockery and Water Layout

Definition of Fengshui and the theories of selecting mountain and water environment in Fengshui were elaborated. Theories about mountain-water relationship were expounded from the perspective of piling of rockeries and layout of water, a residential area in Hefei City, Beijing Olympics Park, Hangzhou Prince Bay Park, mineral pit of Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, Beijing Beihai Park, Shanghai Changfeng Park were taken for example to demonstrate the influence of traditional rockery and mountain layout in Fengshui on modern landscape design.     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and residues of oil and protein crops

Oil and protein crops are of growing importance in cropping systems. This study was carried out to compare oil crops of linseed, rapeseed, sunflower and protein crops of faba bean and white lupin for grain production, residual plant dry matter and nitrogen. Two field experiments with either oil or protein crops were conducted in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Total dry matter production, grain yield, residues, N concentrations and mineral N in the soil were measured. Dry matter production and distribution as well as N uptake and residues varied greatly among species and between years. In 1993, oil crops gave up to 3 t ha⁻¹ grain and 16 t ha⁻¹ residues with sunflower, while in 1994 up to 5 and 11 t ha⁻¹, respectively, were recorded with winter rape. Protein crops showed an opposite reaction in years. Nitrogen uptake and residual N amounts were correlated with dry matter production. Plant residues of oil crops contained 20–140 kg N ha⁻¹; those of protein crops up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Despite the variation of residual plant N the variability of mineral N in the soil at harvest was hardly influenced by crops and amounted to only 20–50 kg NO⁻₃-N ha⁻¹.     

水稻高产节水灌溉技术及其生理生态效应

水稻是我国最大的粮食作物,也是农业上第一用水大户。随着人口的增长、城镇和工业的发展、人民生活水平的提高和全球气候的变化,一方面需要不断增加单位面积产量和产品质量以满足人口增长和人民生活水平日益提高的需求,另一方面需要应对水资源日益短缺的严重问题。因此,研究水稻高产优质节水灌溉技术,对于保障我国粮食安全、提高人们的生活质量和节约水资源,均有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了水稻高产节水灌溉技术,分析了这些技术的生理生态效应,对当前和今后一段时间内水稻节水灌溉的研究提出了建议。     

果蔬食品的褐变与控制

结合生产实际,对果蔬食品产生褐变的机理及其控制途径进行探讨。通过遗传学途径,培育果蔬新品种,使之不含易氧化变色物质,增强其天然抗褐变性,是控制果蔬褐变的根本途径。     

乙烯的生物合成与信号及其对种子萌发和休眠的调控

种子萌发是一种关键的生态和农业性状,由调控种子休眠状态和萌发潜势的内在和外部信息所决定,在植物随后的生长发育和产量中起着极其重要的作用。休眠是指种子在合适的条件下暂时不能萌发。乙烯是一种简单的具有多种功能的气体植物激素,在分子、细胞和整体植物水平调节植物的代谢。在适宜和逆境条件下,乙烯通过与其他信号分子的相互作用影响植物的行为。本文主要综述乙烯的生物合成与信号、乙烯在种子萌发和休眠释放中的作用以及乙烯与植物激素脱落酸和赤霉素的相互作用;并提出了需要进一步研究的科学问题,试图为解释乙烯调控种子萌发与休眠的分子机制提供新的研究思想。     

驴肉蛋白质氨基酸组成特点及与其他畜禽肉的分析比较

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定驴肉的氨基酸组成,比较分析了驴肉与其他畜禽肉蛋白质的营养价值与氨基酸组成特点。结果表明,驴肉蛋白质含量高,必需氨基酸丰富,其氨基酸总量为驴肉总量的23.5%,其中赖氨酸为9.0%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例高达39.4%。驴肉蛋白质的营养价值和必需氨基酸,尤其赖氨酸明显高于羊肉、猪肉、牛肉和鸡肉,能为人类提供丰富的优质动物性蛋白资源。     

区域水土保持水土流失预测分析及实例研究

水利部对各类开发区提出推行区域水土保持评估的背景下,分析水土流失量预测方法及技术要点。以庆安开发区为例,分析东北黑土区水土流失量预测及土石方平衡估算,可以为同类区域水土保持评估水土流失量计算提供借鉴及参考。通过计算分析,得到2条结论:（1）在考虑最不利条件下,预测区域内土壤流失量结果中工业用地新增土壤流失量最大;（2）对于规划建设及在建区域,可以采用区域内已完成水土保持方案的已建项目为典型项目,类比推算区域土石方挖填量的方法。     

农药化肥污染与食品安全

农药、化肥等化学物质的不合理使用,带来了农副产品有害物质残留量超标、质量下降和环境污染等问题。采用随机抽样的方法,对农户使用农药和化肥的情况进行了调查,找出了农民在农药和化肥使用中存在的问题。由于农药、化肥的不合理使用,导致农产品安全问题十分突出,提出了让农民生产安全食品的措施与建议。     

口蹄疫病毒蛋白与细胞凋亡

口蹄疫病毒在感染细胞的过程中能够根据自己的需要诱导或者阻碍宿主细胞的凋亡,为自己创造最佳的生存环境并在一定程度上逃避宿主细胞的攻击,获得最大的生存能力。本文总结了近年来对FMDV各蛋白与细胞凋亡间的研究,分析其各蛋白在调节细胞凋亡过程中发挥的作用,并对FMDV的持续性感染机制的形成进行初步探讨。     

Approaches and Applications of Chemomics and Chemoinformatics

Some novel concepts of chemomics/molomics are proposed including hydrocarbomics, alcophenomics, carboxomics, pepitomics, metabonomics, etc. like genomics, protomics and glycomics in bioomics. Some examples are given to demonstrate the chemomics and/or molomics methodology and technology based chemoinformatics and bioinformatics and their wide applications in Chemistry and Biology.     

Personal and location-specific characteristics and elderly interstate migration

"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of locational and individual characteristics upon interstate retiree migration, particularly in state-level public policy variables. Data regarding the characteristics of individual movers are drawn from the 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing 5% Public Use Microdata Sample. The household data are merged with location-specific attributes including both natural amenities and local fiscal variables." Three alternative models are developed, involving push factors, pull factors, and differences in site characteristics experienced by migrants. "The results indicate that both personal and locational characteristics are important factors determining the decision of elderly migrants to change their state of residence. While there is some limited support for the push and pull specifications, the difference model is found to provide the best overall fit."     

Epicuticular waxes and regulation of ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting in barley and wheat

Morphological features of the cereal ear, including awns, alter pre-harvest sprouting damage by changing the rate of water absorption during rainfall. In this paper, the potential for wheat (Triticum sp.) arid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waxes to reduce sprouting by increasing water repellency of the mature ear has been examined. Six barley F₂ populations segregating for different non-glaucous single-gene mutants controlling waxes on ears were examined. Water repellency was assessed by measuring both the contact angle of a water drop placed on the lemma surface (internal angle) and by repetitive weighings of whole ears during their exposure to simulated rainfall. The lemma of glaucous (wild type) lines had larger water drop contact angles, an indication of poorer spread of water over the surface. In simulated rainfall, ears of the glaucous lines showed a clear reduction of wetting (20–30% less) and, after 72 h of wetting, their in-ear sprouting was reduced by 50 to 65%. When pre-wet, the glaucous ears also shed water more readily when shaken to simulate the combined effect of wind and rainfall. To reduce pre-harvest sprouting of barley it may be possible to screen visually for ears that are more glaucous but a more specific screen would be to select for lemma water drop contact angle since it is a good indicator of ear wettability and so allows differences in surface properties to be assessed. For bread wheat (T. aestivumL.), as for barley, the more glaucous the ear, the greater the water drop contact angle and the more tubular surface wax coverage seen in scanning electron microscope images. In addition, surface wax amount apparently affected in-ear wettingin lines of durum wheat, (T. turgidum L.). Possible genetic relationships between waxy/waxless genes in wheat and barley are suggested with the aim, ultimately, of altering ear glaucousness to give increased water repellency and a reduction of in-ear sprouting of wheat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

果蔬气调贮藏保鲜技术及设备

详细介绍了气调贮藏对果蔬延缓新陈代谢,保持新鲜度,延长贮藏期和销售货架期的功能,并对气调库库体结构进行了分析说明;同时,又对气调系统各个子系统功能进行了详实介绍.     

固定化菌株在土壤中的繁殖释放及性能分析

不同条件下固定化菌株在土壤中的释放情况存在差异,本实验测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在不同条件下土壤中的释放及其降解特性。通过设定不同温度、水分、pH值测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在灭菌土壤中的释放情况,并分别用碱扩散法、碳酸氢钠抽提-钼锑抗比色法、乙酸铵抽提-火焰光度计法测定菌株的固氮、解磷、解钾性能。结果表明：固定化菌株在温度35℃和40℃、水分为50ml/100g、pH5-8时均能大量繁殖释放,固定化后在不同温度和水分条件下不影响其降解特性。该研究结果为固定化菌株在农业复合微生物肥料上的应用提供理论基础。     

Energy Conservation and Energy Using and Recycling Energy

With science and technology developing, the need of energy increases in our lives and industries. Normal energy is lacking in our country, and the average is half of the average of the world. The conflicting between supplying and needing is apparent. So it seems that the energy may be gone. It is necessary that development of recycling energy is considered. The new energy and recycling energy will be the main energy in the future.     

冀、鲁、豫三省粮食生产的态势、优势、问题与对策

从冀、鲁、豫三省2004年农业总体概况出发,研究了冀、鲁、豫三省从1980—2004年间粮食生产态势、粮食生产的综合比较优势,剖析了三个省粮食生产中存在的主要问题,并提出积极的解决对策。     

UV-B与植物DNA: 损伤与修复

臭氧衰减导致地表紫外辐射增强,而紫外线辐射对植物表皮细胞的DNA 具有损害作用,可导致环丁烷嘧啶二聚体和6-4 光产物的形成。植物DNA对UV-B辐射的响应具有一定的敏感性,这种敏感性与不同的UV-B辐射剂量和不同植物细胞的原生质体有关,表现出一定的剂量—效应关系。DNA损伤的修复在生物体内普遍存在。植物可以通过多种途径来修复紫外诱导的DNA损伤,主要包括光修复、碱基切除修复、核苷酸切除修复和重组修复等。DNA 的修复能力与紫外辐射的剂量在一定程度上呈正相关。本文概述了对紫外辐射引起的DNA损伤、植物DNA对UV-B辐射响应的敏感性、损伤的修复和未来的研究方向。     

Research and development intensive clusters and regional competitiveness

Modern cluster theory provides reasons for positive external effects that accrue from the interaction of spatially proximate firms operating in common and related fields of economic activity. In this paper, we examine the impact of R&D-intensive clusters as a key factor of regional competitiveness on productivity growth. In relying on a hybrid approach of cluster identification, we examine effects of cluster specialization and diversity for a panel of German NUTS-3 regions in 2003–2019. After controlling for regional characteristics and unobserved heterogeneity, a robust cluster strength effect (i.e., specialization) on productivity growth is found within the context of conditional convergence across German regions. With regard to the underlying mechanisms, we find that the presence of multiple R&D-intensive clusters in specific technological fields is most strongly linked to higher levels of regional productivity growth. We also find that advantages from cluster specialization are strongest in key industrial sector such as automobile production, machinery, chemical and pharmaceutical products. Overall, our estimates particularly highlight the working of Marshallian externalities in productivity dynamics, while Jacobs-type spillovers tend to be partially realized. These findings indicate that some but not all cluster-based regional development strategies are promising policy tools to foster regional growth processes.